Reviewer in RPH Works of Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo - “The Philippines is more than a veritable

Spoliarium with all its horrors! There it lies in

Juan Luna (Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio mangled fragments, humanity massacred, Ancheta) – a Filipino
painter, sculpture and a political the rights of man perverted! There is no activist of the Philippine Revolution during the
century.
late 19th semblances of justice for the common man and liberty is cinders, ashes and dust!” Birth: October
23, 1857 (Lopez-Jaena)
Birth Place: Badoc, Ilocos Norte - “Genius has no country; genius burst forth Parents: Joaquin Luna de San Pedro y
Posado everywhere; like light and air, the patrimony
Laurena Novicio y Ancheta of all.” (Jose Rizal)
Siblings: • The Parisian Life, 1892
- Other titles:
Manuel (musician) Inferior d’Un Café
Jose (physician) The Maid
Antonio (General of Philippine Revolution) Un Coquette (a female that is a Joaquin (took a political path) lower
that a prostitute or the
Remedios prostitute)
Numeriana - This painting acquired by the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) at an FAMILY
auction in Hong Kong for P46 M.
Wife: Maria de la Paz Pardo de Tavero y Gorricho About the Painting:
- Grew up in Paris, from a well—off family ▪ The men at the left:
Children: ➢ Jose Rizal
Andres Luna San Predro ➢ Juan Luna
Maria de la Paz (she died early) ➢ Ariston Bautista Lin
- The woman – believed to be a prostitute
EDUCATION:
Interpretation:
High School: Ateneo de Manila - Social norms – status of women
1869: - Gender politics
- Escuela Nautica de Manila - National Allegory (the painting is all about our - Academia de Dibuyo y Pintura
country map)
- His first art instructor was Don Lorenzo - All of our attention is drawn to the woman in
Guerrero the picture by Juan Luna. Why? Because he
1877: Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, resembles a mirrored version of the
Madrid Philippine map. He wants to underline that
- While in school, Luna took private lesson woman are all Filipinos who are progressively under Alejo Vera, a
famous contemporary being strangled by conquerors who want to painter in Spain. fulfill their desires. And he
wants all
spectators to know that he desires a
FAMOUS ARTWOK OF JUAN LUNA
revolution during the Spanish era.
• La Muerte de Cleopatra (the death of Cleopatra) THE DARK LIFE OF JUAN LUNA
– won the second-class medal at Madrid
Exposition General de Bellas Artes, 1881 - 1884 – Spolarium award
• Spanish Girl - 1886 – Juan married Paz
• Street Flower Vendor - 1887 – Birth of their first child, Andress
• La Mestiza (Luling)
• A portrait of Governor General Ramon Blanco ▪ Paz suffering miscarriage
• Espana guinado a las Islas Filipinas por el - Juan Luna moved to another address with camino del progreso
(Spain leading the Paz’s mother
Philippines on the road to progress) - 1892 – Luna and Paz’s marriage was already
• La Batalla de Lapanto (The Battle of Lapanto) in rocks
• SPOLIARIUM (major artwork) ▪ Death of second child – Bibi
- It was made in the year 1884 ▪ Paz advised to take a vacation in - 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters, largest
Mont Dore
Painting in the Philippines - September 4, 1892, Dussaq called on the
- Latin word for the basement of the Roman Luna residence looking for Pardo de Tavera. Colosseum where
the corpses of the fallen ▪ Luna threatened Paz that he would gladiators were dragged down after their fight
harm her if she continued to speak to in the arena and stripped of their armor and other men, especially
Dussaq.
weapons. - September 22, 1892 – Luna killed his wife
- Gold medal awardee in the prestigious and her mother, wounding her brothers Exposition de Bellas Artes in
Spain Trinidad and Felix
 - Content and Subject of Art - Five months later, Luna was acquitted by the
court.
Trivia: Juan Luna used up to over 100 sketches before
he paints the whole canvas.
LIFE OF FERNANDO AMORSOLO - A logically where only two choices are
presented when more existed, as mutually
- First National Artist Awardee “Great Old Man exclusive, jointly exhaustive alternatives.
of the Philippine Art”
False Dichotomy in Philippine Politics – a clash
Birth: May 30, 1882
between Marcos and Aquino.
Birthplace: Paco, Manila
Childhood: Daet, Camarines Norte
Parents:
FERDINAND MARCOS
Pedro Amorsolo
Bonifacia Cueto - The 10th president of the Republic of the
Siblings: 5 Philippines.
Birthday: September 11, 1971
FAMILY
Died: September 28, 1989 Birthplace:
Wife: Sarrat, Ilocos Norte Parents:
First Wife: Salud Jorge Second Wife: Mariano Marcos
Maria del Carmen Zaragoza Children: Josefa Quetulio Edralin Spouse: Imelda
6 with Salud and 8 with Maria Trinidad Romualdez Children:
Total of 14 children Maria Imelda Marcos
Ferdinand Marcos Jr.
EDUCATION: Irene Marcos-Araneta
- Amorsolo’s formative years were spent in Aimee Marcos
Daet, Camarines Norte
- Fernando showed early signs of his artistic
EDUCATION
talent, and her mother would send his
drawings to her cousin, Fabian dela Rosa, a - Primary and Secondary Education: Manila,
prominent painter in Manila. PH
- After the death of their father, Bonifacia - 1939 – Ferdinand graduated from the
gathered her family and returned in Manila. University of the Philippines with Batchelor of
- Fernando helped in their family needs by Laws, Cum Laude
assisting Don Fabian and also selling his ▪ Ferdinand topped the 1939 bar exa
sketches for 15 centavos - September 20, 1935 – Julio Nalundasan who
- 1914 – Fernando earned his degree with defeated Mariano Marcos (Ferdinand’s
honors from the University of the Philippines Father) was shot dead.
School of Fine Arts ▪ Ferdinand, the 18 years old, was
found guilty of murder.
Genre Art – pictorial representation of scenes of ▪ Ferdinand appealed the verdict and
everyday life. represented himself to the supreme
MOST FAMOUS PAINTING OF AMORSOLO court and won acquittal in 1940.
• Under the Mango Tree, 1941 POLITICAL CAREER
• Afternoon Meal of the Rice Workers, 1939
• Antipolo Fiesta, 1947 - 1949-1959 – elected twice as district
• Sabong, 1940 representative.
• Bombing of the Intendencia, 1942 (the war - 1959-1965 – elected as senator (topnotcher)
years) • Defense of a Filipina Woman’s Honor - 1965 – elected as the 10 th president of the
Republic of the Philippines.
Note: Most of all paintings of Amorsolo is all about - 1969 – second term as President
traditions of Filipinos or all about Filipinos. - 1972 – declared Martial Law in the
Philippines

CORAZON AQUINO (Maria Corazon Cojuangco

BEYOND THE POLITICAL DICHOTOMY: REVISITING Aquino)
THE MARCOS REGIME AND EDSA REVOLUTION - The 11th President and 1st Female President
of the Republic of the Philippines
Dichotomy – a division into two especially mutually Born: January 25, 1933 Died:
exclusive or contradictory group or entities. August 1, 2009 Parents:
(MerriamWebster) Jose Cojuangco
Demetria Sumulong
False Dichotomy – also known as false dilemma, all- Spouse: Benigno S. Aquino Jr.
ornothing fallacy and either-or fallacy. Children:
 Maria Elena Aquino Cruz • September 24, 1972 – Ninoy and other members
Aurora Corazon Aquino Abellada of opposition were arrested and detained
Benigno S. Aquino III • January 17, 1981 – Marcos formally ended
Victoria Elisa Aquino Dee Martial Law through Proclamation No. 2045
Kristina Bernadette Aquino • August 21, 1983 – Ninoy was assassinated
• February 22-25, 1986 – People Power
EDUCATION: Revolution
Elementary: Private schools in the PH
High School: Ravenhill Academy, Philadelphia Notre Reason of Declaring Martial Law:
Dame Convent School, NYC • The growing of surgency of the Filipino people
College: College of Mount St. Vincent, NYC against the government, particularly NPA.
LLB: Far Eastern University (Undergrad) • Because of alleged ambush of Sec. Juan Ponce
Enrile neared Wack Wack at 8:00 pm.
- But according to Oscar Lopez, who lived
NINOY AQUINO along Notre Dame Street, Wack Wack
Born: November 27, 1932 Village, stated that he heard a lot of shooting
Died: August 21, 1983 Birthplace: and that when he went out to see what was
Tarlac Province Parents: happening, he saw an empty car riddled with
Benigno Aquino Sr. bullets.
Aurora Lampa Aquino - According to Lopez driver that there’s a car
- Born in prominent land-owning family with a that came and stopped beside a Meralco
rich political history. post. Some people got out of the car, and
then was another car that came beside the
- 1954 – married Corazon
car and started riddling it with bullets to
Cojuangco, daughter of another land-
make it look like it was ambushed.
owning family from Tarlac and childhood
acquaintance of Ninoy. • Some says especially professional historian says
that Marcos declared Martial Law to extend his
EDUCATION term.
Elementary: St. Joseph’s College
High School: San Beda College SOME PROJECTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF
MARCOS
College: Ateneo de Manila
• Magat Dam (This was inaugurated or signed on
Bachelors of Law: University of the Philippines
May 7, 1975 by the late President Marcos with
(Undergrad)
P.D., 693)
- Began his career as a journalist
• San Juanico Bridge (longest bridge in the
country which connects the Samar and Leyte
LIFE: and it says that this bridge was gift of the
1950 – Ninoy served as the youngest war correspondent president to first lady Imelda who is native of
in the Korean War for the Manila Times. 1954 – Leyte)
appointed as personal emissary to Huk leader Luis Taruc • Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (it was supposed
by President Ramon Magsaysay. to be Marcos’ solution to oil crisis in 1973 and to
1955 – elected mayor of Conception, Tarlac address the power shortage in the country)
1959 – elected vice governor of Tarlac • Cultural Center of the Philippines (it consists
1961 – assumed previous governor’s position (youngest of different buildings and they were re built in
gov. at the age of 29) order to host the different states sponsored
1967 – elected senator (youngest senator in their batch cultural activities in the country)
at the age of 35) • Manila Film Center

Note: Ninoy Aquino was known as a critique, the Note: The Marcos Regime is known for his infrastructure
opposition leader to the president during the time who is projects.
Ferdinand Marcos)
MARTIAL LAW
MARCOS REGIME AND MARTIAL LAW • Proclamation 1081 (it was signed on September
• November 9, 1965 – Marcos was elected as 21, 1972)
President of the Republic of the Philippines - He also pends several letters of instructions
• November 11, 1969 – Marcos was reelected as in order to set the rules and regulation in
President the implementation of Martial Law.
- Ninoy Aquino was the leader of the 1. Letter of Instruction No. 1 (Media
opposition Takeover)
• September 23, 1972 – Marcos declared Martial ➢ Marcos instructed for
Law the takeover and control
- However the proclamation was dated or cause the taking over
September 21, 1972. and control of all such
as newspapers, radio,
 magazines, and
television facilities and
all other media
communications wherever
they are, for the duration
of the present
national emergency
or until otherwise
ordered by the president
or the government.
➢ It was signed
on
September 22, 1972.
➢ The state controlled the
media and through this
the state also controlled
the information
that people
need to know.
2. General Order 1 (Marcos to govern the
nation and direct the operation of
the entire government)
➢ It was also signed on
September 22, 1972
➢ He establishes a kind of
dictatorship government
where he assumed all
powers in all
the agencies of
the republic.
He divides it in
3 government the legislative,
judiciary and executive.
3. General Order No. 2-A (Arrest of
certain criminals)
➢ He considered criminals
all people who is
criticize the government.
4. General Order 3 (Observance
and enforcement of curfews
hours)
5. General Order 4 (Ban on group
assemblies, including strikes
and picketing, in vital industries)
6. General Order 5
(Ban on firearms)
MARTIAL LAW AN EDSA REVOLUTION
1. Claim: Martial Law Regime was the Golden
Era of the Philippines. (False statement)
2. Claim: Filipinos had the best life during the
Martial Law (False statement)
- Maraming naghirap dahil tumaas and
inflation rate and nagmahalan ang
bilihin. The prices of goods tripled.
3. Claim: Peso-USD Exchange was at 1 PhP = 1
USD (False statement)
4. Claim: Marcos built many infrastructures and
projects during his regime (true statement)
5. Claim: Martial Law Ear was peaceful and
bloodless
Amnestry International data from 1972-1981
⚫ 70000 were imprissoned
⚫ 34, 000 were tortured
⚫ Over 3240 were victims of extrajudicial killing
TORTURE METHOD
1. Electric shock- electric wires are attached to the
victims fingers, arms, head and in some cases genitalia
2. San Juanico Bridge- The victim lies between two
beds and if his/her body falls, he/she will be beaten
3. Truth Serum- An injection administered in
hospitals and used for interrogation, making a victim “talk
drunkenly”
4. Russian roulette- loading a bullet into one
chamber of a revolver, spinning the cylinder, and then
forcing the victim to pull the trigger while pointing the gun
on his own head
5. Cigar and Flat iron burns- victims of torture are
inflicted with burns using cigarettes, and even a flat iron
6. Pepper torture- a “concentrated pepper
substance” is put on the victims lips or rubbed on his/ her
genitalia
The Dangers of False Dichotomy
1. It reduces Philippine politics into a contest of
fanaticism between two sides
(The followers of the two sides are on a clash against
each other)
2. It promotes blind obedience(what ever the
leader say, automatically the followers will follow and
believe without searching if its right)
3. People tend to overlook the mistakes of their
chosen side and fail to acknowledge the
achievements of other side.
SITE OF FIRST MASS
The First Mass in Limasawa Carlos “Botong” Francisco,
National Artist
Antonio Lombardo/ Francisco Antonio Pigafetta
⚫ Official chronicler of
Magellan’s voyage ⚫ One of
the 18 who completed the 1st
circumnavigation (Magellan- El
Cano) • Was wounded in the battle
of Mactan with Magellan
• Returned to Spain on
September 6, 1522 aboard the
Victoria with Juan Sebastian Elcano
and more than a dozen more
survivors.
• Wrote a book (lost) and 4
manuscripts about the
circumnavigation
Antonio Pigafetta’s Account
March 16, 1521-Magellan’s expedition arrived at the
high island named Zamal
March 17, 1521-They landed on “another island which
was uninhabited,” the name of which is “Humunu”
(Homonhon). They saw two springs and signs of
gold, hence, they called it “The Watering Place of
Good Signs
March 18, 1521-A boat approached them and became
acquainted with them. They exchanged goods and the
natives natives and the voyagers exchanged goods and
the natives promised to return with other supplies,
which they did on March 22.
March 28, 1521- Magellan and his expedition
anchored in a nearby island where a small bpat
called boloto approached the ship of Magellan.
-------------Magellan and his expedition arrived at
an island
named Mazaua where they stayed for 7 days
March 31, 1521- An Easter Sunday, Magellan and
his crew celebrated a mass attended by several
natives.
April 4, 1521- They left Mazaua to head
towards Zzubu, guided by the King of Mazaua
Where is Mazaua?
⚫ Limasawa, Leyte
⚫ Masao, at the mouth of Agusan River in
Northern
Mindanao, now Butuan City.
Butuan Tradition
1. The Butuan claim reigned over public opinion
for 3 centuries, the 17th, 18th, and 19th
century
F.Francisco Colin, S.J.
⚫ In his book Labor Angelica published in
1963, Father Colin provided an account of
Magellan’s arrival and the first mass, which
he stated to have been held in Butuan.
F.Francisco Combes, S.J.
⚫ Father Combes wrote in Historia de
Mindanao y Jolo, that Magellan’s
expedition proceeded from Limasaua and
went to Butuan, where they conducted the
mass on Eastern Sunday
2. In nearby Baug Island in Magallanes,
Agusan del Norte was found an old
monument commemorating the Mass, which
was erected in 1872.
➢ The monument has an inscription in
Spanish, which states:
“To the immortal Magallanes, the
village of Butuan with its parish priest
and the Spaniards residing here to
commemorate the arrival and the
celebration of the first mass on this spot
on 8 April 1521. Erected in 1872 when
the governor of the district was Jose
Maria Carvallo.”
Limasawa Tradition
⚫ The shift in opinion started with the
publication of the English edition of
Pigafetta’s Voyage Around the World in
Blair and Roberson’s The Philippine
Islands vol. 33 and 34.
⚫ With the availability of the new historical
text, historians studied the event and
pointed out that Butuan was a mistake.
1. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, historian
2. Pablo Pastells, S.J., historian and
Spanish Jesuit missionary
“Magellan did not go to Butuan. Rather, from
the island of Limasawa, he proceeded directly
to Cebu.” - Pastells
Limasawa Tradition
⚫ Fr. Bernad summarized the evidence
supporting the claim that the site of the
Eastern Sunday Mass in 1521 was
Limasawa
1. The evidence from Albo’s logbook
2. The evidence of Pigafetta
a.Pigafetta’s testimony regarding the
route
b.The evidence of Pigafetta’s maps
c. The two native kings
d.The seven days at ‘Mazaua’
Historical Institute to settle the case of the site
of the 1521 Easter Sunday Mass in the
Philippines, all of which ascertained that
Limasawa, Southern Leyte is the site of the
event.
• 1980 – Tan Workshop
– Gancayco Panel
• 2009 – Legarda Panel

3. Confirmatory evidence from the Legazpi

expedition. November 2018 - NHCP formed an
investigating panel after several institutions,
including the Catholic Bishop’s Conference of
National Historical Commission of the the Philippines, made requests to
Philippines authenticate the site of the 1521 Easter
Sunday Mass.
✓ Republic Act 10086 or Strengthening
People’s Nationalism Act of 2009
July 15, 2020 - the NHCP released signed the
✓ Section 5: The NHCP is the primary board
government agency responsible for
history and has the authority to resolution which sustained findings that the site
determine all factual matters relating to of the
official Philippine history. 1521 Easter Sunday mass was in Limasawa,
✓ Section 5 (e): actively engage in the Southern Leyte
settlement or resolution of
controversies or issues relative to
historical personages, places, dates
and events

Several panels have been organized by the

National