MATHEMATICS 60

Exercises on Sum, Difference, and Cofunction Identities, Double-Angle and Half-Angle

Identities, Product-Sum and Sum-Product Identities, and Trigonometric Equations

I. Determine if the following statements are true or false.

1. As a circular function increases, its corresponding cofunction decreases.

2. If csc 2θ > 0, then θ cannot lie in the third quadrant.
3. The point P 2θ will lie in either the second or fourth quadrant if sin θ < 0.

4. If α + β = π2 , then 1 − tan α tan β = 0.

5. If θ ∈ R and π < θ < 3π2 , then sin 2θ > sin θ
2


.
π


6. The expression sec (α − π) + csc α − 2 = 0 is an identity.

II. Choose the letter of the correct answer, if it is among the choices listed.

1. Which of the following is not equal to the rest?

A. cos 22π
9 B. sin 37π
18 C. − sin 35π
18 D. cos 32π
9

2


2. Which of the following is not equal to cos 5 rev ?

A. − sin 54◦ B. cos π5 13

D. cos 144◦


C. sin 20 rev

3. What is the distance between the points with coordinates P (θ) and P (π − θ)?

A. 2 sin θ B. 2 cos θ C. sin θ D. 1

4. Which of the following is not equal to sin 122◦ ?

q
A. cos 169◦ sin 47◦ − sin 169◦ cos 47◦ C. 1−cos 244◦
2
B. 2 sin 61◦ cos(−61◦ ) D. cos 32◦

5. If tan α + tan β = − 34 and tan2 α + tan2 β = 40

9 , what is the value of tan (α + β)?

A. 4 B. − 47 C. − 10
3 D. 28
9

6. Which of the following has a real solution?

A. sin x = 2 csc x B. 2 csc x − 1 = 0 C. 2 cos x = 3 csc x D. sec x csc x = −2

III. 1. Express the following as a function of a real number α where 0 < α < π4 .

(a) cos 47π

9 (b) sin 58π
11

1
 2. Reduce the following to a function of a positive angle less than 45◦ .

(a) sin 745◦ (b) cos 2260◦

IV. Determine the exact value of the following.

1. cos 157◦ 300 6. sin 7π 5π 2π π

18 sin 18 − cos 9 cos 9
π
tan 18 − tan 11π
36 7. sin 117◦ cos 63◦ + cos 252◦ sin 198◦
2. π
1 + tan 18 tan 11π
36
sin 7π π
9 − sin 9
3. sin 7.5◦ cos 37.5◦ 8.
sin 17π π
36 sin 36
4. sin 125◦ sin 20◦ + cos 20◦ cos 125◦ sin π8 cos 3π π 3π
16 + cos 8 sin 16
3π 9.
4 cos4 8 −1 cos 9π π
16 − cos 16
5. 3π
2 cos2 8 +1
10. sin2 0◦ + sin2 1◦ + sin2 2◦ + · · · + sin2 90◦

V. 1. Given: cos 2α = 53 , −π < 2α < 0

tan β4 = 2, β4 lies in quadrant III


Find:
β
3π


(a) sin α (c) tan 2 (e) csc − 4α
2
π


(b) tan 2 −α (d) cos 2α + β

(f) tan 2α + β8


4

2. Given: sin α = − 53 , − π2 < α < 0

tan β2 = 12 β


5 , 2 lies in quadrant III
Find:
π

α

β

(a) cot 2 −β (b) sin 2 (c) sin 2α − 2

γ
γ
3. Given: cos 3 = − 15
17 , tan 3 > 0
√
6
sin 2θ = 6 , P (2θ) is not in quadrant I, and −2π < 2θ < 0
Find:
γ
γ 11π


(a) sin θ (b) sin 3 − 4θ (c) tan 6 − 4

4. Given: cos 4α = 13 , P (4α) is not in quadrant I

√
tan β2 = − 2, P β2 is in quadrant II



Find:
β
π


(a) sin 4α + 2 (b) tan (4α − β) (c) csc 2 − 2α

VI. Establish the following identities.

2 3. csc 2θ + cot 2θ = cot θ
1. tan 2x =
cot x − tan x
4. sin π4 − α sin π4 + α = 1



1 − cos 8y 2 cos 2α
2. = sin2 2y cos2 2y
8

2
 1 + sin 2β + cos 2β sin 6β cos β − cos 7β
5. cot β = 8. tan 2β + =
1 + sin 2β − cos 2β cos 2β sin 3β
tan x−y


sin x − sin y 2 tan γ sec γ − cot γ csc γ 4(1 + sin γ cos γ)
6. = 9. =
tan x+y


sin x + sin y 2 sin γ − cos γ sin2 2γ
cos 2y − 1 sec y 1 + tan y
7. = −
sin y − cos y 1 − tan y sec y
4 sin (x + y) cos (x − y)
10. = tan 2x sec 2y + tan 2y sec 2x
cos (2x + 2y) + cos (2x − 2y)
11. 1 + cos 2θ + cos 4θ + cos 6θ = 4 cos θ cos 2θ cos 3θ

VII. 1. If m = csc 4π 77π

9 , express sin 9 in terms of m.
2. If (r, θ) satisfies the equations x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, show that (−r, θ + π) also satisfies
the same equations.
3. If sin 2θ = 41 , what is the value of (cos θ + sin θ)8 ?
π
4. (a) Show that cos 3θ = sin 2θ if θ = 10 .
(b) Prove that the equation cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ is an identity.
√
π 5−1
(c) Use (a) and (b) to verify that sin 10 = 4 .
5. (a) Establish the identity sin 5θ = 5 sin θ − 20 sin3 θ + 16 sin5 θ.
p √
(b) Use (a) to prove that sin π5 = 41 10 − 2 5.
√

(c) Verify that cos π5 = 41 1 + 5 .
√
π 5−1
(d) Use (c) to show that sin 10 = 4 .

VIII. 1. Find the solutions of the following equations if x ∈ [0, 2π).

√ x


(a) 3 sin x + cos x = 0 (e) sin x = sin 2

(b) sin 2x = cos 2x + 1 (f) cot2 x − cot x sec x = 1

(c) tan2 x2 − 2 sec2 x2 + 5 = 0



(g) tan x2 = sin x − cos x cot x

(d) 2 cos4 x + 9 sin2 x = 5 (h) sin2 3x = 3 cos2 3x

2

2. Find all angles θ that are solutions of the following equations if 0◦ ≤ θ < 360◦ .
√
(a) cot2 θ − 2 csc θ + 1 = 0 (e) cos 3θ − cos θ = 2 sin 2θ
√ √
(b) 4 cos2 θ − 2 3 sin θ + 2 sin θ = 4 − 3 (f) 1 − cot θ = csc θ

(c) csc 2θ − 4 sin 2θ = 0 θ 3 sin θ

(g) tan3


2 =
1 + cos θ
(d) 10 cos θ cos2 2θ = 2 cos3 θ + 7 cos θ


(h) 3 tan2 2θ + sec 2θ + 1 = 0
(
sec x − 2 tan y = 0
3. Determine the solutions of the system √ where x, y ∈ [0, 2π).
sec x + tan y = 3,

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“If people do not believe that mathematics is simple,
it is only because they do not realize how complicated life is.”
- John Louis von Neumann
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