NUTRITION

BY
BPT SEM VII
 CARBOHYDRATES
1. Monosaccharides- 3-carbon monosaccharides are trioses, 4-carbon sugars are tetroses,5-carbon
sugars are pentoses, 6-carbon sugars are hex-oses (glucose, fructose, and galactose) and 7-carbon sugars
are heptoses.

2. Dissacharide -Combining two monosaccharide molecules forms a disaccharide or double sugar.

for ex- Sucrose = Glucose+ fructose

3.Polysaccharide A. Starch
B. Fiber- Fibers hold considerable water and give “bulk” to the food residues in the
intestines, often increasing stool weight and volume
 CARBOHYDRATES ROLE IN BODY
1.Energy source –Energy from bloodborne glucose and muscle glycogen breakdown ultimately
powers muscle action (particularly high-intensity exercise)
▪ adequate daily carbohydrate intake maintains the body’s limited glycogen stores.
2. Protein sparer-With reduced glycogen reserves, gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose from
protein (amino acids) and the glycerol portion of the fat molecule (triacylglycerol). This metabolic
process increases carbohydrate availability and maintains plasma glucose levels.
3. Fuel for the central Nervous System- The central nervous system requires carbohydrate
for proper functioning.
At rest and during exercise, the liver serves as the main source to maintain normal blood glucose
levels. In prolonged intense exercise, blood glucose eventually decreases below normal levels
because of liver glycogen depletion and active muscles’ continual use of available blood glucose.
● CARBOHYDRATES USE DURING EXERCISE
Intense Exercise - early during intense exercise, the muscles’ uptake of circulating blood
glucose increases sharply and continues to increase as exercise progresses. After 40 minutes,
glucose uptake increases 7 to 20 times the uptake at rest, with the highest use occurring in
the most intense exercise

Moderate and Prolonged Exercise- During the transition from rest to submaximal
exercise, almost all energy comes from glycogen stored in active muscles. Over the next 20
minutes, liver and muscle glycogen provide about 40% to 50% of the energy requirement, with
the remainder from fat breakdown with minimal amounts from blood glucose.
Eventually, liver glucose output does not keep pace with its use, and blood glucose
concentration declines toward hypoglycemic levels.
 LIPIDS
SIMPLE LIPIDS COMPUND LIPIDS

SATURATED FATTY -Saturated fatty acids “Bad” Cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

These three factors influence serum LDL
occur plentifully in beef, lamb, pork,
concentration: 1. Regular exercise
chicken, and egg yolk and in dairy fats of
cream, milk, butter, and cheese. Saturated 2. Visceral fat accumulation
fatty acids from plants include coconut and 3.Diet composition
palm oil
“Good” Cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein)
Un-like LDL, HDL operates as so-called “good”
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS- examples cholesterol to protect against heart disease.
HDL acts as a scavenger in the reverse transport
include canola oil; olive oil; peanut oil; and oil of cholesterol by removing it from the arterial
in almonds, pecans,and avocados. wall
 LIPIDS ROLE IN BODY
Four important functions of lipids in the body include:
1. Energy reserve
2. Protection of vital organs and thermal insulation
3. Transport medium for fat-soluble vitamins
4. Hunger suppressor
 PROTEINS
A normal-size adult contains between 10 and 12 kg of protein, primarily located within skeletal
muscle.
AMINO ACIDS: Just as glycogen forms from the linkage of many simple glucose subunits, protein forms from
amino acid “building-block” linkages

Dietarys SourceComplete
proteins are found in eggs, milk, meat, fish, and poultry. Eggs provide the opti mal mixture of essential amino
acids among food sources; hence, eggs receive the highest quality rating compared with other foods
Protein’s Role in the Body
No body “reservoirs” of protein exist; all protein contributes to tissue structures or exists as
constituents of metabolic, transport, and hormonal systems
Protein constitutes between 12% and 15% of the body mass
The systematic application of resistance training increases the protein content of skeletal muscle,
which represents about 65% of the body’s total protein.
Amino acids provide the building blocks to synthesize RNA and DNA
Tissue synthesis (anabolism) accounts for more than one-third of the protein intake during rapid
growth in infancy and childhood.
Proteins within cell nuclei called nucleoproteins “supervise” cellular protein synthesis and
transmit hereditary characteristics
proteins are the key components in hair, skin, nails, bones, tendons, and ligaments.
VITAMINS
Classification of Vitamins- Thirteen different vitamins have been isolated, analyzed, classified
Vitamins are classified a either
fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) or
water-soluble (vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins: vitamin B 6 [pyridoxine], vitamin B1
[thiamin], vitamin B2 [riboflavin], niaci [nicotinic acid], pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, and
vitamin B12 [cobalamin]).
Vitamins’ Role in the Body
Vitamins contain no useful energy for the body; instead, they link and regulate the sequence of
metabolic reactions that release energy within food molecules
Blood clotting: K
Eye function: A
Teeth: A, D, C
Blood Cells: E
Hormone formation: steroids, A, B6 pantothenic acid, norepinephrine, thyroxine
Neuromuscular function: A, B6, B12, thiamine, niacin, pantothenic acid
Energy release: thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, B6
Skin: A, C, B6, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid
Blood formation: B6, B12, C, folate
Minerals
Minerals often become part of the body’s structures, and existing chemicals and serve three
broad roles:
1. Provide structure in forming bones and teeth
2. Help to maintain normal heart rhythm, muscle contractility, neural conductivity, and
acid–base balance.
3. Help to regulate cellular metabolism by becoming part of enzymes and hormones that
modulate cellular activity
With calcium deficiency: the body draws on its calcium reserves i bone to replace the deficit. With
prolonged negative imbal ance, osteoporosis (literally meaning “porous bones”)

Dietary Calcium Crucial. As a general guideline, adolescent boys and girls (ages 9–13 years of age) and
young adult men and women require 1300 mg of calcium daily or about as much calcium in six 8-oz
glasses of milk.

Exercise Helps. Regular exercise slows the rate of skeletal aging. Regardless of age or gender, young
children and adults who maintain physically active lifestyles achieve greater bone mass compared with
sedentary counterparts.

Weight-bearing exercise represents a particularly desirable form of exercise; examples include walking,
running, dancing, and rope skipping. Resistance training, which generates considerable muscular force
against the body’s long bones, also proves beneficial.