ate 20g /22

Shndey
hataobucbion
Ned Foy Law
Man s a Aoual Animal
Lau iuhu moct kchhe undumink eh contbal

Lauw a uls human nduch demud oy u lulakua0 and

Rul o las u an ahseluti heaidy fos u hustainanu any

Socieky
Righ and leponsibilhes o membesu in tu sbcihy and ih
9ovesmnu_cannat lo dekeamined and stuandinel usheut a pep
en lauws.

dhu m Law urd to manany sul o acHon, utandard a

pattun ho usheth. tions as uguissd h conksm
Law is applid h tu ultso human behanous ucognised s
entond by Hae Atatz maough ib cousks.

efinibion o Law
hia4 has duinnd Law Ths tatu.aa Any ucogniud Body _
Men omp oed q the Pules whuch u ousts -hat ù,the
Judiuial 0rganu o tat Body-lay downfon the Dekamuination o

kegal Righb and Duhu.

 ale

Jrabueelau
a Jut pattm
h aA _nequnus oce eeyon glosvehe SamL

&uhie Ddgu o law:

2M
lanovanha jurls non Execucat Dlahin
 atr //

a h a t s the punpo0 Hain stt laws in the Souehy?

aws a tttw ules amd augulahons u t by thu govament

hane a ondut in he soithy when all ins Can y- exit

peauly amongs Hhemselu. bung utainanu in a
tountsyWHheut haing any ulu ond ugulat'ens su
Laws tyont would do whakever Huy want Puoplh we

mighk tatt stkimnehënt u due do ugdeings

wthow wwin t aatemse uenuA Hduesam._a to dhaos
nomy wthut launs tannet ustan fos lengmd would
Soem Callapse
 Mearmh l o >
Bn31 no

ale 24 8 /22
Wednisda
business kaus
Also oun as lommnual n Mecantile law
Bsine Jaw ineudes a boody ugal uu whuih ulatu
to a cOndu c o usiness.

inihon e_Businesu law)

Slattn Aat duinedthe eam Meucankilu law as the_ phsase
mantilu law CoInmescial law u gUnually ud to dunotu

hau_posthons a u law uhih dsal uith tu uightz and

aloligaions asein out transachions buhwe muantile

peAsOns.

2lupkos DasdLakhh_auaLla4 Sold SD pALAu

goki
Dk Skuomas hobaa Deelopez d l dulear
adtal ko e amAnd _paiedaa 2-12 Ca

ounus Mescanhl kau

Thu Common Lau

3 1hu aw MLauhAnt
4 Tu9tau lauwo
5 Ca La

h Comnon kaw: and-

The British mule in lndia bnught akout thu intAodu chen
on ahidh ndia
dweopment o4 mu common law ugal syskm,
kas baard ib puant udiual umemosks
 Date //

Pintiplh oh quityi e Painipluay aquityAups to a suta

uls, hiih huth 0uginakd kom uusom _nah stahuloy law.
Tus Cauy Lawauls weu osmud n Hu hasiso _dikales a
toscienu uwmih had lbun ddd1d in t ousts y chanay.

La RBL ha gnenSEB a urdein to uhe up wtlh ans NBe

ateAS yLas 04 e31ate h b abll h qire SLakhs A lomn sle
d othu hnamal1labh

law Meschant:
ALs fo hou _usmms_and sulu hat apply w bmdus and
businussnMen om thus dualung4 and hading wnth ach ahw

4htaulz kau
ah pasmrdby the lndion hgiclahus ass cmsidisud a man souAce
Indiam MiAtanil Law,ehith inlude , Indiaun Conhadh tttE, l812,-
AtE 188L, dhu Salt e aonds2019At 1930, u
Ntasthable hsmumenh2013
Indian Pasnenship Att l932, hi Companies t 19 S6 et.

Cast ka):
Bstoit Cuuuth
2 igh Cousta
3 Supaumm Unlb
 ale 26 8/22
nday
Chap 2 he Jndian ContructA
KATURE AND TYPE OF CONTRACTS

Nalins lonbact
oritaat _ an
exdang apmas byaA mau puoons
Auuthing In an klgakion t do an upain pom duing a
Partiulas act
Contsast givu a ight tn 0n pesson amd tastka cosperdig
duly on amothia peugn
On he basis _a uritn tonbaut, il tu ughk & oddlgatiena
he pasties asu not {ulilled, Hhesm in a Remudy in t
Lontiaet.
Conlaat iu also Rlund h asan dgumunt uating an
klisahon.

Sorial_ Lontads
he law a contaot is not the whole lauw e agcumerta, no
s huhols lal a 0uligations , iA o hu lau o -hou
hAremnta, which tmatz obugations a thoc 0kligatiemu whik
have hiin dounca in dgramerts

hinihon lonract
Seuton 20h) a hs Thu lndian CoilnastE oAck, 1872 dfinsa
Contaack as dn gemant antpacuable loy la
Thus, an Afument, he Obj1t hich i ouak a
legal ligation, hat iu a duly Enjouabla bkau.
 Date /

ELemens Contat:
Jh elemunls af a orbact a3:

An Agsument 2 A lug4al oblgaten,it, a duky enyorable by law

Elemens o a Yaled enroct

nud not be
lLContsacks ase agsumunta but all aguumurt
Lonfracks
The validiy o an enforuablu 4ument dpends upon vathea
A agument &ahskis aU thee8senhal elumntb eg a valid
Lonrauk_as peuted in ckien 1D Indian Conhack

Lonsensus ad-idem
ntnkion p ua Lgal Rlahons
Lank orsidltuatieon
pul 0lejeut
wnhing ond Rrguskesahen
Catainty eMian
posibiuky 04 Pesomanu
Not expausy deilasmd vwid
Capauity e Paahu
Fue Conuent
 ate 29 /8/22
Monday
CDncena-AD -IDEM
monde tb mak a valudConthaet, e pauhu must hare
agsud 0nhe Subjeet MateA t h
in he ame onrat at u lame time
SenIe

2nenion h uati lugal Rilahons:

Soial 0bligahbns not conhatk.
Eg: PromiaLs bw usband a
k, amay memhes et
3. hawhul Conndeaahon

Conaidinakion means Somekhing in RLhun

may lo a ack o ashinenu
aloo lonsiduahion tan e
past, puAEnk o1 kutuu..
Comidunahon MsE ual2 Lauu
Considisa-ion has loLun phiu paid by
D aky kos Hhu_ p0mia a Hu oth '

4Lauku 0kjut:
h okjck en the Puspoar o an agumunt thould a

Alandlord Giing a bhouo foa aunt hps peshhutèm,camot

CoDeek Lnk thamugh thu wuat of la
 ate /

SLwaiin sknation:
Agnuumunt Can be 1al 04 wmten.
Contaat nkeueable only i t u wnHen amd ugisud
,

6Certanty f Meanang
Qd pes Seckion 24 o lortract E, 1872. Estaka that
As p Aqreemani , the Manmq whiih y not uatain,
0Acapable of bung made totain as Void.

Posoiuy aane
An agummt h do an impomble act in isely u id.

8 Nor xprunly deelaud voldd:

Ceskaun types en_a4Aumenh asu Vaid.
Aarumans by uns, unais, insolvenk eht.

4 Capocit Parheu:
As_peA l 4he Indian lontact det, 1812, gos ina
echion

Lompeknt tp conAet, he parhes

must beo{ u age f majon
mind and must not b ddaualu fied em_tontacthing by
30und
any law

Euu Consent
Congunt o hu pasky cannak bt ngh o wndain mana
olantd

uk LoRuln, kaud, mas supAunsentafion & Unduu inluenu

T n ho onhad huoms vOidablk
 ale

Inbaduchin b hu cas who au he prtipans 2 uhak i kdepude

as
Atual t a in bi: (body of tA case
hina Vedit (ewdunm).
6-1 shdoA nugk. S-lo mnu pruentahion
Minmal xt M5ually appalu na
 ale 02/9 2o2
Fnday
TyPES OF CONTRALT-.

ypes o Conbrocks
Eaem he point of ieuo engonceabilty
point o iew o node Cuation
Esem u
3Erpm u point o hew 4 ezenteg exeuhion
4 er hu pent o new _pestomante.

Nalid Conhac Void Contxac uniaablu_lentiad

Voidable Conbroct kgal Contkectt

Valid conhock
Lntial conditions e
Thu i tentaae_tehidh has ulkilkd alU Hu
a

a valid onboct
xanple -Govt Counbacs
Bank lChhas ek
PMRchaae o pepesty,vahuils,

2 Yoiadahe Conhack:
opion ek_ene
This a cOntact _whuch b sctabls by law al he
i u pasties
fosu, loesLian O tnciuu
sually he onnt u oktauwd hy
inuence
The lonthac a vovdable al Hu optien n aggauewwl Pasty,
that u the_parly wtuae nsnt _ dhus otaintd
 Tald

Thu agitvtd pasly nut exeaciae this opten yeuting the

onau
wthun a Masonablu time
bf fhu Nghs o thud paaky_inltuene,olheuvke h
ontkoct amet ke j1ckd:
t MAD Muakenutu slhoot AS,
he doos not Sll hi houu foa 20lokl
Ms:S 4gies but he tondht in eltaund
thveugh touuon u veiAable at -H ophieneh S.

3 Yotd Conbachi
Thio type cwdsact: has o kgal valduty.
Examplu enract by MANBankmpteh

A JUgat Contiac:
s a Aqhement _ehuch aA aganst Law.
ExCnpk:magumint ho comnut taumm
0AAl Semu0ne

6 Unoaabk Conack
Tho type o tentzat is valid, kut
hot apabhle keing
enxed, in a out
Law du_ tu Semu tehnucal_dkc
suth as absena q wmting
,Aguhatien, Kqusud stamp ets
No Suntur I dve ment s, n0 pichuLt et
 Dalte

Ezom the peint of vie) s Mode o4 (reahon

Express lonhacs Quasi lemhah o
Impltd lonhacks Consnuhive lonhacs

pru lonhas
ma my aqTtemunt iu mads in ueds
Whesu an olpa aceptancu
an expaun Lenhaut
Poken aL umtnIE

2mplitd ontaact
An mplhid tontsack u_shess it iu expresed by unlen
het o

u tonduc o pastics
Spoken uAds, buk has n inesud pem
Eq: Geting ino a bus at he bus shpek

3 uai d lonstruchve tontzacks i

pninuiplu thata puuon
Auas Contract o based om he equilablu
etasn unust benzit at eepense o
hi
shall ot lu _allowed
anethen
e any qrumunt, expaun
o
net Asae b ituu
h ontsack do
ines 0 keogni zes a
Ipluud, belwun hi pashès, but e lauw
uakaun special_inums tantus.
Conthact undes
Lg: Findes q Lerk gad1,
liablity os a puuon to
whom nonuy paid by
mistak
 Date: 1/9/22
Wednesd

omtu point of vieulo exkht y exeulkon

Execued ontract eutoy onhat

Execuked Conbat:
exeuukd , Lshen both me poahes h
A COnbact is sud h ou
atonttact have tomplskely pestpumud huin shase of ohligatins
ha
hothinq umains h bi done by umes pasky wmdes
Conhrac
E: Cesh dales.

2xeutesy onbat:
ths_eme 0 both
A wntact is said b bi eKeLutoy ehen
h_pesfOm Hheu Shasu
thu parihes p a wntsatt hawe
hus mauns 3mething p bo done undes tha
sbligation
onbract n both ides.
rdit ales

kapmane
Bom thu poinl of_ipo
Bilakeaal Coract
lnilakeial onhact
 Date /

LUnilalesal ontatt a mhak mh Exreud onidenhen

In he tas unilaksal on one ided onhat, one pasty tw
comhact ould hae peasnmedhis o hes past_evn at the hime ol
is owmation ard aM obligakion_will ke ouktanding ony ogainst

Eg: Advesh`emst fe Ha hrdea

using dgs

lonsidsakion
2Bilakallonbadi on lonbaus_uith Eeutoy
ln_abilaksal ea idd tontatt, at the inu
ofit mathn,
obhgatbns, n eLA pAat he
thu m/ b utstandin4
ontacE Paint

dut h
huaratu 3 wonhs
lrid-19
 ato

plance.
2inuken ej_24ka lnpwal
As pess sectron 2ca) am ehter ek
thu Indian lontat At
wilurqnua
proposal s henOne pesson signifies tp hu
nh_a_iug fh ohtainin
do os abstain enm doúg asnything
abnena, he u
he Qssent o that othes tp Sueh act o
Said to make a pnpasal

kqusika p!_a valid DleA:

ust Ontaun ksms thuth a duhint a tapablu_e
An l
heuirg nade dinite.
E: want o oell a cas o u :
An 4es must tnlind fo givn aienh ugal zlehènshps.
Soual lnitatio
n ea ust _lbe mads_ustha iew n obtauin _am
&meptamC
g: To knew akout tupra a
building
9-01-202 Ar must b Lommunicated. n thu }hau.
hiday C:alman l bhausi Aatt
hoto mus b enpaustd M ipuied
Hh enpU {A am ka innplird expazasedih ed
pokin 0 wn#EM, whs as inplied o4tea ia an t n inued
by -the nduct o kukauiun o6 h anhes.
: wank to sul my aExpr, Xesex shopIplkd
 alte /

it u made o a speut peuon

An ha i speupe wen
when it u mads o h uuld at lange.
An itA qhal
ball Compmny (1813). An advertise
CASE: Caslill vs Canbolie Smoku
m L iwiahion o fer. IE
Munt ud nat aluways ba
a

may b an k in cutaun ces.

senusal ea Can ipen h a conbiact
aLcepanu ha pAoposal houdd be qensally communicaked
ThoughHhu
ay ba iluing to suuiure
inc it ua tha lkenuit o tha oA, hi
miuahena, Hhe dCceplomu,alng mth a _netiu
oh peDm
a_co

iwitahen t_xuin Hs
Ga bs distingwished pom an
Ms

Communiaktonof peuial desma uggage_lost whilk tasellina

nn-conaplance whih
dn oltn sheud vet twntain a lem, u
wwld amount to atLeplan
leanns a anditiens
bu mads Suloieet to_stain
Cn o44es tan
a lgubact
Tun 1duntatal hOs 04pRA_do not make

Lapse and Keoonbon a

An D lapses aytes a shipnlatud nMasCnable tim
n e r may lapst by no n g acepkd in ttu prusibed

mude.

By Nohe
An otta lapses ly jectienCounks ka a Condstional
acceptance
An ses b duath_ea
keLe bu Aceptanu.
|dn lapces lhy uohiem
LAAO by on- ulkinen o a tondition pudnt b
acceptame
Bn lapses by subsaquent ilegalkhy, dummukiom
Cubjeutmabtes, change o lam e
 ate 10/q/22
Sahuda
Aestnte
Imppatnnc o0cceptamca
Ans01,deceptamu u h am eta what
A0sduig to Bir Whlldyn
a lightid utth o a raun qunpowder -lE pmdues somathuing-
caunot he Recalled lndone.
ohich

al Ruleu gandunM ecephanca whon the

Acephane ust l given onuy y he_pesen o
oe i made
Speii Offes Dny by he peyen h uhom t e oken in
made

Genusal oha By nuome

Boulton ls lonu(18S9)
ngualihred
2 uepance Mut be abspbte and
Caunke Defen seme uAual
nust be in the mods prsulhed o
3 Aucpamu
Qmd asonahle mods
do nak aply wthin a nasonalbe him,
)shall
yu
wwhden that as accepked..

4 Acptanee mst b communitaked lay the A ccephos

Powell Vs kee (11D8)
5 A upBanu must be mads uthn as0nalbe Hime and betosa
hu q lapses amdu wpked
Rams hale Victouia Hok
Company s Monkeljosu ( 1864)
OHa aloo lapsesby uason q e's kronaledge the
 Tale

6 Hcceptamu mut sutud. Ha oe

Shas cam be alloted tb a_pwon_ony i he
0plis her t
Kyteka ye can be acepted _only is inurd hy

8 Aceptan mam e oxpus Os inmpl'ed.

1 accephameu u gien in d s apokin a mten,
it am x s s piamte
Inplud Acceptancg lu nduuhod fomthe tonduct
e_pasttes

Essenh als o a alid_considesabon

Considiuaten wst move at hu desire u p0nusDA.
Hlp in Hms o4 heed lannot be linksd o payment a
COnsiderahon.
2. Counsiolsahen may mre om Hu pemce. 0 u othus

ven_a lhranges n a Considsatton sue Cn_a cenhret:

Bactine o_onsnachive tonsiduahen..

Chinnayya s Ramayya.
3 Consnlodisah en mmst not hu illuy, but thould la
Mal and speuh.
Considvahpm nud het be acsettte adequat
Conaent jun bn cansideuhion uoulA ke fxuly pran
h coust ill uot lnkesjeso on hound of
Tnaduguau4 0h tonsidaahon.
 ate:

5Convdusahon must laukul.

i t u koseiddan oy Lo
twwd dytat Hu poision s lau).
ot i udulent.
wwpuia mu peom 0a pesty oanatiex..
h u oust mgards it as iMial.
b Dnsidahon may an_ ack albshinancu a pYomisa

1: Mat be somuthig which the pomisu u net abuadu

lound to do.
6xtro Runaien aa ttachens oh douou an polia toa
eosning hu duy
& Conaiduahon ma past, paLamt 0 uhe.
Pas ensiduahion rdit Salu
Phuaont oa SsecuktdConsidesahen Cash alu
Fuhise becuro idahen BoBs papment and
ack uxpecled on a huhu dali.

Excephens bo the ulk:

odn aggumant mthout tonndusah'on u void.

1 Agaunh out ot Natunal lom Attuhion

>Foun nditions jon valudity Agumnta vithout conaiduatien
he hqaumunt u in nting
E ugisheud..
t madu on acLount o Nahual Lore 2
Meehen
Ito betuen paxhies standumai nnaah uahiom to eah
 ate

2 Pomis to tompensatz a_pesuan who has oluntau

donn somefaing tn a_proniuon
3 Bomi h pay tim basmd dubt
lomplubra aiyt
S.Considnatiom io net uguised koa CLation 0agen
6 Runsiom y Hhu_pomien o punomaneo
pmmAe
7 hAmument to 6tend ime

4-3-t
 ate

inection_F lonsunt
Eu conaunt ia dinnd by uchn 4 q a Indian Cotot Act

Lonaant u said to be hu whun it u et caurd by:

CDacion as dined l4 uution 16
Unduu Intuunce
as_ouinad by &tekHon 16.
Mapuauntahianasas duind b 8tuien 17
Mutaku a dinnd by Ashion 20, Sectiom 21 and

Seckion 22.

Coeacion
then a piuen u ompellid to ents inho a Loniract bythi uez
oy ths ahus prak_a undus a thessat, talauen u
Said to hare emplagd.
huat to LOmmut 8uid amouni _ oucion
Contaae u voidable at the option sHu paats whoae tontznk
u oltaind.

ndu Hunu
Unduu lnunu u u mpAoRLA extscias oh authaky erea he
nund oonu LOnthacting pantiesyh oth.
Rakomship uruu ona io in a poehon to dominak ha ill o

Exampll: Pasnt a Chid

6uoadiom Ward
Tauate a BenakiLiay
RUgious 3upesioa diiup.
laal_aduisoa a client
dok tadien
 L bxomplu:-
Aland V, Skinnus 188)
Puudah Nishing Meman
Cmaauk nhabd by undue intuuunca ia
vtifahle.

COercle Vs Ohdnu una

ointa e Brehinction Coeruism Undue lulunu

tou h Conauntt Thuatninq to ominaia hu
cowmitam ojenu ill o etheu
Punidhaldlamdu
thu Indinn Peal
CodA
IMmlwmunt Phurical Paunu Manal uus

Hou it u pabcesed. Can o oma r yto ha

Sramgea to pasy thu
gramaa Conthau
Budno Pan PasdywweL em
Sent u ohtainad
-u inthu tasu
rere tha hat.
otain radenhia
Gecaraphicnl Coeuon can ee Undu Iatuuna
Bmda COmtled insidno thould u xeuise
uride India. in India