Computer

University of Sulaimani

College of Commerce

Project Management Department

First Stage

Computer-Second Semester / 2022-2023

Lecturer : Kazhan Othman Mohammed Salih

Computer Hardware
 Objectives

 Clarifying Motherboard.
 What is a CPU?
 Explaining Computer Memory and types
 Describing Input /Output Ports.
 Motherboard

 It is the main circuit board inside the computer.

 It holds many of the crucial (important ) electronic
components.

 Main components of Motherboard are:-

1. Central processing unit (CPU)

2. Memory
3. Video card
4. Sound card
5. Network Interface Card (NIC)
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 The Central Processing Unit or CPU can be known as the

brain of the computer. The function of the CPU is to complete the
instructions in the programs.

At the heart of its operations are :-

 Arithmetic and logical operations.

 The CPU is made up of millions of electronic components called

(transistors, capacitors, and resistors).

 Transistors are the active components of the CPU. Modern CPUs

contain millions of transistors.
CPU
 Measuring CPU speed
•The speed of a CPU is measured by the maximum number of pulses it is able
to handle.

This is measured in :-

1. MHz (megahertz) or millions of pulses per second.

2.GHz (gigahertz) thousands of millions of pulses per second.

•A good personal computer will use a CPU with a clock speed of over 2 GHz,
means it receives (2 000 000 000) pulses every second from the CPU.
Transistors

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Capacitors

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Resistors

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 Memory
There are two general categories of memory:
1. Primary memory:- is a computer memory that is accessed directly by the CPU.

-There are many forms of primary memory ;

Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), and Cache
Memory.

2. Secondary memory:- consists of the many devices that are able to store data
and programs even when the power is off.

-This includes devices such as Hard drives, Floppy drives, CD drives, and
DVD drives.
RAM

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ROM

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CACHE Memory

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 Memory (cont.)
RAM ROM
RAM memory is only used to store the ROM memory is used to store permanent
temporary information. information and cannot be deleted.

RAM is volatile: also called (Volatile Memory ROM is non-volatile memory:

)because when the computer is switched off, all ROM keeps information even after the
data is lost. computer is switched off.

There are two types of RAM: There are three types of ROM :

1-Statistic Random Access Memory (SRAM) 1- PROM (programmable read-only

2-Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) memory)
2- EPROM (erasable programmable read-
only memory)
3- EEPROM (electrically erasable
programmable read only memory)
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 Input /Output Ports
 A port is the point at which an external attaches to or communicates
with a system unit. A connector joins a cable to a port.

 Some of the common Input / Output ports are:

( USB, Serial, Parallel, Network port, FireWire ).

Input /Output Ports

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1) USB port (Universal Serial Bus):-

USB stands for (Universal Serial Bus) refers to the types of cables
and connectors that used to connect many types of external devices to
computers, for short-distance digital data communications.

For example ,connecting personal computer with (keyboard, printer,

and pointing device)

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2) Network port : is a number that identifies one side of a
connection between two computers. Computers use port numbers to
determine which process or application a message should be delivered.

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3) FireWire (also called IEEE 1394): is another popular connection
type for many different kinds of electronic devices such as digital
video camera and external hard drives.
FireWire is fast -- the latest version achieves speeds up to 800 Mbps.

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 Summary
 Motherboard the main circuit board inside the computer.

 The speed of a CPU is measured by the maximum number of

pulses it is able to handle, it measured in :MHz ,GHz.

 In computer, all data and information to do a job is stored in

memory, two types of computer memory :RAM and ROM.

• A port is the point at which an external attaches to or

communicates with a system unit. Common Input / Output
ports, such as: USB, Serial, Parallel, Network port, FireWire.