1.1 FUNCTIONS What exactly is a function? An equation will be a function if for any x in the domain of the equation (the domain is all the x's that can be plugged into the equation) the equation will yield exactly one value of y. In this case, we write y = f(x). + Computation on Functions The value of f(x) is obtained by assigning a specific value for x. EXAMPLES: 1. Let f(x) = 3x? - 2x? - a. f(1) b. f(-1) 7x +3, find c. (1/2) Solutions: a. f(1) = 3(1)? - 2(1)? - 7(1) +3 = b. f(-1) = 36-1)? — 2(-1)?— 7-1) 43 = 5 ce. (1/2) = 3(1/2)3 — 2(1/2)? — 7(1/2) +3 = -5/8 2. Given f(x) = a.{(0) = evaluate b. f(2a) c. f(1/x) Solutions: b. f(2a) = 224 = Gayrr2 2a+1 40242 x4x? c. (1x) = oie @ da xenet Grn xh 1 4. f+ h)= Faene hae d. f(xth) A function that depends on two or more independent variables is represented symbolically in a similar manner. Thus, a function of two variables x and y is written astiny) and is road “nation of x and y" The value of (9) when x= Band ys dlonoted by (a, b) a Ie(in,n) =n’, evaluate: at) b. tory K=y) Solutions: BAO Hy Key) = OP) OK ¥P 4 Day by? x? = 2xy 4 y? ax! + 2y? = 08 ty?) 5 2 f(xy) 4, IF1(x) = 3, show that f(%-2) + fc) Solution: {(x — 2) + ((Qx-# 2) = Be? 4 9Kt? = 3437 +37) = 3449) f(x) + Oporations with Functions Sum of two functions 2M) + 0X) = (F + g)x Difference of two functions f(x) - g(x) = (f- g)x Product of two functions + f(x) + g(x) = (f+ g)x Quotient of two functions: a , except when g(x) = 0 EXAMPLES: 1. Given f(x) = x? 1 and g(x) = x +4Compute a. (x) + a(x), P1C)~ 900. 6.16) <9) g fey * oe) LUC 4x bfx) - g(x) = 2-4 x4 =x 2 O89 SD OF Thee 1) exes e_, LQ) 1 Ger nny _ 9 ge) ee = AND a yy * Composite Functions Given two functions f and AIg(xI] = (F > g)(x) and the domain of f «gis the set of all 9, the composite function denoted by f > gis defined by numbers x in the domain of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f. Similarly, gff(x)] = (g° A(x) Using the two given functions f(x) = x?-1 and 9X) =x 441 H9G)] oF (F + a)(x) = (44)? 4 32 4 2x4 1-4 = x? 42x lf(x)] or (g IO) = 0P-1) +152 2x41 44 = XP 2x 42©f paper. a. f(0) b. (2) ©. f(-4) 4. f(-2x) 2.4%) = 7x2 + gx 4 3.x) = 7x85, a. f(-1/3) b. (5) ©. (7x2) 8. Given (x) = 2x2 4. affix] 5. (9 > f)(1) 6. f= gy(2) 7. (> g)(-1) c. ~ 8K + 4 and g(x) = 4x3, find . For each of the following transcendental functions, find a. h(O) b. he ©. R(vx) 8. A(x) = sin 2x 9. h(x) = 2« 10. h(x) = cos x21.2 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION calculus, > Itcan be write in the form of; Example: 1. Evaluate lim(x + 3) Solution: lim@ +3) = x43 Substitute; x = 2 jim@ +3) =243 The final answer: dime +3) = 5 x A 0 1 16 2 2.05 | y=f@) [2 3 4 46 5 5.05 | Following in definition of Limits, the values of y = f(x) in the second row of the table above are determine by substituting the value of x as its approaches to 2, Hence our Solution got the value of 5 as x gets closer and closer to 2. If we write x + 2 “as x approaches to 2° does not mean itis equal to 2. The other values of x can be indicated 85 x approaches 2 from values less than 2. The last column of the table indicates that X approaches greater than the value of 2 The Left Hand Limi x > 2” (x approaches values less than 2) lim +3) =5 The Right Hand Limit: x ~ 2* (x approaches values greater than 2) dim @ +3) =52. Evaluate the im So e th ir ber at it has indeterminate swe 2 ae Um =~ _ GY 1x7 1-1 x-100 Wyst 3 [tis in the indeterminate for ithe denominator is zero To find the value of limit of x as itis approaches to 1 simply factor the numerator: 2-1 _@+D@-1n hi a @-1) Simplify the equation by elimination method: xt Magopsett Substitute the value of x as it is approaches to 1 2 1 lim =1+1 Paya The final answer is xtn1 i =2 ayaa Im the given problem, there is a hole at x=1 because the given function is discontinuous at x = 1. 3. Evaluate the lim xal Neues vei Solution: i it The answer is also indeterminate by factoring the numerator we can get a value of limit from the problem.tim SL [Oe eH Ne Gh Using elimination method: xT tn =J/@F1 MI VEST ‘Substitute the value of x as approaches to 1 Exercise 1. Evaluate the following problems. Write your solution on a separate sheet of paper. 4. lim Bee ans. 5 2 him 2 ans. -$ 3. Jim (x* ~ 5x? + 4x +2) ans. -6 4, dim Gx* + 5x3 +6) ans. —102 5. lim(x3 — 2x? + 3x +4) ans.ASSESSMENT 21.3 PROPERTIES OF LIMIT 1. LIMIT OF A CONSTANT a. lime=c Where; © = constant ‘The value of the constant ¢ will not be changed by the limit of a EXAMPLES: 1. lim2=2 3. lim (—8) = 2. lim3=3 b. limx=a Where; a= constant The value of the variable x will be equal to the value of limit of x. 2 4. limx =5 3.limx =2 x5 ee 2. limx=0 x0 ©. lim(br +0) = ab+e Where: a,b,c = constant Example: 1. lim(x ~1) Solution: Substitute the value of the limit; lim (2x ~ 1) = [2(4) - 1] lim(2x- 1) = @-1) Jim (2x — 1) =7 2. Jim (Sx + 4) Solution: Substitute the value of the limit; lim, (x + 4) = [5(-2) +4] lim, (Sx + 4) = [-10 +4]3, d. lim, Gx + 4) = -6 lim Gr ~ 9) Solution: ‘Substitute the value of limit; lim (8x — 9) = [8(1) - 9] lim, (8x — 9) = (8-9) lim (8x = 9) = -1 xn ye If only a® exist. Example: 4. tim x? m3 Solution: substitute the value of the limit; Ig = GP lim x? =9 x8 2. lim 9x8 Solution; substitute the value of the limit; Lim 9x? =9(1) lim 9x3 = 9(1) lim 9x3 =9 xan lim vx = Va Example: 4. lim vx mn Solution; substitute the value of the limi lim vx = V2 xan 2. lim Va 43 Solution; substitute the value of the limit; lim yx8 +3 =Vx9 +3 Jim V3F3 = (OP +3 tim vx +3=V1+3fin VTE = VG lim VEE Exercise 2. Evaluate the following. Write your Solution on a separate sheet of paper, 1. time ans.1 2. tim 3x41 ans.7 3. lim var ans. 2 4. lim Ve ans. 3 8. tim? ans. + 2. ADDITION AND. SUBTRACTION OF LIMITS ‘SUM OF LIMITS: Addition of two function such that lim f(@) and lim 9 (exist. lim[f(x) + g(x)] = lim f(x) + lim g(x) EXAMPLES: Evaluate the following problems: 1. lim@? +x?) Solution; Find the limit in each term 4. lim(x + x?) = Jim x8 + lim x? ray By x Substitute the value of limit x to each variable and perform the operation. lim (x8 + x?) = [> + (2)"] lim +x?)=(1+1) lim @? +x?)=2 2. lim (@? +x4+9) Solution; Find the limit in each term Lim(x? + x + 9) = lim x? + lim x + lim 9Substitute the value of Hin «10 wach yannble wre patina MOOD ly a Zaen Oe ee) th “amen Wyo? hana ety DIFFERENCE OF LIMITS © Subtraction of wo funcon such thi Yin $0) 08 ty br eee mal £2) = g(a] = Bm FO) = thy yr) EXAMPLES; Evaluate the following problems: a A. tim? =x) Solution; Find the limit in each term Yi? =) = tn a? — ti Substitute the value of limit x to each tern and perform the operation lim? = x) = (3)? Wim? =x) = limo? =x) = 6 2. Um rt = x Solution; Find the limit in each term ) = Vin x4 — tin x? — fis 3 wen AN — ‘Substitute the value of limit x to each variable and Perform the operation. Jimcoet x? — 3) = [(2)4 - (2)? tinct — = [16-4~3] Ang? 3) 2g lim(xt =x? 3) =9 3. PRODUCT OF LIMITS ~ Multiplication of two function such that lim f(r) and lim g(x) exists Mimi £2) 99] = Mm fx) Am g(x)EXAMPLES: Evaluate the following Problems, v(x? 44 1 tin x(x? 49) Solution; Find the limit of each term; Min X(x* 49) = jim x Mion cx? +9) Substitute the value of the timit in each variable; lim xG? 49) = 1+ ((1)% +9] lim xG 49) = “1+9) tim x(x? +9) = 1-10 tim x(x? +9) = 10 2, Vim (x — 5)(x? +1) Find the limit of each term; lim (x = 5)(x? +1) = Jim( — 5) lim@? +1) Substitute the value of the limit in each variable; lim(x ~ 5)(? +1) = (2-5) -[(2)? +1] lim (x — 5)(x? +1) = (-3) (441) dim (x — 5)(x? + 1) = (-3) -(5) lim(x — 5)(? +1) = -15 4, QUOTIENT OF LIMITS ~ Dividing two functions such that lim g(x) exists. im (To) Where: lim g(x) # 0 Yn EXAMPLES: Evaluate the following number: 4. im (S Find the limit of each term, for the numerator and denominator.Substitute the value of the fimit in each tern, Ay (2S) = y(t) =! Find the limit of each term, for the numerator and denominator Wy vet ety vay Wye ‘Substitute the value of the limit in each term; My EE 0 EL y= Exercise 2. Evaluate the following. Write your solution on a separate sheet of paper. 1. lima? +7 = 3) ans. 33 2 ans. = 3 ans. * 4 ans. 0 ans. 4.4 SPECIAL CASE: LIMIT OF A QUOTIENT LIMIT OF RATIONAL FUNCTION: This case occurs when the limit of both numerator and denominator has zero value ° or in the form of indeterminate Rationalizing the Numerator: Example 1 tim wu) 14Substituting the value of limit as it is approach, 1s 10 zero give a dete; i mi This problem can be solved using rationalizing the numerator, ree ea Applying the knowledge in algebra of rational functions, Students can easily rational; the problem. 'y rationalize SOLUTION USING RATIONALIZATION METHOD: 1 in tim EH 3 _ VFS—3 VETO tm +973 = tg x0 xe moa E543 (2+9)-9 (Ue F543) Reduce the equation by subtracting the constant in the numerator. ee) x mh GRE Ss3) Reduce the equation by eliminating same element; wmv teo3 a nn Coe Ee)) Substitute the value of x as it is approaches to 0. 2 . -3 1 lim ———* xo x? (Y@?+9+3) Ration: Example: ing the Denominator: \ eee ‘Substituting the value of limit as it is approaches to zero give a determinate answer. This problem can be solved using rationalizing the denominator. Apply the knowledge in algebra of rational functions so that students can easily rationalize the problem. 15SOLUTION USING RATIONALIZING THE DENOMINATOR: Vira — V2 a TMi era Va Seats x x(VEF2 + V2) ih Jee — Va Reduce the equation by subtracting the constant number in the denominator: oe x(VzF2 + V2) ee ee rn ge a — V2 x Reduce the equation by eliminating same element; ig = OEE) 2 eea—Vv2~ T = (Vz¥2 +3) lim x Substitute the value of x as it approaches to 0. tin Fag = (OFT + V2) x 5 Wager Ot? 2d oe ra deea— V2 SOLVING LIMIT BY SIMPLIFYING THE FUNCTIONS: EXAMPLE: Evaluate the limit: (xta)-a ‘Substituting the limit as x approaches to zero - (rta)na _ (xta)ma my zara = tale ih Indeterminate: Solution: By simplifying the function: jim 202 roEliminate the open and close parenthesis: Jim Stina _ Subtract the constant: (esaj~a x0 Divide the variables: jon (ZtI— lim 4 ar + the final answer of the function is, 2. By substituting directly the limit of x as its approaches to 0, the quotient will be indeterminate. The problem can be solve using Factoring Method Solution: Expand the binomial: Nir cas =x 242444 Nir SAY eters aes % ‘Subtract the constants: zo z Jim Substitute the limit: (enemy dn : en X8427 es Solution: using sum of two cubes x3 +a? = (x +a)(x* -—ax+a%) Applying the formula: 2427 _ (es 3) 0023249) eng eF8 a5 Using elimination method: 72 =? ax 9) Substitute the limit €S X approaches to —3 (3)? — 3(-3) 4 9) 33427 _ ana = 27 Exercise 3, fim 2222 as ‘es ans. 55 1 ans. =CHAPTER 2: DERIVATIVE 2.4 DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION ‘The derivative of y = f(x) at x is given by [(x + dx) ~ f@) Baas = him ae dx Ox Example: 4. Find the derivative of the function y = Solution: Tangent line Step 1: change y to (y+ Ay) and x to (x + Ax) yt dy = jim + Ax)? Step 2: subtract the left side by y and the right side by x. oe 3 ytdy—y = fim (x + Ax) Step 3: simplify each equation by elimination or expanding if necessary. In this problem, we can eliminate the variable y at the left side and x at the right side expand the equation. Ay = Jim, 3x2 (Ax) + 3x(Ax)? + (Ax)> Step 4: Divide both side by Ax and simplify the equation; ee 3x?(Ax) + 3x(Ax)? + (Ax)? Bx ao rs (ax)* Bx AY jg, EME , Ben)? Bx > aro ax ‘ax AY him 3x? 2 SE flm,3x? + Bxdx + (Ox) Step 5: apply the limit: Applying the limit as Ax approaches to 0, then simplify the equation; 202. Find the derivative of y=Vvx Solution: Step 1: change y to (y + Ay) and x to (x + Ax) im, (G+ Bx) Step 2: subtract the left side by y and the right side by vx. ytAy—y= jim, J+ ax) -— VE Step 3: simplify each equation by elimination or expanding if necessary. In this problem, we can use the rationalized the equation. . i i ( x+Ax-x } = Jim (= oa Ter aay + Ve y= Mi = = im ——_ oe J+ Ox) + VE Step 4: Divide both side by Ax and simplify the equation; Ax 07 LO Saree Ay Ax ax tas (ter aad +) Eliminate: ax; 24Step 5: apoly the limi The final answer. 3. Find the derivative of the function y ‘Solution: Step 1: change y to (y + Ay) and x to (x= Ax) ax x Step 3: simplify each equation by elimination or expanding # necessary. In this problem, we can use LCD method to subtract fractions. a x-(@+4) “y= UGEliminate: ax; Step 5: apply the limit: ay. -1 ax ~ ao G@?+0) Therefore, the derivative of the function 4is; ay Ax 1 lim oxo x2 Exercise 4. Find the derivative of the following functions. Write your solution on a separate sheet of paper. 1 yaxStxtyx2-9 ans. y = Sx* + 4x3 4 2x 2. yate—aat ex? 3. y=Vax -5 4.ysk 5. y= 110x941 23CHAPTER 3: THE DERIVATIVES OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS fard functions. In this chapter, we will introduce these rules. These formulae u and v will denote variable quantities, functions of x ; and c and n constant quantities. {tis frequently convenient to write the derivative of a quantity u, ae au au instead of *, the symbol & denoting “derivative of Thus S“*2 the derivative of (u4v), may be written “(u + v) 3.1 Formulas for Differentiation of Algebraic Functions |. The derivative of a variable with respect to itself is unity, oe Example: 1. Find the derivative of y = x. Solution: aye ieee ll. The derivative of a constant is zero. A constant is a quantity whose value does not vary. Hence Ac = 0 and * = 0; therefore its limit $$ = 0 Example: 1. iy = 10, then & = 0, 2. fy = v2, then = 0. 3. Ify = 3n, then 2 = 0 lll. The derivative of the sum of two variables is the sum of their derivatives Example: 1. Find the derivative of y =x +1Solution: \V. The derivative of the product of two variables is the sum of the products of each variable by the derivative of the other. du yay Oe a aoe Example: Find the derivative of y = x (x + 2). Solution: dy a d ae Gt DRO + ret 2) dy E a (x + 2) 01) + (x1) dy Wee (e+2)+x dy ae 2x+2 V. The derivative of the product of a constant and a variable is the product of the constant and the derivative of the variable. ay cu Example: 1. Ity = 8x, then & = x 2. fy = v2 x, then ES 3. Ify = 3x, then & ax VI. The derivative of a fraction is the derivative of the numerator multiplied by the denominator minus the derivative of the denominator multiplied by the numerator, this difference being divided by the square of the denominator. ay 26Example Find the denvative of y = 1° ve Solution LW + Dar +9)~ O45) Leary (+2? a (+ 2)0 = lr 45) 01] (x + 292 _ (e+ 2)— (x +5) (x +2) _x+2-x-5 (xe #2 ~ @& #22 VII. The derivative of any power of a variable is the product of the exponent, the powe: with exponent diminished by 1, and the derivative of the variable. lu") = nu" (General Power Rule) Example: Differentiate the following functions: 1. Find the derivative of y = x! Solution: We 4 4 ax ax OC)ASSESSMENT 5 Find the derivative of the following functions. Write your Solution on a separate sheet of paper. 1y=Vvo 2. y=-VI6x 3. ¥=(@+1)(r-1) 4 5. 6. y=x2r 413 7. y=ia-seye 8. y = 6VEax ‘3.2 Higher Order Dorivatives The derivative of two or more successive differentiation, First Derivative Second derivative aay" =f'"(x) — Third Derivative y"= f(x) n"" Derivative “The exponent indicate the number of differentiation of the function” Example: 1. Find the third derivative of the function; yaxt 3x49 Solution: First differentiation: dy 3 2 = 4x3 — 9, gy 7 - 9x Second differentiation dy Gaz = 12x? — 18x Third differentiation; d3y ga 7 24x18 2. Find the second derivative of the function: Solution: First derivative: