Professional Documents
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Week 1 - 6
Week 1 - 6
PETROFISIKA
Semester II – 2021/2022
Pahala Dominicus Sinurat
Ivan Kurnia
Ketentuan Umum
• PR & materi suplemen via Edunex (+ MS Teams)
• Pertanyaan -->
• MS Teams
• ivan_kurnia@itb.ac.id
• PR & tugas diserahkan pada waktu yang telah
ditentukan
• Presensi mandiri di SI-X
Evaluasi (Tentatif)
• Pekerjaan rumah, Kuis : 15%
• Lab/Praktikum : 15%
• Ujian Tengah Semester : 35% (bahan ujian:
W1-W7)
• Ujian Akhir Semester : 35% (bahan ujian: W9-
W15)
• Kehadiran tidak diperhitungkan
Pustaka Acuan
• Petroleum Reservoir Engineering: Physical Properties (J. W.
Amyx, D. M. Bass, Jr., and R. L. Whiting: 1960, 1988).
• Petrophysics: Theory & Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock &
Fluid Transport Properties (D. Tiab dan E. C. Donaldson: 2004,
2nd ed.)
• Properties of Reservoir Rocks: Core Analysis (R. P. Monicard:
1980)
• Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties (Abhijit Y.
Dandekar, 2013, 2nd Edition, CRC Press)
• Coring and Core Analysis Handbook (G. Anderson: 1972).
• Fundamentals of Reservoir Rock Properties (N. Alyafei: 2021)
• Dll.
PE ITB - Student Outcomes
1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and
engineering
2. An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze
and interpret data
3. An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired
needs with realistic constraints
4. An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
5. An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
6. An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility
7. An ability to communicate effectively
8. The broad education necessary to understand the impact of
engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and
societal context
9. A recognition of the need for and an ability to engage in life-long
learning
10. A knowledge of contemporary issues
11. An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools
necessary for engineering practice
Petrofisika: Definisi & Sejarah
Properti
Batuan
Petrofisika
Interaksi
Batuan-Fluida
Production
Drilling Eng. Eng. Reservoir Eng.
Petrophysics
Fluid & Well
Geophysics Logs & Core Analysis
Analysis
Geology
Topik-Topik yang Dibahas
• Batuan reservoir & perangkap hidrokarbon
• Pori-pori dan porositas
• Permeabilitas absolut
• Saturasi fluida
• Sifat kebasahan batuan
• Tekanan kapiler
• Permeabilitas efektif dan relatif
• Kompresibilitas
• Sifat hantar arus listrik (electrical properties) batuan berpori yang
berisi fluida
• Rock Typing
• Digital Petrophysics
Litologi Reservoir &
Perangkap Hidrokarbon
Kilas Balik – Geologi Fisik
• Klasifikasi batuan
• Mineral pembentuk batuan
• Batuan sedimen
• Energi fosil
Klasifikasi Batuan
% dari kerak
Jenis Deskripsi
bumi
Beku (Igneous) Intrusi & ekstrusi lelehan magma yang 20
mengalami pendinginan
Metamorf Transformasi (mekanik, panas, kimiawi) 14
batuan beku & sedimen
Sedimen Hasil dari proses mekanik & kimia 66
terhadap batuan lain & bangkai biologis
Batuan Reservoir = Porous, Permeable
Sandstone Carbonate
• Silica grain: quartz, • Calcite, dolomite
feldspar • Pore space: inter- &
• Consolidated, loosely intra-granular,
consolidated, dissolution, fracture
unconsolidated
Reservoir
Blok Rokan
Suardin, 2021
Minas
Skala :
Mega scale :
25 meter
Core plug
Common low resistivity low contrast lithofacies observed in the MTJDA include
Bioturbated Muddy Sandstone (Sbm), Rippled Heterolithic (Hr) and Bioturbated
Heterolithic (Hb). Occasionally these intervals are also associated with Bioturbated
Sandstone (Sb) and Rippled Sandstone (Sr).
Contoh macro scale: whole cores/conventional
CARBONATE Carbonates CARBONATE
Diameter ≈ 4 inches
Contoh micro scale - thin section
(warna biru = pori-pori)
Crocker, Donaldson, Marchin (1983)
Comparison and Analysis of Reservoir Rocks and Related Clays
SEM Pictures to Identify
Production Problems
Holub et al., 1974
From Macro to Micro
Via X-Ray CT Imaging
Mega (10-100 m)
Uncertainty Makro
(cm-m)
Mikro
Petroleum System
Migration
Trap + Seal
Accumulation = Reservoir
Reservoir Seal
Seal
P & T ↑↑ Source
Jebakan Hidrokarbon
Struktural Stratigrafi
• Hasil proses tektonik • Perubahan fasies akibat
• Bentuk: fold/lipatan, proses sedimentasi
fault/patahan, diapiric • Lebih kompleks karena
(e.g. intrusi kubah melibatkan pergantian
garam) lingkungan endapan
Jebakan Hidrokarbon
Simple convex trap
Permeability trap
Fault trap
Piercement trap
Core plug
7
Sidewall Sampling Gun
Core bullets
Formation rock
Core sample
8
Sidewall Coring Tool
Coring bit
Samples
9
Deskripsi Batuan Reservoir
Ukuran Butiran
Size Limit (mm) Class
256-2048 Boulders
64-256 Cobbles Gravel
2-64 Pebbles
1/16 – 2 Sand Sand
1/512 – 1/16 Silt
Mud
< 1/512 Clay
Deskripsi Batuan Reservoir
Distribusi Ukuran Butiran
Hanya
pembanding
Mineral
lempung
(Clays)
Deskripsi Batuan Reservoir
Routine Core Analysis
Klasifikasi Dunham untuk Batuan Karbonat
16
Aplikasi Deskripsi Batuan
• Strategi Pemboran
• Perlakuan untuk sampel batuan
• Karakterisasi Reservoir
Pori-Pori Batuan Reservoir
Pori-pori
• Rongga, ruang dalam batuan yang dapat ditempati oleh fluida
Luas Pori =
Luas Total – Luas Butiran
Pori-Pori Batuan Reservoir
Effective Porosity:
Interconnected + Dead-end
Pore throat
Dead-end
Pore body
Pori-Pori Batuan Reservoir
Absolute Porosity
Interconnected + Dead-end
+ Isolated
Isolated
Ukuran Pori-Pori
Ukuran Pori-Pori
Solids
Pore
Diameter
Length
Porositas: Absolut & Efektif
• Porositas Absolut atau • Porositas Efektif
Total
Porositas & Kompleksitas Batuan
• Jenis padatan
• Variasi ukuran
• Sifat fisik tiap padatan
(Nanz, 1954)
Porositas & Kompleksitas Batuan
Bulk
Solids Fluids
φ-effective
φ-total
Penentuan Porositas
Respon log:
• Litologi
• Fluida dalam pori-pori
Alyafei, 2021
Hg Immersion
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝐵𝑉 =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑇
API RP40
Buoyancy Method with Fluids
API RP40
Hg Volumetric Displacement
API RP40
Boyle’s Law Apparatus
API RP40
Core Analysis – Bulk Volume
Method Principle Advantages & Limitations
Immersion Gravimetric + samples could be preserved
(Archimedes’ principle) + high accuracy
- Trapped air leads to high error
- Not suitable for p-uncons & vuggy
φ1, h1
φ2, h2
φ3, h3
Aplikasi Porositas
• Kalibrasi antara RCA – well logs
• Korelasi dengan properti lainnya
• Karakterisasi reservoir
• Estimasi volume minyak & gas bumi
Glover, 2008
Pore Space Visualization of Carbonates
(Lucia, 1983)
Pore Space Classification of Carbonates
(Lucia, 1983)
Core Sample of Vuggy Carbonate
(He et al., 2020)
Pore Space Characters of Carbonates (Arns et al., 2004)
Pore Space Characters of Carbonates (Arns et al., 2004)
Pore Space Characters of Carbonates (Arns et al., 2004)
Pore Space Characters of Carbonates (Arns et al., 2004)
TM 2209
PETROFISIKA
Semester II – 2021/2022
VB =
100 bbl
Vp = 20 bbl
Sw = 0.25, Vw = 5 bbl
So = 0.75, Vo = 15 bbl
Saturasi Fluida
FWL
Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Saturasi Fluida
• Porositas
• Distribusi ukuran pori
• Kandungan dan jenis clay
• Sifat kebasahan batuan
• Tegangan antarmuka (IFT) air-minyak
• Posisi vertikal di dalam reservoir
• Masa produksi
Saturasi Fluida
• Retort method
• Solvent extraction
• Centrifuge method
Saturasi Fluida – Core Analysis
Retort method
• Temperatur tinggi untuk menguapkan air & minyak
• Langsung mengukur Vo & Vw
Alyafei, 2021
Saturasi Fluida – Core Analysis
Retort method
• Discrepancies due to high T
Saturasi Fluida – Core Analysis
Solvent Extraction
• Penguapan
solvent/pelarut toluene,
gasoline, naphtha
• Direct Sw measurement
• Clean, undamaged core
Amyx, 1960
Saturasi Fluida – Core Analysis
Centrifuge
• High centrifugal force
• Consolidated core
• Solvent assisted
• Direct Sw measurement
Saturasi Fluida – Core Analysis
Perubahan Kondisi Saturasi pada Sampel Batuan
OBM
Kegunaan Data Saturasi dari Sampel Batuan
• Kemungkinan tidak representatif sebagai acuan saturasi HC
sebenarnya
• Tren Sw/So dari core membantu penentuan WOC & GOC
• Penentuan kandidat lapisan produktif
• Korelasi dengan properti lainnya
Saturasi Fluida & Porositas
Swi v ф
100
90
80
70
60
Swi, % 50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
ф, %
Saturasi Fluida - Well Log
TM 2209
PETROFISIKA
Semester II – 2021/2022
𝑉
• Electric current: 𝐼 = =𝑉 ×𝐶
𝑅
𝑑𝑇
• Heat transfer: 𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥
𝑘 𝑑𝑝
• Laju alir: 𝑞 = 𝐴
𝜇 𝑑𝐿
Attempts in Defining Flow Equation
Reservoir Pore Spaces
Hukum Darcy (1856)
ℎ1 − ℎ2
𝑄 = 𝐾𝐴
𝐿
𝑘 𝑑𝑝 𝑞𝜇
𝑞= 𝐴 𝑘=
𝜇 𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝑝
𝐴
𝑑𝐿
• k versus : eksponensial
• k versus Swc : power law
• Contoh persamaan empirik :
✓ Timur: k = ab/(Sw)c
✓ Coates: (k)0.5 = 1002(1–Swi)/Swi
Porosity-Permeability
Alyafei, 2021
Permeability of Combined Layers
• Linear flow in series of layers
Alyafei, 2021
Permeability of Combined Layers
• Radial flow in parallel layers
Alyafei, 2021
Permeability of Combined Layers
• Radial flow in series of layers
Alyafei, 2021
Single Fluid Permeability
Fluid Saturation = 100% -> kabsolute
• Permeability to Liquid
• Permeability to Gas
Permeability to Water (kw)
• Mendekati hukum Darcy
• Dapat terpengaruh oleh
➢ Clay swelling
➢ Fine movement
➢ Salinity
Permeability to Gas
Permeability measurement with gas:
• Compressible
• Viskositas sangat dipengaruhi tekanan
• Aliran turbulen mudah terjadi @ P/ L besar
• Difusi molekul gas @ P rendah
Gas Slippage Effect
Pada tekanan rendah, aliran gas secara signifikan
dipengaruhi oleh diffusi gas → gas slippage
Gas mengalir :
➢ Karena gradien tekanan
➢ free movement
➢ tumbukan antar molekul dan dinding pori
gradien m
.
Permeability to gas, kG
. .
. Klinkenberg Factor, b :
b = m/kL
kL
0
0
1/Prata-rata
Diskusi Penutup
Fracture Permeability
Sisi tampak samping Sisi tampak depan
w Matriks
h
Matriks
Fracture dengan tebal celah w
l
L
Neutral
Water-wet Oil-wet
Intermediate
0° 90° 180°
Contact Angle
Young-Dupre Eq. 𝐴 𝑇 = 𝜎𝑠𝑜 − 𝜎𝑠𝑤 = 𝜎𝑜𝑤 cos 𝜃
AT > 0 : water-wet
AT = 0 : neutral
AT < 0 : oil-wet
Interfacial Tension
Alyafei (2021)
Contact Angle: Different continuous phase
SILICA
CALCITE
Pipet
Stand
Calcite
Quartz
Advancing θ Receding θ
Tiab & Donaldson, 2004
Wilhelmy Plate (Kino Industry)
Wilhelmy Plate (Scientific Gear)
Contact Angle Measurement
• Only for polished solids (quartz & calcite)
• Useful for measurement of solute effects to wettability
• Inapplicable to reservoir rock (heterogeneity, roughness)
Spontaneous Imbibition
Fenomena imbibisi spontan
Water-wet core sample dijenuhi air dan minyak pada kondisi Swirr.
Silinder gelas
Air
Swc
(Soi = 1- Swc)
at Sor
at Swirr
Abdallah et al (2007)
Wettability & Fluid Saturation
Abdallah et al (2007)
Wettability & Oil Recovery
Diskusi Penutup