ENGG 121 Integral Calculus

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ENGG 121 – CALCULUS 2 ←

form F ( x ) +c by choosing the constant c


derivative (differentation)
(INTEGRAL CALCULUS) appropriately
LESSON 1:
ANTIDERIVATIVES  DEFINITION: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
 DEFINITION: the process of finding antiderivatives is
ANTIDERIVATIVES (INTEGRAL) called antidifferentiation or integration, where:
a function F is called an antiderivative Thus, if o The expression is ∫ f (x )dx called
d
(or integral) of the function f on a given
dx
[ F ( x ) ]=f (x) an indefinite integral
integral if F ' ( x )=f ( x )for every value of o ∫ is called an integral sign
then integrating (or anti-differentiating)
x in the interval o The function f ( x ) is called the
the function f ( x) produces an
integration
1 3 antiderivative of the form F ( x ) +c . To
o The constant c is called the
For example, the function F ( x )= x is emphasize this process, we use the
3 constant of integration
2
an antiderivative of f ( x )=x on interval ( following integral notation.
o dx indicates that x is the variable of
−∞ ,+∞ ¿ because for each x in this ∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x ) +c integration
interval In general, once any single
antiderivative is known, the other Some of the properties of the
indefinite integrals and basic
[ ]
d 1 3 2
antiderivatives can be obtained by
F ( x )= x =x =f ( x ) adding constant to the known integration formulas, which need no
dx 3
derivative, Thus, proof from the fact that these
1 3 properties are also known properties of
However, F (x) = x is not the only 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 differentiation are listed below.
3 x , x +2 , x −5 , x + √2
antiderivative of f on this interval. If we 3 3 3 3
PROPERTIES OF INDEFINITE INEGRAL
1 3 AND BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULA:
add any constant c to x , then the are all antiderivatives of
3
2
1 ¿ .∫ dx =x+ c
function f ( x )=x
2. ¿∫ (u +v ) dx=∫ udx +∫ vdx
Theorem: if F ( x ) is any antiderivative of
'
G ( x )=
d 1 3
dx 3 [ 2
]
x +c =x +0=f (x) f ( x ) on an open interval, then for any
constant c the function F ( x ) +c is also
3. ¿∫ audx=a ∫ udx
n+1
u
an antiderivative on that interval. 4. ¿ ∫ u du=
n
+c , n ≠−1
Antiderivative (Integral) Moreover, each antiderivative of f ( x ) on n+ 1

f (x) → f' left (x right ) → f(x) → F(x the interval can be expressed in the du
5. ¿∫ =ln u+c
u
5
Note: The 1st basic formulas (In this 16
¿ x 2 + c Answer
formula, u and v are differential 5
function of x . the letter a , n , and c are
constant).
EXAMPLE:  CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE FOR INTEGRATION EXAMPLES:

 POWER RULE FOR INTEGRATION 1. ¿∫ 7 x dx=7 ∫ x dx


∫ a⋅ f ( x ) dx=a∫ f ( x ) dx
2
7x
∫¿ ¿ ¿
2
+ c Answer
EXAMPLES:

1. ¿∫ 6 x dx=6 ∫ x dx
2 2
4+1
x 2. ¿∫ π dθ=π ∫ dθ
1. ¿∫ x dx =
4
+c
( )
2+1
4+1 x
¿6 +c
5 2+1 ¿ πθ+c Answer
x
¿ +c Answer
¿ 6 ( ) +c
5 x 3

3 3. ¿∫ e x 2 dx =e ∫ x 2 dx
3
1 x
−6+1 ¿ 2 x + c Answer
2. ¿∫ 6 dx=∫ x dx=
−6
+c e x3
−6 +1 ¿ +c Answer
x 3
3 3

¿
x −5
+c Answer 2. ¿∫ 8 x 2 dx=8 ∫ x 2 dx
−5
( )
( )
2 x
3
2
+1 4. ¿ ∫ 3 x + +1 dx
x 2
¿8 +c
1 3
1 +1 +1 x
x3 ¿ 3 x dx +∫ dx+ c
2
1 2
3. ¿∫ √ x dx 6 dx=∫ x 3 dx=
3
+c 2
x 1
+1

()
5
3
4 ¿8
x
5
+c
2
¿3 ( )
x3 1
+ ∫ xdx+ ∫ dx
3 2
x3
¿ +c 2
( )
3 2
4 3x 1 x
¿ + + x +c
3
( )( 3 2 2
5

3
4
¿8 x 2 2
5 )
+c
3 1 2
¿ x + x + x +c Answer
¿ x 3 +c Answer
4 4
x x
3 2
1 1 1
¿6 + −2 x+ c ¿ ⋅ 4∫ dx− ⋅ 4 ∫ xdx + ∫ x 2 dx
3 2 6 6 6
5. ¿∫ (1+ x ) ( 1−x ) dx=∫ ( 1−x ) dx
2

x
2
2 2 x2 1 x3
2 ¿2 x +
3
−2 x +c Answer ¿ x− ⋅ + ⋅ +c
¿ ∫ dx −∫ x dx 2 3 3 2 6 3
x3 2 x x2 x3
¿ ∫ x− +c Answer ¿ − + +c Answer
3 3 3 18
1

6. ¿∫ ( 1+ x ) dx=∫ ( 1−2 x + x ) dx
2 2 9. ¿∫ √ x ( x 2+ 1 ) dx=∫ x 2 ( x 2+1 ) dx

( )
5 1
2
¿ ∫ dx −∫ 2 x dx + ∫ x dx ¿ ∫ x 2 + x 2 dx

( )
2 3
x x
¿ x−2 + +c
2 3
5 1

2 x
3 ¿ ∫ x dx +∫ x dx
2 2

¿ x−x + + c Answer
3 5
+1
1
+1
x2 x2
¿ + c
5 1
+1 +1

( )
1
1
+1 2 2
2
x
7. ¿∫ √ x dx=∫ x dx= 2
+c 7 3
1 x x 2 2
+1 ¿ + +c
2 7 3
2 2

()
3
2
x 7 3
¿ +c 2 2
3 ¿ x 2 + x 2 + c Answer
7 3
2
3
2
¿ x 2 + c Answer 1
3 10. ¿∫ ( 2−x ) dx
2
6
1
8. ¿∫ ( 2 x−1 ) ( 3 x+ 2 ) dx
¿
6
∫ ( 2−x )2 dx

1
¿ ∫ ( 6 x 2 + x−2 ) dx
6∫
¿ ( 4−4 x + x 2 ) dx
¿ 6 ∫ x 2 dx+ ∫ x dx−2 ∫ dx
d n ≠−1
dx
[ F( g ( x ) ) ]=F ( g ( x ) ) g '( x )
'

n +1
u
which we can write in integral form as ∫ u n du= n+1 + c n ≠−1

∫ F ' ( g ( x ) ) g ' ( x ) dx =F ( g ( x ) ) + c NOTE: Simple Power Formula :


x n+1
∫ x dx= x+1 +c the difference: uis a
n

Or since F is an antiderivative of f ,
function, x is a variable
11
∫ f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx=F ( g ( x ) ) +c
'

For our purpose it will be useful to let


dy EXAMPLES:
u=g ( x) and to write =g '( x) in the
∫ ( 3 x 2 +5 x−3 ) ( 6 x+ 5 ) dx
6
dx 1.)
LESSON 2: differential form du=g '( x )dx . 6
let u=( 3 x 2 +5 x−3 )
ANTIDERIVATIVES
Thus, du=( 6 x +5)dx
 GENERALIZED POWER FORMULA
( )
6+1 7
∫ f ( u ) du=F (u)+c u u
¿ ∫ u du=
6
A technique called substitution, that can + c= + c
6+1 7
often be used to transform complicated
integration problems into simpler ones. The process of evaluating an integral of Substitute the value of u:
the form 1 by converting it into the form
1
The method of substitution can be 2 with the substitution u=g ( x) and ¿∫ ¿
7
motivated by examining the chain rule d u=g ' ( x) dx is called the method of u –
from the viewpoint of substitution.
antidifferentiation, for this purpose,
du
suppose that F is an antiderivative of f The generalized power formula 2. ¿∫ (7 x +5 )3 dx=∫ ( u 3 )
7
and that g is a differentiable function. therefore is:
The chain rule implies that the 1
derivative of F ( g( x)) can be expressed [
n+1
f (u ) ]
let :u=7 x +5 ¿
7
∫ 3
u du
∫ [ f ( u ) ] d [ f ( u ) ]=
n
+c
as n+1
( )
3 +1 3 −2
1 u 1 u
du=7 dx ¿ ∫ +c
7 3+1
let :u=2 x −5
2
¿ ∫ ( 2 x −5 ) xdx
2 4
¿
4 −2
+c

( ) du4
3
du 1 u4
=dx ¿ ∫ +c du=4 x dx ¿∫ u 4
1 4 −2
7 7 4 ¿− ( x +9 ) +c
8

( )
3
+1
1 3 1 u 4 1
¿ ( 7 x+ 5 ) + c Answer du ¿ +c ¿ +c Answer
28 =xdx −2
4 4 3
+1 8 ( x +9 )
4

()
1 7
3 x dx xdx
3. ¿∫ √3 x +2 dx=∫ ( 3 x+2 ) dx 6. ¿∫ =3∫
2
1 u4
¿ +c √ x +5
2 1
4 7 ( x 2 +2 ) 2
( du3 )
1
l et :u=3 x +2 ¿∫ u2 4
( du2 )
−1

let :u=x +5 ¿ 3∫ u
2 2
7
1 4 4
¿ ⋅ u +c
1
1 4 7 −1
3
du=3 dx ¿
3
∫ u 2 du du=2 x dx ¿ ∫u 2
du
1
3 2
¿ ∫ ( 2 x −5 ) + c Answer
2 4

( ) ( )
1
+1 7 −1
+1
du 1 u2 du 3 u 2
=dx ¿ +c =xdx ¿ +c
3 3 1 2 2 −1
+1 +1
2 3 2
x dx
5. ¿∫ =∫ ( x 4 +9 ) x 3 dx
3

() ()
3
3
( x4 + 9) 1
1 u2 3 u 2
¿ +c ¿ +c
3 3
2
4
let :u=x + 9 ¿∫ u
−3
( )
du
4
2 1
2

()
3
1 2 2 1 −3
¿ u +c 3
¿ ∫ u du 3 2
1
3 3 du=4 x dx ¿ ⋅ ( x 2+5 ) 2 + c
4
2 1

( )
−3+ 1
2
3 du 3 1 u 1
¿ u 2 +c Answer =x dx= +c ¿ 3 ( x +5 ) + c Answer
2 2
9 4 4 −3+1

¿ (
4 −3+1 )
−3 +1
1 u
+c
1

4 3
4. ¿ ∫ ( 2 x −5 ) xdx
2
7 . ¿∫ √1+5 x dx=∫ ( 1+5 x ) dx
2
( du5 )
1
l et :u=1+ 5 x ¿∫ u 2
−1
¿ +c Answer
12 ( 1+3 e 4 v )
1
1
du=5 dx ¿
5
∫ u 2 du

( )
9 . ¿∫ sin3 y cos y d y
1
+1
2
du 1 u
=dx ¿ +c du
¿ ∫ u cos y
3
5 5 1 let :u=sin y
+1 cos y
2
¿ ∫ u du
3
du=cos y d y

()
3
1 u 2
du u3+ 1
¿ +c =d y ¿ +c
5 3 cos y 3+1
2 4
u
¿ +c
1 2
3 4
¿ ⋅ u 2 +c
5 3
sin 4 y
2
3 ¿ + c Answer
¿
2
(1+5 x ) + c Answer 4
15

4v
e dv −2
8 . ¿∫ =∫ ( 1+3 e ) e du
4v 4v
4v 2
LESSON 3:
( 1+3 e )
ANTIDERIVATIVES
let :u=( 1+3 e )
4v ¿∫ u e
−2 4v
( du
12 e 4 v )  THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
If F ( x ) is the integral of f ( x ) dx , that is,
1
du=3 e 4 v d v ¿ ∫ u−2 du F ' ( x )=f ( x ) dx and if a and b are
12
constants, then the definite integral is:
du
12e 4 v
=d v=
12 −2+1(
1 u−2+1
+c ) b

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x )
a
1
¿ u−1 +c
12
−1
¿ +c
12u
a
e a−b
 b
=e
e
b
 ( e a ) =e ab

RECALL:

LESSON 5:
 INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

RECALL:

 e ln x =x , for x >0
ln ( e ) =x , for all x
x

 ln e=1
x
 e = y , if x=ln y
x
 ln e =x
ln x
 e =x
 a x =e xln a , for a>0
 e a ⋅e b=e a+ b

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