Mutasi Virus

COVID-19:
VAKSIN DAN MUTASI VIRUS
Diana Samara
GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2)
https://www.cureus.com/articles/30692-novel-covid-19-a-comprehensive-review-of-transmission-manifestation-and-pathogenesis
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-17/what-is-the-delta-variant-sydney-covid-outbreak-explained/100223048
How contagious is Delta variant?
Delta variant = 6x Alpha variant
Note: The cleanest way of comparing the pure biological spreading

power of viruses is to look at their R0 (pronounced R-naught). It's the
average number of people each infected person passes a virus on to if
nobody were immune and nobody took extra precautions to avoid
getting infected.
https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57431420 GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

Why is delta able to transmit more easily?
- The virus was “fitter in human airway cells,”

 an increased amount of the virus in the infected person
 may expel more virus out into the air to pass on to the next person.
- the CT value (cycle threshold) seems to be lower

 contain more virus.
- People may become infected after a lower exposure.
https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1513
Why Delta variant is dangerous
- Mutations in the Delta variant make it replicate faster and evade the
body’s immunity mechanism.
- WHO:
* it is the ‘fastest and fittest’ variant yet.
* The Delta variant is 50-60 per cent more transmissible than the
Alpha variant which was 50-60 per cent more transmissable than
the original strain of COVID-19.

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-23/delta-covid-variant-effect-on-children-kids/100234076
https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-what-do-we-know-about-the-coronavirus-delta-variant/a-57949754
https://news.sky.com/story/delta-variant-symptoms-signs-of-covid-19-could-be-different-with-indian-strain-heres-what-to-look-out-for-12333749
https://www.timesnownews.com/health/article/how-are-symptoms-of-new-covid-19-strains-and-variants-different-from-original-coronavirus/742759
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332220306867
http://www.bccdc.ca/Health-Info-Site/Documents/COVID19-self-isolation-contact.pdf
Tools that are needed to monitor body condition during self-isolation due to
COVID-19
Normal adult pressure: Normal saturation oxygen : Normal adult pulse:

Systolic: 90-120 mmHg 95 -100 X/minute 60 -100 X/minute
Diastolic: 60 – 80 mmHg Age Pulse
0-1 month old 70-190 x/mnt
1-11 months old 80-160 x/mnt
Normal body temperature: 1-2 years old 80-130 x/mnt

36,5 – 37,2 degrees Celsius 3-4 years old 80-120 x/mnt
5-6 years old 75-115 x/mnt
7-9 years old 70-110 x/mnt
>10 years old 60-100 x/mnt
World Health Organization (WHO)
Clinical management of COVID-19 patients: Living guidance, January 2021

National Early Warning Score (NEWS)
Determines the degree of illness of a patient and prompts critical care intervention

https://www.mdcalc.com/national-early-warning-score-news#evidence
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/dr2/Fear_of_Covid-19_Scale_2020.pdf
RED FLAG
ALARM!!!  HOSPITAL
1. Sleep much
Child’s Age Breath Rate
2. Fast Breath
<2 months old ≥60 x/minute 3. Difficult breathing (dyspnoe)
2-11 months old ≥50 x/minute 4. Oxygen saturation <95%
5. Fever > 7 days
1-5 years old ≥40 x/minute 6. Seizure
7. Can not eat or drink anything
>5 years old ≥30 x/minute
8. Red eyes, rash, swollen neck
9. Sunken eye, reduce bowel movements
10. Loss of consciousness

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-021-00360-w GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-021-00360-w GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021
The differences among Rapid antibody test, rapid antigen test, and RT-PCR test
Rapid Antibody Test Rapid Antigen Test RT-PCR Test
What it is Test to show if a person had an Diagnostics test (antigen) to show if a Diagnostic test (molecular) to show if
infection in the past person has an active infection a person has an active infection
Test duration 10 – 15 minutes 15 – 30 minutes Same days or up to a weak
Sample collected Blood from fingertip/vein Nasal or throat swab Nasal or throat swab
What the test detects Antibodies (IgM and IgG) in the Specific proteins from the virus Virus’s genetic material
person’s immune system
Best time to test > 7 days after exposure 1 – 5 days from onset of symptoms 2 – 7 days after exposure to virus
Positive/reactive means Infected in the past Active virus infection Active virus infection
Accuracy Sometimes a second test is needed Positive results usually accurate, but Typically high accurate rates
for accurate results false negative can occur. Negative
results need to be confirmed with a
molecular test
Consideration Accuracy rate varies depending on Negative results should be confirmed Expensive, facilities not widely
the test kit and timing with an RT-PCR test available
Usefulness in diagnosing covid-19 Able to see if some one has past Useful for detecting covid-19 Considered the gold standard in
patients infection, but it is not suitable to outbreaks quickly and in large diagnosing covid-19 virus due to high
detect current active covid-19 quantities sensitivity (accuracy) rates
infection

KRITERIA KESEMBUHAN TIDAK
BERDASARKAN HASIL PCR

https://www.liputan6.com/cek-fakta/read/4596735/cek-fakta-tidak-benar-ct-value-sebagai-penentu-kesembuhan-pasien-covid-19
https://www.liputan6.com/cek-fakta/read/4494435/cek-fakta-tidak-benar-informasi-penyebab-hasil-pcr-bisa-positif-covid-19-berkali-kali
How long before symptom onset is a
person contagious?
https://medical.mit.edu/covid-19-updates/2020/07/how-long-symptom-
onset-person-contagious

https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-54463280
OTG
Ringan-
Sedang
Sumber:. Buku Saku Protokol Tatalaksana COVID-19 – Edisi 2 GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021
65.3%
Source: Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines for Variants from South Africa, UK

https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/delta-covid-19-variant-most-worrisome-yet-
vaccines-still-effective GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021
https://healthydebate.ca/2021/06/topic/astrazeneca-covid-vaccination-guide/
Sinovac’s Vaccine On Day Effectivity
Prevention COVID-
19 (from)
First Dose
Infection 28 to 63 13%
Second Dose
Infection 28-63 94%
Hospitalization 28 96%
Death 28-63 98%
https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5568271/tim-peneliti-ri-ungkap-efektivitas-
GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021 vaksin-sinovac-di-dunia-nyata-ini-hasilnya
https://jakartaglobe.id/news/indonesia-says-sinovacs-vaccine-98-effective-to-prevent-deaths-from-covid19
Vaksin Sinovac Pada hari Efektivitas (rata-rata)
Dosis ke 1
Mencegah COVID-19 Ke-28 hingga ke-63 13%
Dosis ke 2 (lengkap)
Mencegah COVID-19 Ke-28 hingga ke-63 94%
Perawatan di RS akibat Pada hari ke-28 96%
COVID-19
Mencegah kematian Pada hari ke-28 hingga ke- 98%
karena COVID-19 63
https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5568271/tim-peneliti-ri-ungkap-efektivitas-vaksin-sinovac-di-dunia-nyata-ini-hasilnya
https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/health/indian-covid-19-delta-variant-initial- GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021
mild-symptoms-allow-virus-to-spread-fast-1.1245320
Com-Cov Study (Oxford University):
Mixing Covid jabs has good immune response
The doses four weeks apart in 850 volunteers aged 50 and above, found:
•AZ followed by Pfizer induced higher antibodies and T cell responses than
Pfizer followed by AZ
•Both of these mixes induced higher antibodies than two doses of AZ
•The highest antibody response was seen after two doses of Pfizer, and
the highest T cell response from AZ followed by Pfizer
https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57636356, 28 June 2021 GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover-guidance.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzTAZDsNBe0
https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/masks-cdc-study-finds/story?id=75789183 GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzTAZDsNBe0

https://www.healthline.com/health/double-masking#viral-variants

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COVID-19:

VAKSIN DAN MUTASI VIRUS

GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

Delta variant = 6x Alpha variant

Note: The cleanest way of comparing the pure biological spreading

https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57431420 GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

- The virus was “fitter in human airway cells,”

- the CT value (cycle threshold) seems to be lower

- People may become infected after a lower exposure.

GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

Normal adult pressure: Normal saturation oxygen : Normal adult pulse:

Normal body temperature: 1-2 years old 80-130 x/mnt

GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

Test duration 10 – 15 minutes 15 – 30 minutes Same days or up to a weak

GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

Source: Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines for Variants from South Africa, UK

GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

•Both of these mixes induced higher antibodies than two doses of AZ

https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57636356, 28 June 2021 GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/masks-cdc-study-finds/story?id=75789183 GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

GRII, Sunday - 4 July 2021

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