Lecture 4-Electromechanical Instruments (Analogue Meters) - P3-BW

21.04.
2019
Electrical Measurement and Instrument
Lecture 4 – P2 – Electromechanical Instruments

and Analogue Electronic Meters
Content of Lecture 4
 4.16 Galvanometer
 4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter
 4.18 Rectifier Voltmeter and Ammeter
 4.19 Deflection Instrument Errors
 4.20 Series and Shunt Ohmmeter
 4.21 Exercises/Homework
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Vietnamese-German University
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4.16 Galvanometer (1)
 A galvanometer is essentially a PMMC instrument designed to be sensitive to

extremely low current levels.
 Current sensitivity (A/mm)
 Voltage sensitivity (V/mm)
 Example:
(Noted that the coil is shunted by a damping resistor to control the level of eddy
currents generated by the coil movements. A critical damping resistance is
sufficiently given to settle down quickly the pointer with only a very small short-
lived oscillation.)
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 Null meter or null detector: Galvanometers are often employed to detect the
zero current or voltage in a circuit rather than to measure the actual level of
current or voltage.
4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (1)
4.17.1 DC Ammeter
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4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)
(FSD – Full-scale deflection)
Conclusion???
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4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)  Multi-range Ammeters
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(An Ayrton shunt)
(An Ayrton shunt)
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(1k) FSD = 50A
(0.05) (0.45)
(4.5)
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(1k) FSD = 50A
(0.05) (0.45)
(4.5)
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(1k) FSD = 50A
(0.05) (0.45)
(4.5)
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4.17.2 DC Voltmeter
A DC voltmeter (PMMC instrument) with a series

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4.17.2 DC Voltmeter (cont.)
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(the sensitivity of the voltmeter)
The sensitivity of a voltmeter is always specified

by the manufacturer.
If the sensitivity is known, the total voltmeter

resistance is easily calculated (sensitivity x range).
A voltmeter should have an extremely high resistance.
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4.17.2 DC Voltmeter (cont.)  Voltmeter loading effect
(R can be R1, R2 or R3)
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(R can be R1, R1 +R2 or R1 +R2 + R3)
For the multi-range voltmeter using switched multiplier resistors:
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For the multi-range voltmeter using series-connected multiplier resistors:
4.18 Rectifier Voltmeter and Ammeter (0)
 The PMMC instrument is polarized.

 The PMMC instrument pointer settles at the average value of the current
flowing through the moving coil.
 The DC current has the average value being equal to the RMS value.
 The AC current has the peak, RMS, and average values which are different
from each other. The average value of purely sinusoidal AC is ZERO.
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4.18.1 Rectifier Voltmeter

To limit the current flowing through the
PMMC instrument
4.18.1 Rectifier Voltmeter (cont.)

Full-Wave Rectifier Voltmeter (cont.)
 The meter deflection is proportional to the average current (= 0.637(or 2/) x peak
current).
 The actual current (or voltage) to be indicated in AC measurements is normally
the RMS quantity (= 0.707 x peak value or 1.11 x average value).
 There are direct relationships between RMS, peak, and average values.
 The meter scale can be calibrated to indicate RMS volts, which is only used for
pure sine-wave voltages.
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31 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
(k/V==?)
(The equivalent resistance is calculated

according to the RMS current)
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Half-Wave Rectifier Voltmeter (cont.)
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Im
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4.18.2 Rectifier Ammeter

Half-bridge full wave rectifier ammeter:
4.18.2 Rectifier Ammeter (cont.)

Full-wave bridge rectifier ammeter:
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Full-wave bridge rectifier ammeter (cont.):

Full-wave bridge rectifier ammeter (cont.):
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4.19 Deflection Instrument Errors (1)
4.19 Deflection Instrument Errors (2)
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4.20 Series and Shunt Ohmmeter (1)
4.20.1 Series Ohmmeter
A measured resistor
Ohmmeter
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4.20.1 Series Ohmmeter (cont.)
When the external resistance is ZERO, then:
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When the battery voltage Eb changes, it is necessary to adjust the value of

standard resistance R1 in order to let the current of the meter (Im) be at FSD with
the allowable maximum value.
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Ohmmeter with Zero Adjust
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(with R2 = 68.18, FSD = 50A)

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(with R2 = 68.18, FSD = 50A)
(we have the same measurement range of Rx (=15k) when the battery voltage is
reduced from 1.5V to 1.3V, due to changing the value of R2 from 50 to 68.18.
4.20.2 Shunt Ohmmeter
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2.875k when the battery voltage is normal
4.20.2 Shunt Ohmmeter (cont.)
R x 1k R x 100
A typical multi-range shunt ohm-meter
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4.20.3 Ohmmeter Accuracy
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4.20.3 Ohmmeter Accuracy (cont.)
(Rx = 0 for 1.0FSD)
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4.20.3 Ohmmeter Accuracy (cont.)
(at 0.8 FSD)
(at 0.8 FSD)
(at 0.8 FSD)
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4.21 Exercises/HOMEWORK (Teamwork)
 TWO or THREE students for one team

 Please select teammates for yourself
1.
with 1V/mm
2.
(with 1V/mm)
3.
4.
5.
4.21 Exercises/HOMEWORK (2)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
9
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11.
12.

13.
14.
13
15. 14
16.
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17.
18.
19.
20.
Answers:
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
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15-minute quick test
Please answer one of them:
Q1.
Q2.
LECTURE 4 – PART 2!!!
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VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Bui Minh Duong

Lecturer in Electrical Power System
EEIT program, Faculty of Engineering
Email: duong.bm@vgu.edu.vn
Mobile phone: 0918163356
37

Lecture 4-Electromechanical Instruments (Analogue Meters) - P3-BW

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21.04.

Electrical Measurement and Instrument

Lecture 4 – P2 – Electromechanical Instruments

2 21.04.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

4.16 Galvanometer (1)

 A galvanometer is essentially a PMMC instrument designed to be sensitive to

3 21.04.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

4.16 Galvanometer (2)

4 21.04.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

4.16 Galvanometer (3)

5 21.04.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (1)

4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (2)

4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)

(FSD – Full-scale deflection)

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4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (3)

4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)

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4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (4)

4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)

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4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (5)

4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)  Multi-range Ammeters

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4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (6)

4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)  Multi-range Ammeters

(An Ayrton shunt)

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4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (7)

4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)  Multi-range Ammeters

(An Ayrton shunt)

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4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (8)

4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)  Multi-range Ammeters

4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (9)

4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)  Multi-range Ammeters

(1k) FSD = 50A

4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (10)

4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)  Multi-range Ammeters

(1k) FSD = 50A

4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (11)

4.17.1 DC Ammeter (cont.)  Multi-range Ammeters

(1k) FSD = 50A

4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (12)

A DC voltmeter (PMMC instrument) with a series

4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (13)

4.17.2 DC Voltmeter (cont.)

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4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (14)

4.17.2 DC Voltmeter (cont.)

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4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (15)

4.17.2 DC Voltmeter (cont.)

(the sensitivity of the voltmeter)

The sensitivity of a voltmeter is always specified

If the sensitivity is known, the total voltmeter

A voltmeter should have an extremely high resistance.

20 21.04.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

4.17 DC Ammeter and Voltmeter (16)

4.17.2 DC Voltmeter (cont.)  Voltmeter loading effect

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