CRITICAL BOOK REPORT

Lecturer: Maya Oktora, S.Pd., M.Hum.

ARRANGED BY

GROUP 1:

Anggi Muharni Gultom (2221121018)

Anisyah Fauziah Manurung (2222421019)

Farisha Salsabila (2223321029)

Nazwa Yasmine Safiqah (2223121081)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ART

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2023

PREFACE
 Praise the authors pray to the presence of Allah SWT who has bestowed His mercy,
guidance and inayah, so that we can complete the task of a paper entitled "Phonetic and
Phonology" on time. The purpose of completing assignments in this paper is to fulfill one of
the assignments in the "Language Studies" course.

We have prepared this paper to the maximum and realize that this paper would not have
been completed smoothly and on time without the help, encouragement and guidance of the
lecturer in the "Language Studies" course, namely Ma’am Maya Oktora S.Pd., M.Hum for we
would like to thank all those who have contributed to the preparation of this paper.

We realize that this paper still has many shortcomings that need to be corrected, for that
we ask for constructive criticism and suggestions. Hopefully this paper is useful and can add
insight to all of us in the world of education. And hopefully become an educator worthy of
being emulated by students.

Medan, 21st February 2023

Group 1

TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE..........................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY.........................................................................................1
1.1 The Background......................................................................................................1
1.2 Formulation of The Problem...................................................................................1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION............................................................................................2
2.1 Phonetics..................................................................................................................2
2.2 Phonology................................................................................................................5
2.3 Differences Phonetics and Phonology.....................................................................7
CHAPTER III CLOSING.................................................................................................9
3.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................9
3.2 Suggestion .............................................................................................................9
PREFERENCE..................................................................................................................10
 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1.1 The Background
Phonetics and phonology are two important interdisciplinary fields of linguistics.
Although closely related, serving the same purpose, and devoted to the study of human
speech sounds and speech structures, phonetics and phonology differ in that each is given its
own field. Many people do not understand the difference between phonetics and phonology
because these two areas are related to sound production. The main difference between
phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is the study of sounds whereas phonology is the
study of sounds, especially different sound patterns in different languages. Let’s learn more
about phonetics and phonology. 

1.2 Formulation of The Problem

a. What is the Phonetics?
b. What is the Phonology?
c. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Phonetics
Sources: Journal
Phonetics is the physical representation of language in sound waves, how sounds are
represented and how they are perceived. Phonetics perceives language as the independent
study of all sounds. A variety of sounds can be produced in conjunction with articulations,
another type of airflow change. Articulation occurs primarily somewhere along the vocal
tract. So phonetics is the study of speech. how they occur in the vocal tract or produce speech
(articulatory phonetics), the study of transmission and its physical properties (acoustic
phonetics), and how they are perceived (hearing phonetics). Phonetics deals with the physical
properties of speech. A branch of linguistics that deals with the description of sounds. 
The elements of phonetics are vowels, short and long vowels, diphthongs, triple
vowels, consonants, syllables, duration, stress, tone, intonation, vowel path articulations,
articulatory locations, and articulatory modes. Phonology, on the other hand, will go into
those phonemes in the next chapter of this discussion. You don't have to speak to use the
language. Languages may be written by computers, recorded, mechanically produced, or
even generated in limited ways. Nevertheless, language remains the primary way humans
encode and communicate language. Our species spoke long before we began writing
languages. Humans also appear to have specialized neural mechanisms for perceiving speech
(O'grady & Dobrovolsky, 2000:15).
Language and speech are so closely related that we begin our study of language by
examining the inventory and structure of spoken language. This branch of linguistics is called
phonetics. However, since there is always a one-to-one symbolic correspondence between
sounds and symbols, the phonetic notation is consistent and unambiguous. This is true for any
language, so the symbols we are going to learn can be used to transcribe the sounds of any
language. Phonetic symbols are represented in square brackets to distinguish them from
letters or words written in normal orthography. It is important to remember that these
symbols are not the same as letters and represent the sounds of the language rather than the
letters of the script. 

Source: Book
The study of speech sound is called phonetics. The study of speech sounds then
involves three aspects: how the sounds are produced, how they are transmitted and how they
are perceived. The study of production of speech sounds constitutes articulatory phonetics;
the study of the transmission and physical properties of speech sounds, i.e. intensity,
frequency and duration, constitutes acoustic phonetics; the study of the perception of speech
sounds constitutes the study of auditory phonetics. The study of articulatory phonetics has
two subparts. First, we study the articulation, i.e. production of speech sound. Second,
classifying sounds according to the properties they have.

The Production of Speech Sounds

Human languages display a wide variety of sounds, called phones or speech sounds.
Articulators above the larynx All sounds we make when we speak are the result of the
muscles contracting. The muscles in the chest that we use for breathing produce the flow of
air that is needed for almost all speech sounds; muscles in the larynx produce many different
modifications in the flow of air from the chest to the mouth. After passing through the larynx,
the air goes through what we call the vocal tract, which ends at the mouth and nostrils. Here
the air from the lungs escapes into the atmosphere. We have a large and complex set of
muscles that can produce changes in the shape of vocal tract, and in order to learn how the
sounds of speech are produced it is necessary to become familiar with the different parts of
the vocal tract. These different parts are called articulators, and the study of them is called
articulatory phonetics.
The production of speech sound involves three distinct processes. They are:
(i) initiation
(ii) phonation
(iii) articulation

Initiation
The production of any speech sound requires the creation of an airstream in the vocal
tract. The airstream may be created by either compressing or rarelying the air in the tract. In
English the airstream is initiated by lungs. When the lungs contract, they push air out,
creating an out-flowing airstream. We call this pulmonic egressive—pulmonic because it is
initiated by the lungs, and egressive because it is out flowing.
Phonation
The pulmonic egressive airstream, as it passess through the larynx, may be modified
by the vocal cords, through the introduction of voice. Without voice, speech would be
reduced to an inaudible whisper. When the vocal cords are brought together, air passing out
from the lungs causes them to vibrate, and voice is produced. Sounds produced with the vocal
cords vibrating are called voiced. If the vocal cords are pulled back, hey cannot vibrate.
Sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are called voiceless. When we breathe the
vocal cords are pulled back allowing the air to pass freely in and out of the lungs.
Articulation
As the airstream passes through the vocal tract, it may be modified by the movement
of the articulation, that is by the lips and the tongue obstructing its passage through the vocal
tract to varying degrees. This process is called articulation. The obstruction of the airstream
may occur at any point in the vocal tract, and is the result of an active articulator moving
towards a passive articulators are the location on the roof of the mouth, for example the
alveolar ridge, hard palate, etc.
Voiced and Voiceless Sounds
In articulatory phonetics, we investigate how speech sounds are produced using the
fairly complex oral equipment we have. We start with the air pushed out by the lungs up
through the trachea (or windpipe) to the larynx. Inside the larynx are the vocal cords, which
take two basic positions.
1. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them
unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless.
2. When the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them
apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are
described as voiced.
Place/Point of Articulation
As the airstream passes through the vocal tract, it may be modified by the movement
of the articulators, That is by the lips and the tongue obstructing its passage through the vocal
tract to varying degrees. This process is called articulation. The obstruction of the airstream
may occur at any point in the vocal tract, and is the result of an active articulator moving
towards a passive articulator. The active articulators are the lips and the tongue, and the
passive articulators are the locations on the roof of the mouth, for example the alveolar ridge,
hard palate, etc. We usually subdivide the articulatory process based on where in the vocal
tract obstruction of the air flow occurs. It refers to place/point of articulation. The number of
places of articulation may vary from one language to another. But in English, consonants can
be divided into seven groups, namely: bilabial, labiodental, dental/interdental, alveolar,
palatal, velar and glottal/pharyngeal.
Manner of Articulation
So far, we have concentrated on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they
are articulated. We can also describe the same sounds in terms of how they are articulated. It
refers to manner of articulation. Based on the manner of articulation, English consonants may
be grouped into six groups, namely: stops, fricative, affricates, nasals, liquid, and glides.

2.2 Phonology
Sources: Journal
Hyman (1975:2) defined phonology as 'the study of sound systems, that is, the study of
how speech sound structure and function in languages.
Furthermore, Fromkin et al. defines phonology as follows: Phonology is the study of
the sound patterns found in human language. It is a term to refer to the kind of knowledge
that speakers have about the sound patterns of their particular language. Phonology studies
the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language. The
phonology of a language is then a system and patterns in human language (1984: 72-73)
Phonology is differentiated from phonetics in that the focus of the study is different. If
in phonetics deals with 'the formation, production, and perception of sounds', in phonology,
the focus in phonology will be about how the sounds are realized and arranged when used in
actual speech' (Dardjowidjojo, 2009:14). As Fromkin et al (2007) defined these two terms
differently in which 'phonetics is the sound of language and phonology as the sound pattern
of language.
The study of phonology in the Western tradition goes back almost 200 years, to the
early 1800’s, when European linguistics began studying sound change comparing the speech
sounds in a variety of related languages. However, the emphasis in modern phonology, as it
has developed over the last 30 years, has been primarily on the psychological system that
underlies pronunciation, and secondarily on the actual physical articulation of speech.
So, phonology is the study of the sound system of language; how the particular sounds
used in each language form and integrated system for encoding information and how such
systems differ from one language to another.
Therefore, when studying phonology, phonetics will also be discussed as that provides
the means for transcribing speech sounds. These sound transcriptions are important as this
provides the symbols for each sound as it is produced. Therefore, when English learners
know the symbols for each sound, they are able to recognize the ways of producing those
sounds.
 In English phonology, there are two main topics namely vowels and consonants. In
each part, studies are focused on how the vowels and the consonants are produced by the
speech organ and how different the ways of producing one sound to another. Each sound has
a certain symbol which should be recognized in order to differentiate the sounds.
Phonological knowledge of a language involves segmental and supra-segmental
features. Segmental features are phonological units which consist of simple sounds, that is
consonants and vowels. In English, there are 24 consonants and 11 vowels. Each segmental
feature is considered to be an entity in itself and sequences of them are strung together in an
utterance, Supra-segmental features, on the other hand, extend beyond one sound segment in
an utterance, over longer stretches of speech. Supra-segmental features include features such
as pitch, length, tempo, stress and rhythm. Collectively, the supra-segmental features are also
called prosody or just intonation.
Each language has its own phonological system, including the segmental and supra-
segmental features. Phonological differences between English and Indonesian have often
caused difficulties for Indonesian students trying to speak English. They may be able to speak
with correct grammar and lexicon, but the intonation is still following that of Indonesian.
Studies by Flege (1981) and White (1981) also reported these prosodic phenomena, which
have shown that some recurrent phonetic patterns in learner’s productions were caused by
interference or negative transfer from LI. Transfer of sounds/intonation from LI to L2,
according to Chun (2002) will result in foreign accent or more seriously misunderstanding
between the speakers and the interlocutors.

In explaining the consonants, there are usually five parameters as follows:

a. State of the vocal cords (voiced or voiceless), usually identified by the vibrations of the
vocal cords. Students are given exercise to touch their vocal cords in their throat or by
covering their ears while pronouncing a certain sound. A voiced sound such as /z/ will
result in vibration.
b. Lateral or central (which sound produced in the central or the mouth or on the side of the
mouth). Students were directed to know that the only lateral consonant is / 1 /, others are
central.
c. Oral or nasal (which sound produced in the oral cavity and in the nasal cavity). In this
case, consonants such as / m /, /n/, and / eta / are produced with the interaction with the
air flowing through the nose causing nasal sounds. Other consonants are known as oral as
they are all produced in the oral cavity.
d. Place of articulation (the position of the mouth, tongue, lips, teeth, alveolar, or velar ridge
when producing the sounds). In this case, students were directed to know the terms of
places of articulation such as bilabial, labiodentals, alveolar, palatal, alveopalatal, velar,
and glottal. Bilabial sounds, for example, are produced by touching the two lips together
such as producing /m/, /b/ and /p/.
e. Manner of articulation (the ways the air from the lung is articulated throughout the
mouth, whether it is stopped, causing friction, or stop first and having friction). The
consonant /m/, /b/ and /p/, for examples, are regarded as stop consonants because they are
produced by flowing the air from the lung and stop in the lips.
(Adapted from Ladegofed, 1975:11; Dardjowidjojo, 2009:59-104).

Like consonants, the vowels production also has parameters which are dividen into
four as follows:
a. The height of the tongue, which is the relative high-low placement of the tongue in the
mouth. The tongue can be raised high or be lowered while the jaw will adjust it.
b. The position of the tongue, which is the placement of the tongue in front, at the centre, or
at the back of the mouth. When the tongue in front position, the sounds produced are
called front vowels; when in back, they are called back vowels.
c. The protrusion or rounding of the lips, which relates to the shape of the lips. The lips can
be spread or rounded.
d. The tense or lax state of the muscles, which is used to indicate the strength of the muscles
when producing the vowels. If it produces high tension, it is (adapted from
Dardjowidjojo, 2009:107-126)

2.3 Some of the most differences between phonetics and phonology:

 Descriptive vs. Theoretical: Phonetics is a subfield of descriptive linguistics while
phonology is an area of theoretical linguistics.
 Phonological Analysis vs. Further Studies: Phonetics is the basis for phonological
analysis. On the other hand, phonology is the basis for further work in morphology.
syntax, discourse, and orthography design.
 Concrete vs. Abstract: Phonetics discusses the physical characteristics of speech sounds
or signs, especially, their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory
 perception and neurophysiological status. Phonology is primarily concerned with the
abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs.
 Audible Sounds vs. Their Meanings: Phonetics is strictly about audible sounds and the
things that happen in our mouth, throat, nasal and sinus cavities, and the lungs to make
these sounds. It has nothing to do with meaning. It is only description. Phonology, on the
other hand, is both physical as well as meaningful. It explores the differences between the
sounds in a language that change the meaning of an utterance.
 Phonetic Symbols vs. Phonemic Symbols: The symbols of phonetic alphabet are
universal. On the other hand, phonemic symbols are a type of phonetic shorthand with
specific value for a particular sound in a language
 Speech Act vs. Language System: Phonetics is concerned with the speech act. Phonology,
on the other hand, is concerned with the language system.
 Phonetic vs. Phonemic Transcription: Phonetics deals with the phonetic transcription of
speech sounds. Phonology, on the other hand, deals with the phonemic transcription of
speech sounds.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
After completing this paper, it can be concluded that phonetics is the study of speech
sounds, how they are produced in the vocal tract, their physical properties, and how they are
perceived. It is a subfield of linguistics that deals with the description of speech sounds. And
Phonetic transcription is consistent and unambiguous because there is a one-to-one symbol
correspondence between sounds and symbols. The study of articulatory phonetics has two
subparts: articulation and classification.

Phonology is the study of the sound system of language, focusing on the psychological
system that underlies language, their internal structure, and their composition into syllables,
words and phrases.

3.2 Suggestion
Suggestions from the author are for readers to make this paper a reference in
understanding phonetics and phonology, and if this report is to be, we invite you to continue
so that a paper that is even better and can be created is created and utilized in the learning
process.
 PREFERENCE

Nurdin, Rizal. 2016. Phonetics and Phonology in Teaching English as The Theory of
Language Production.
Mahmud, Murni. 2018. The Teaching of English Phonology at English Ecducation
Department of State University of Makassar.