TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHOWK CAMPUS

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING SAFETY WORK BEHAVIOR OF

CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN CONSTRUCTION SITES WITHIN
KATHMANDU VALLEY

By

SACHIN SHRESTHA
076-MSCOM-015

A THESIS PROPOSAL
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF
MASTER IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LALITPUR, NEPAL

May 2022

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ 4

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................ 6
1.3 Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 7
1.3.1 General Objective .......................................................................................................... 7
1.3.2 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Scope and Limitation of Work .............................................................................................. 7
1.5 Expected Outcomes .............................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 2 : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................ 8
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Accidents in construction industry........................................................................................ 8
2.2 Causes of Accidents .............................................................................................................. 8
2.3 Accident Causation Theories .............................................................................................. 10
a. Domino theory by Heinrich (1930) ....................................................................................... 10
b. Accident/Incident causation theory by Petersen (1971) ....................................................... 11
2.4 Safety Behaviour ................................................................................................................. 12
2.4.1. Theories of safety behaviour ........................................................................................... 13
a. Theory of planned behaviour (TPB): .................................................................................... 14
b. Human factors theory ............................................................................................................ 14
b. Value-attitude-behavior hierarchy ........................................................................................ 15
2.5 Safety Attitude .................................................................................................................... 15
2.6 Unsafe Acts and Conditions................................................................................................ 15
2.7 Factors influencing safety behaviour of worker in construction ........................................ 16
2.7.1 Organizational Factors ..................................................................................................... 16
2.7.2 Personal Factors ............................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 3 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................... 20
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................. 21
3.2 Literature Review................................................................................................................ 21
3.4 Questionnaire design and data collection ........................................................................... 21
 3.5 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 22
3.6 Research Findings, Discussion and Recommendations ...................................................... 22
CHAPTER 4 : WORKING SCHEDULE ................................................................................. 23
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 24

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: Different causes for accidents according to different authors ....................................... 9
Table 2-2: Different Safety Behaviour Factors and their essence according to different authors 13
Table 2-3: Factors affecting safety behavior of worker observed from different authors ............ 18
Table 4-1 : Proposed Work Schedule for Research ...................................................................... 23

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: Five main dominos leading to accidents (Heinrich, 1959) ........................................ 11
Figure 2-2: Accident/incident Causation Theory by Petersen (1971) .......................................... 12
Figure 2-3: Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Model after Ajzen (1991) ................................. 14
Figure 3-1: Research Methodology Flowchart ............................................................................. 20
 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The construction industry being one of the largest industries in Nepal, plays a very
important role in the social and economic development of the country. Due to
advancements in technology, economic development, and sociological change
throughout the civilized world, this industry has grown significantly and contributed
significantly to the global economy over the previous two decades. Beside of this
development, new projects are becoming ever more complex. These complex situations
have created some more problems, one of which is an accident during construction. The
consequences of a construction site accident can be severe and sometimes fatal too.
When an accident occurs on a construction site, it has a variety of consequences,
including worker demotivation, personal tragedies, negative effects on on-site
activities, project delays, and, ultimately, project cost increases.

In Nepal, due to the increase in construction activities and rapid demand for
infrastructure development, this sector provides more opportunities and people are
bound to work here, hence safety should be the major concern. When it comes to a
market-driven society, where completing projects for the least amount of money and
time is the priority, safety always comes second. Government authorities and private
companies have initiated the programs, rules and regulations but there has been no
progress. The construction accidents remain almost same or even more. This proves
efforts to prevent accidents in construction sites are not enough.

A typical construction site does not look the same from day to day, and different groups
of workers and trades come and go as the project evolves at different stages. Often,
several companies are involved, and the personnel representing each company may
differ from one project to another. The inherent complexity of construction work
complicates safety management. Therefore, the construction industry is a hazardous
sector where the presence of accidents is not unusual, and thus the importance of
workers’ behaviors in the reduction or amplification of risks is imperative. (Manjula &
De Silva, 2014)

Accidents occur owing to a lack of supervision, training, knowledge of the specific task,
and management and worker attitudes that are reckless and careless. Furthermore, a
lack of a controlled working environment and an organizational work culture contribute
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to workplace accidents. Also, formulation and implementation of proper rules and
regulation, negligence of government together with construction companies, unskilled
manpower, profit generation motives of companies are the major causes of accidents in
Nepalese construction industry.

Majorly empirical researches have focused on the causes, casualties, safety policies, but
no or very little study have contributed on the factors affecting safety work behavior of
construction workers which shall be the major concern to reduce construction accidents.
Factors which affect the worker behavior in the construction site should be identified
in detail and respective precautionary measures should be applied to avoid accidents.

1.2 Problem Statement

Nowadays, accidents in construction projects are common and frequent which may give
rise to uncountable issues and problems for the stakeholders and the victim as well.
They cause a lot of damage to company’s profit and productivity. On the other hand,
construction accidents may cause human tragedies, delay project progress, demotivate
workers, disrupt site activities and affect overall cost, productivity and reputation of the
company.

Moreover, most of the workers involved in construction projects are unskilled and they
do not have prior experience. In Nepal, almost all workers are from agricultural
background, and are unaware of safety behavior i.e., they ignore the risk which leads
to unforeseeable circumstances. Factors which affect the workers’ safety behavior in
the construction site should be identified in detail and respective precautions should be
applied to avoid accidents.

There are several factors which affect the worker’s safety behavior in the construction
industry and a series of studies has indicated that the violation of rules and regulations
is a predominant reason for accidents in the construction industry. In 2017, Mason
stated that 70% of the accidents in construction sites are mainly caused by the violation
of the safety precautions. So, investigating and analyzing the factors influencing the
safety work behavior of workers and proper implementation of solutions should be the
first and foremost step towards building a proper safety culture in Nepalese construction
industry which ultimately reduces accidents and unforeseeable events.

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1.3 Objectives

The most important objective of this research is to investigate which factors highly
affect the workers’ safety behavior. More precisely, the general and specific objective
of this research has been provided below:

1.3.1 General Objective

- To identify, categorise and analyse factors influencing/affecting safety

behaviour of workers and their interrelationship

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1. To investigate which factors highly effect the worker safety behaviour

2. To understand institutions’/managers perception regarding factors that
influence the safety behaviour
3. To understand the workers’ perception regarding factors that influence/affect
the safety behaviour

1.4 Scope and Limitation of Work

As mentioned in the problem statement, this research work will primarily focus on the
factors influencing the workers’ safety behaviour in construction projects within
Kathmandu valley which can be very helpful in improving safety and avoiding
accidents in construction sites. This research is limited to different construction projects
within Kathmandu valley and thus the research data and finding will be specific and
spatially limited to Kathmandu valley.

1.5 Expected Outcomes

This research is intended to explore in the area of construction safety, particularly to

identify the different factors that are the key influencers to construction safety
behaviour of workers in the site. The research is being carried out with the expectation
that the findings of this research will not only be limited to academic purposes but also
be useful as applied research for the construction sector. It is expected that the findings
of this research will enable the construction industry participants to help reduce the
construction safety issues, help promote the safety culture, and inspire further research
in the area of construction safety in Nepal.

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 CHAPTER 2 : REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

Before diving into the methodology of how this research is going to be conducted, it is
better to have a detailed review of literature to be familiar with the related topics. In
this Literature review, we can get a clear view on the whole background of this research.
This chapter consists of various aspects regarding safety such as accidents, accident
causation theories, safety behaviour, safety attitude, factors affecting safety behaviour
of worker and so on. The primary idea is to find out which factors highly affect or
influence the safety work behaviour of workers in construction site.

2.2 Accidents in construction industry

‘An accident is an unavoidable action personnel or any failure of equipment, tool or

other devices that interrupt production and has the potential of injuring people or
creating damage to the site properties like equipment or machinery’ (Oglesby, et al.,
1989)

Accidents occurring at construction sites are due to the faults of either the construction
companies or the workers themselves. Accidents at work occur either due to lack of
knowledge or training, a lack of supervision or a lack of means to carry out the task
safely, or due to an error of judgment and carelessness. In addition to these factors, the
short term and transitory nature of the construction industry, the lack of controlled
working environment and the complexity and diversity of the size of construction firms,
all have an effect on construction projects’ safety. In construction projects, unsafe
behavior is considered to be the most significant factor in the cause of site accidents
and therefore provides evidence of a poor safety culture (Enshassi, 2003)

2.2 Causes of Accidents

Accidents can be caused by either risky conduct or unsafe conditions. 99 % of accidents

are caused by risky conduct or unsafe conditions, which can be avoided by adopting
precautionary measures. Any act that deviates a worker from a generally safe or specific
manner of performing a task and raises the chance of an accident occurring is
considered an unsafe conduct (Rahim & Abdul, 2008). A dangerous scenario or
condition that directly contributes to the incidence of accidents is also known as an

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unsafe condition. Accidents typically occur when a risky conduct or circumstance is
paired with the cause, resulting in a big mishap on the scene. The main causes of
accidents have been identified as unique nature of jobs in construction industry, unsafe
equipment, human factors, job site conditions, and unsafe methods (Pipitsupaphol &
Watanabe, 2000).

Table 2-1: Different causes for accidents according to different authors

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2.3 Accident Causation Theories
There are numerous models and theories for understanding why accidents happen, as
well as solutions provided by the scholars to find out how accidents happen in the
construction sector. Some of the theories are discussed below:

a. Domino theory by Heinrich (1930)

b. Accident/Incident causation theory by Petersen (1971)

a. Domino theory by Heinrich (1930)

Heinrich's Domino Theory states that accidents are a result of back-to-back events,
representing like falling dominos one after another. Chain reaction of the accidents can
be prevented by the key factor such as unsafe act or unsafe condition (Heinrich, 1959).

Heinrich stated that they are 5 main dominos which finally leads to accidents. He
mentioned them as Social Environment and Ancestry, Fault of Person, Unsafe Act
/unsafe condition), Accident, finally Injury. Heinrich defined each dominos and he gave

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a solution that removing of single domino in the row would interrupt the sequence of
toppling. The key domino to be removed is unsafe acts or unsafe conditions.

1) Social Environment and Ancestry

2) Fault of Person

3) Unsafe Act and/or Unsafe Condition

4) Accident

5) Injury

Social
environment

Figure 2-1: Five main dominos leading to accidents (Heinrich, 1959)

b. Accident/Incident causation theory by Petersen (1971)

Accident/incident Causation theory was developed by Petersen in the year 1971.
Factors such as contributing factors, main causes, and sub-factors are the main reason
why accidents occur. According to theory accident/incidents are all caused due to
human error. However, there are several triggers/factors to human errors which have
been classified by Petersen into three categories as: overload, ergonomic traps, and
decision to Err.

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Figure 2-2: Accident/incident Causation Theory by Petersen (1971)

2.4 Safety Behaviour

Behavior is defined as the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially toward
others. Behavior can also be described as an activity. In another word, behavior is an
acting good or bad for a certain situation. Researchers who are worried about
construction-related accidents are aiming to eliminate many factors that influence
worker safety behavior. In the construction industry, safety behavior is the combination
of commitment, participation, and communication for ensuring safety at site. Within
construction sector, risky activities or conditions occur when workers do not behave
safely. Behavioral safety plays a major role in construction because all the aspects have
behavioral component (Ismail, et al., 2012) . Safe behaviour at work is a critical part of
the management of health and safety, having a good system does not ensure good safety
conditions on site. Safety on the site or in the workplace has an effect on so many factors
such as organizational, environment, technical, economical, job requirements,
influence of co-worker, historical, procedural, personal and type of job or task (Neal,
et al., 2000). Safety behavior of the worker is mainly affected by the above factors.
Identifying and reducing unsafe behavior on the site is the main way to eliminate the

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 unsafe behavior on the site. To reduce the accidents on site ways should be found out
to reduce the unsafe behaviour into safe. The maximum we can attain safety work
behaviour up to 77.7% by controlling the leadership, management commitment,
participation and perceived behaviour control nodes (Jitwasinkul & Hadikusumo,
2015).

Table 2-2: Different Safety Behaviour Factors and their essence according to different
authors

Dimensions Description References

Safety commitment
Safety participation
Safety communication
Self-measuring of Neal and griffin, 2006,
performance and
commitment to safety is
critical to improving safety
performance
Self-measuring of Neal and griffin, 2006:
involvement in safety Jitwasinkul B and
support activities Hadikusumo B.H.W,2015
Communicating with Limao zhang, Qian liU ,
supervisor and peer groups xIamguo wu , M J
about the safety practices skibniewski, 2016(ASCE)
and safety behavior

2.4.1. Theories of safety behaviour

There are various theories that explain how behavior safety is caused. The foundation
for efficient safety implementation tactics, according to Geller theories. All of the ideas
described here are interconnected, and we can simply explain the concept of safety
behavior using all of them. Meanwhile, many related theories exist that describe the
essential elements such as behavior definition and emergency behavior models in depth,
as well as organizational culture in the construction industry, worker motivation, and
other factors that influence worker safety behaviour.

Scientists proposed several theories for the causation of different worker behaviours.
However, there are primarily three theories that can be used to explain the worker's
behavior. All of these notions have been proven right in several research. These are:

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 a. Theory of planned behaviour (TPB)

b. Human factors theory

c. Value-attitude-behavior hierarchy

a. Theory of planned behaviour (TPB):

According to this theory, a person's individual intention will impact a worker's specific
behavior, and this intention is influenced by each individual's view and attitude toward
their behavior. Furthermore, TPB theory asserts that when a worker exhibits bad
behavior, the primary cause is the worker's behavior and intention, which causes a
worker to work with ease or difficulty when completing a behavior. This model shows
other factors including environmental factors also effect the behaviour of the worker.
The TPB model suggests that salient beliefs associated with behavioural control are
influential and that these beliefs are, in turn, affected by other factors, including values
(Ajzen, 1991).

Figure 2-3: Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Model after Ajzen (1991)

b. Human factors theory

An unintentional action or judgment is referred to as human mistake. Violations are
wilful failures deliberately doing the incorrect thing. It's impossible to avoid human
error. Human error causes accidents or injuries, although the consequences are minor
when compared to a person's death. Human error can be explained in two ways:
reduction of errors, control of errors, or their immediate impacts following the error. If
we recognize the error, we can strive to avoid its effectiveness by taking action.

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However, there are certain conditions under which humans are more likely to make
errors (e.g., stress, overload, misjudging etc.). Overall, the main concept of this theory
is to develop a better workplace, clearly assigned activities, and proper equipment. The
main reasons are 1) Overload 2) Inappropriate response 3) Inappropriate activities.

b. Value-attitude-behavior hierarchy
Human behavior is a function of an individual's value system, which is a function of
attitude. To put it another way, the value-attitude-behavior hierarchy model shows that
“influence should theoretically flow from the abstract values to midrange attitudes to
specific behaviours" (Homer & Kahle, 1988). Thus, a connection exists between values
and behaviour, through intermediary attitudes.

2.5 Safety Attitude

Safety Attitude was defined by Darwin (1872) as a physical expression of emotion or a

motor concept. For safety atmosphere, safety attitudes are indirectly tied to people in
groups or building organizations. The worker's attitude toward safety can predict his or
her behavior. Thus, most of the researchers agree that improving safety attitudes can
minimize construction accidents, and improve organizational safety. Worker safety is
addressed by organizational policy, work processes, and safety practices. Because
safety attitudes are influenced by both environmental and human differences, the safety
environment is the most essential component that will have an impact on safety attitudes
(Neal and Griffin, 2004).

2.6 Unsafe Acts and Conditions

From the above theories, we can observe that the unsafe acts ad unsafe conditions are
the main reasons for the cause of workers’ unsafe behavior. Unsafe acts are the behavior
which depends from accepted, normal, or correct procedure or practice Which has in
the past produced injury or property damage or as the potential for producing such a
loss in the future. Unsafe condition is an unsatisfactory physical condition existing in a
workplace environment immediately before an accident that was significant in initiating
the event. Unsafe acts and unsafe behavior are the main reasons for the accidents to
occur.

Some examples of unsafe acts are:

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 ➢ Drinking alcohol/drugs

➢ Smoking in Non-smoking areas

➢ Working when there is no authority for equipment or machinery guidance

➢ Not considering warn signals or danger symbols

➢ Not using PPE

➢ Using equipment in the wrong manner.

Some examples of unsafe conditions are:

➢ Fire Hazards

➢ Atmospheric Conditions

➢ Defective Tools

➢ Not providing (PPE)

➢ Not enough ventilation and lighting (Tam, et al., 2004)

2.7 Factors influencing safety behaviour of worker in construction

There are several factors affecting the worker’s safety behavior in the construction
industry. From extensive literature review, the factors are divided into two categories
namely,

a. Organizational factors:

b. Personal factors

2.7.1 Organizational Factors

Organizational factors play a significant role in a worker's safety behavior. According

to the (Hamid, et al., 2008) organizational factors are:

➢ Reward

➢ Penalty
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 ➢ Management Pressure

➢ Worker concern

➢ Motivation

➢ Inspection of workers

➢ Safety Policy

➢ Safety rules and regulations

2.7.2 Personal Factors

There are so many human factors affecting the safety behavior of worker, one of the
main factors is carelessness and laziness of the worker during their work lead to
catastrophe in site. The condition of worker will also influence the worker safety
behavior. According to the Abdul Hamid et al., (2008), human factors are:

➢ Personal motivation

➢ Being in a hurry

➢ Laziness

➢ Personal and mental stress

➢ Over confidence

➢ Low perception of risk

➢ Body effort

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Table 2-3: Factors affecting safety behavior of worker observed from different
authors

Year Authors Factors affecting safety behavior of worker

Organizational factors

2007 Thanet Aksorn and
B.H.W. Hadikusumo
• Management pressure
• Supervision
• Reward
• Penalty
Personal factors

• Being in a hurry
• Show off
• Drugs
• Alcohol
• Over confidence

Personal Factors
• Attitude
2008 Abdul Rahim Abdul • motivation
hamid, Muhd zaimi • perception of risk
Baxhan singh • experience
• laziness
• emotion & stress
Organizational factors

Rahim, A., Hamid, A.,
Zaimi, M., Majid, A.,
2008 & Singh, B.
• inspection Program
• training provided to the workers
• motivation program
• warning system
• Safety policy
• Reward system
• Worker concern

Individual/Personal factors

• Body effort
• Experience
Oswald, Sherratt, and • risk taking
2013 Smith • lack of experience/training
• poor risk perception

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 Personal factors
Yahaya Khosravi,
2014 Hassan Asilian- • Age and experience
Mahabadi, Ebrahim • Drugs
Haji Zadeh • Being angry
• Atttitude
• Emotion and stress

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 CHAPTER 3 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The entire process, methods or techniques used to identify, isolate, process, and analyse
the topic of concern is called research methodology. It refers to a simple set of working
methods or procedures. This chapter provides a step-by-step process that needs to be
conducted to achieve the stated objectives. The methodology will be developed based
on the literature review and the research's major objectives. In this study, a
questionnaire will be used to collect data, as well as statistical analysis to analyse the
data and turn it into expressive findings. The research will be carried out according to
the methodological approach as depicted in the figure below.

Problem
Statement; Personal
Literature
Objective and Observation
Review
Hypotheses /Experience
Formulation

Factor
Identification
Review Specific Questionnaire
1. Organizational
Literature Preparation
factors
2. Personal factors

Data Collection
1. Organizational
Participants
2. Workers

Data
Analysis

Identify
Relationships &
Result
Interpretation

Conclusion, Discussion
and Recommendation

Figure 3-1: Research Methodology Flowchart

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3.1 Problem Statement

Problem statement is an activity which defines the cognitive gap between what is and
what is desirable and delineates the resources for closing it. This is the most crucial
stage in any research as it provides the business case for the research. Problem statement
itself is small exploratory research within the premise of area of research interest, the
intent of which is to clearly identify the research gap, which in turn helps formulate the
research objectives, develop the research hypotheses and delineate the scope of the
research. Problem identification and its statement is the creative and probably the more
important step towards overcoming a problematic state than problem-solving.

Several research papers, articles, and the researchers’ own experience of working in the
construction industry of Nepal provided different useful data and facts which enabled
the identification of the problem. Thus, the initial literature review will provide the
basis for problem statement, and the defined problem will further guide the specific
review of literature required to proceed with the research.

3.2 Literature Review

Reviewing the articles and journal papers provide insights to the degree up to which
any work or researches or studies are put forth by the scholars from the past to the
present. Several literatures will be reviewed to identify the different factors that
influence the workers’ safety behaviour in the construction sites.

3.4 Questionnaire design and data collection

Based on the reviewed literature the questionnaire will be designed to collect the data
regarding which key factors influence the workers’ safety behaviour in construction.
The questionnaire will be designed such that it can be relevant to both the
institutional/managerial participants as well as the workers, and prevent any biased
responses or duplication of information. The questionnaire shall be prepared such that
the collected data can also be validated. The questionnaire shall collect both the
demographic information of the participants such as age, gender, experience,
educational qualification, position, etc. as well as specific responses to collect the data
regarding the influencing factors. The questionnaire shall be used to collect data that is
mostly qualitative in nature.

For data collection, the respondents will be divided into two groups/categories i.e.
Group A- institutional respondents/managers, and Group B -workers. The data from
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Group A participants will be collected through in-person interviews, and web-based
questionnaires, whereas interview method will be used to collect the data for
questionnaire from the Group B participants. The data will be collected through
convenience sampling.

3.5 Data Analysis

The collected data will be analysed using several statistical methods available using the
SPSS software package. To understand the nature of data and the relevant information
provided by it, different descriptive statistical methods will be used. The correlation
coefficient will be used to study the influence or interrelationship between the factors
and safety work behaviour.

3.6 Research Findings, Discussion and Recommendations

Based on the data analysis, the research findings shall be prepared. The discussion shall
be focused on if the findings are consistent with the research hypotheses and the
research objectives. Further, recommendation shall also be provided as guidance for
further research and to help industry participants to bring about positive changes for
improving the workplace safety.

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 CHAPTER 4 : WORKING SCHEDULE

The following work schedule has been proposed for carrying out the research works:
Table 4-1 : Proposed Work Schedule for Research
Month Mar 2022 Apr. 2022 May 2022 Jun 2022 Jul 2022 Aug 2022 Sept 2022 Oct 2022
S.No. Activities
Week I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV
1 Problem Statement
2 Literature Review
3 Proposal Writing
4 Questionnaire Preparation
5
Data Collection

6 Data Analysis

7 Findings, and Result

8 Documentation of research

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• Aksorn, T. & Hadikusumo, B. H. W., 2007. The Unsafe Acts and the Decision-to-Err
Factors of Thai Construction Workers. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries,
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safety management system for construction site. Safety Science, 50(3), pp. 418-423.

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Occupational Safety- Case Study. Procedia Manufacturing, 3(Ahfe), pp. 4876-4883.

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OF CONSTRUCTION. The Third World Construction Symposium2014: Sustainability and
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