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Prelims Reviewer
HISTORY DELINEATED
Delineate
- to describe something
Etymology
- origin of words
- a Greek term
Herodotus
-Greek Historian
- Father of History
- Born in Halicarnasus (now Bodrum,
Turkey)
- was the first to coin the term “History”
- went directly to Samos (Island in
Greece)
- traveled throughout (Places in
Mediterranean Sea): Asia Minor,
Babylonia. Egypt, Greece
- (443 BC) settled in Thurii in southern
Italy
- He was a traveler
- devoted the remainder of his life to the
completion of his great work, entitled
Histories, the Greek word for “inquiry”.
* To inquire is to ask, and an inquiry is a
question.
History
- has evolved from an ancient Greek verb
that means “to know”, say the Oxford
English Dictionary’s Philip Durkin
- man’s recorded past
- record of important events about people.
Countries, and nations which are usually
arranged chronologically and show the
relation of cause and effect
- Story of Us: We are all part of History.
You and I. We are part of the content of
history, particularly our: Beliefs and
Desires, Practices, and Institutions.
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- Puzzle: you put things together to create
the past. Reconstruction of the past based
on available written records, oral history,
cultural artifacts, and folk traditions.
- Process: in writing history, historians
follow steps:
Involves – collection, analysis, and
synthesis – sources
Interprets and recreates facts in an
orderly and intelligible manner
Discover patterns and trends
- systematic study of written and
unwritten accounts about the past events
Historia
- originally meant inquiry, the act of
seeking knowledge, as well as the
knowledge that results from inquiry
Sources of History:
1. Written Records
2. Oral Traditions
- culture that is transmitted from one
person to another verbally/ word of
mouth
3. Relics
- physical items/tangible items from the
past that are preserved (artifacts or
human remains)
Primary: Firsthand or eyewitness
account of information by an individual
close to the topic
- author is a participant or observer of the
event
- Ex: Autobiographies, government
documents, newspapers written by
reporters close to the source.
Secondary: a source that is more
removed from an event, usually written
after the event has happened.
- Ex: biographies, interpretation of
statistics and data, and anything written
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after an historical event or analyzing
something that has already happened.
Oral History
- passing of knowledge, culture, tradition,
and history through words of mouth
- usually in the form of stories, songs,
folktales, epics, myths, and legends
- although they are not written, we can
consider these forms as history because
these provide us a clear description of the
society’s past
Significance of History:
1. Understand the present
2. Answer existing problems
3. Know the truth
3. Appreciate our culture
4. Increase one’s knowledge of people and
their culture, of different places
5. Train students to:
To think and write clearly
Organize and Interpret evidence
Confront complex issues in informed and
insightful ways
What we have now is a byproduct of the
past.
Major Views on History:
1. Cyclical – history repeats itself. A
recurrence of events that man has no
control of.
- a fatalist view of history
2. Providential – history moves in a
straight line. It started from God created
the world and ending would be the final
judgement. It is God who drives the
history.
- the Christian view of history
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3. Progressive – history moves in a
straight line, and it is man who drives
history.
- spiritual view of history
4. Revolutionary – history is a series of
upheavals. It’s a series of clashes between
and among classes. It is driven by
materialism.
- Revolutionary view
5. Relativist – there is no absolute truth in
history. We view things differently.
The Difficulty in Studying and in
writing History:
1. Scarcity of written materials especially
in the local level
2. Problems of translation with regards to
documents written in Spanish and other
foreign languages
3. Biases and Prejudices on the part of the
foreign writers
4. Lack of representative materials for the
whole country
5. Lack of trained historians
The Simplification of the problem of
writing history:
1. Writer
- Most books are written by teachers
whose fortes are not history.
2. Written
- Ex. Translation: Most books written by
Rizal are in Spanish
The Development of Historical writing
in the Philippines:
- It started in the form of chronicles or
accounts written by Spaniards in the 16th
century.
- records of their observations and travels
in the Philippines
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Early Spanish Period: coherent
- Events about the Spaniards in the elegant
Philippines
History is both an Art and Science.
- Events about their relationship with the
Filipinos
- Record of their observations about the
Filipinos
19th Century
- Reform movement wrote accounts
- About their history as a reaction to the
Spanish accounts about the Filipinos
- Essays, novels, poem, and other forms of
literature
American Period
2 Important characteristics in historical
writing:
1. Based on facts and documents
2. Chronological events
Post War Period
Teodoro Agoncillo developed a new
perspective on history writing;
1. History as interpretation
2. Writing of history from the Filipino
perspective
History: An Art? Or A Science?
History as Science
- it involves steps/ process
Historical Methodology
- choose a topic
- gather sources
- examine sources (or historical criticism)
- extraction of data from authentic and
credible sources
- write history – must be well-organize,
coherent, and elegantly written
History as Art
- interpretation in historical writing:
well-organized

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CUSTOMS OF TAGALOG
Tackles the everyday living of the ancient
Filipinos, their social status, customs, and
the beliefs of the Tagalog.
It provided the first form of civil code by
local governor to administer justice.
How the Spaniards govern the Filipinos
during the Spanish era.
It has a lesser value in the modern world
right now.
It was written in the year 1589 during the
Spanish Colonial Period.
Customs of the Tagalog is a part of longers
monographs written by chroniclers of the
Spanish expeditions to the Philippines
during the early 16th and 17th century.
The appeared initially in Blair and
Robertson’s 55 volumes.
The Philippine Islands (1903) and in the
Philippine Journal of Sciences (1958)
Historical Background
Government Systems
- People are divided by barangays
according to their economic status and
the language they speak.
The barangays consist of 30-100 families.
Datu – leader of the area
Social Classes:
Elite
Upper middle Class
Lower Middle Class
Working Class
Poor
Chieftain (Datu)
Nobles (Maharlika)
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Commoners (Aliping Namamahay)
Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilir)
Judicial System
- nearly identical to today.
- there are punishments that goes beyond
their rights
- there are no written laws
- the function of datu includes
implementing laws which are derived
from customs and traditions
- Disagreements are settled by the court
composed of the chieftain and council of
elders.
Preoccupation
- agriculture
- hunting
- fishing
- mining
- they travel by boat from one barangay to
another for trading
- international trade also happened
during this time, in exchange of new
discoveries and items
Arts
- we have our own arts even before
colonization. Canoes are seen in beads
and other ornaments.
Music
- each community has their own set of
musical instruments.
- bamboo canes, and bark of trees are
mostly used this time.
- for example, kulintang is usually played
during festivals.
Literature
- it is passed from generation to
generation
- they use baybayin
- examples: saliwakain, bugtong, etc.
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Juan De Plasencia they might bear children and have fortune
- real name: Juan Portocarrero in finding their ideal husband.
- a friar of the Franciscan order
Relevance of the Narrative
- Born in the early 16th century and died
- The customs of the Tagalog gave us our
on the 1590.
own identity that we Filipino even before
- author of several books, most notably,
the Spanish times have our own customs
Doctrina Cristiana (First Printed book in
and traditions that up until now, we are
the Philippines) and Relacion de Las
incorporating In the modern world.
Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (First form
Example: Barangay (the smallest unit of
of civil code in the Philippines)
government)
- Arrived on the islands on July 2, 1578
- It proves that Filipinos are highly
- Joined forces with Fray Diego Oropesa
civilized and have their own government
and founded several towns
system
- He lived up to his pledge of being a friar
- It also affirms that Filipinos already had
- Created numerous primary schools
a government and that people back then
were already facing injustices and
Narrative
inequality amongst the evident oof social
- there were no temples built to perform
classes.
sacrifices, worship their idols, or engage
- It shows that we Filipinos have our own
in idolatry.
concept of having a supreme being or
- they celebrate a festive called pandot or
what they call Bathala, even before the
“worship”
time of Spaniards
- they built a temple to worship what they
- and lately, the narratives remind us to
call nagaanitos
look back to our past culture as it
- They worshipped idols: Bathala, the sun,
contributes to our identity as Filipino.
the moon, the stars, ik-ha, Dian Masalanta,
Lacapati, Idianale. Takeaways:
- they would pay reverence to buaya or The narrative is all about our culture. It
corocodiles somehow corrected the fallacy before that
- they would offer a portion of what they we are uncultured and uncivilized before
carried in their boat to the buaya by the coming of the Spaniards.
throwing it into the water or leaving it
upon the bank. The reason of these Antonio de Morga’s The history of the
offering is personal matters like: Philippine Islands – it was corrected by
recovery of a sick person Rizal as we are already civilized. We have
prosperous voyage our own culture even before the
good harvest Spaniards. The idea is that the Filipinos
happy married life, etc. are uncivilized before the Spaniards.

- Young girls who just had their first The Datu was in charge of making the
monthly courses would be blindfolded for laws (legislative), implement the laws
four days and nights. They did this so that (executive), and was assisted by the
council of elders.

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It is collaborative since the Datu is being
guided by the council of elders in any
judicial matters.
People were classified into groups based
on their social status.
They travel through the use of boats to
trade their goods.
Barter = exchange of goods
Inference Barter: the absence of system
of currency.
Inference Baybayin: They already knew
how to read and write. They already have
their own literature
Inference Narrative (bathala, and
other gods): there is hierarchy of beings
because bathala for them is the supreme
being and below bathala is the other gods.
We can infer that they are polytheism as
they worship multiple gods.
We can also infer that they practice
paganism and animism
Inference about worshiping dead man:
they were into ancestor worship.
We can infer that they already have a
sense of morality in terms of what they
believe what is good for them, for
example the worship of inanimate objects
such as sun, heaven, etc. is something
good, that could benefit them.
They knew what is right and wrong
because of the presence of those terms
(yung term sa heaven).
It is also possible to infer that they believe
in the afterlife as they believe the
existence of hell and heaven.
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Additional Note (From Nov. 12
Session)
- The article “Customs of the Tagalogs” if
we were not colonized by Spain.
- the narrative was actually an
observation made by a foreigner.
Age of Exploration
- A.K.A Age of Discovery
- A period wherein Europeans went to
different places to explore the
unexplored, and discover the
undiscovered.
Cause and Effect
- Gold, Gold, Glory
- between 1450 and 1600
- the period of European exploration of
Africa, Asia, and the Americas
- driven by a desire for inexpensive
spices, gold, and other sources of wealth.
- desire to spread Christianity
- Europe at that time were clamoring for
more spices and a desire to share their
culture as they thought that their culture
is superior than other cultures
Caravel
- a small, fast spanish or portuguese
sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries,
Astrolabe
- an instrument formerly used to make
astronomical measurements, typically of
the attitudes of celestial bodies, and in
navigation for calculating latitude, before
the development of the sextant. In its
basic form (known from classical times).
It consists of a disk with the edge marked
in degrees and a pivoted pointer.
- Portugal led the way (Prince Henry the
Navigator; a navigation school)
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- followed by other major powers such as
Spain, England, and the Netherlands
- Improvements in cartography, ship
construction (caravel), and navigational
tools (compass, astrolabe) facilitated the
voyages.
- Control of Constantinople in 1453
- Portugal and Spain started to look for
new routes; led to rivalry
- While they were trying to explore and
discover there was this competition
because in the course of exploration and
discovery, they were able to conquer
colonies and at that time power was
measured using the number of colonies as
a criterion.
- the greater the number of colonies the
greater your power.
- known as the Age of Exploration.
How would they gain these spices if the
Ottoman Turks closed all land routes
going to Asia?
- there were 3 land routes from Europe to
Asia and have the same stopover
Constantinople – stopover from Europe
to Asia; known as Istanbul today; it is in
turkey.
- The ottoman Turks seized these land
routes, they closed these routes to all
merchants except for 1, the venetians.
Venetians – the selected group; they were
allowed to trade to Ottoman Turks; they
were allowed to use one of the routes.
- the Europeans are motivated to look for
new routes.
- Portugal and Spain became the pioneers
when it comes to exploration, then other
countries of Europe followed their steps.
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The Spice Islands
Moluccas
- the present name: Maluku
- island group and province in the eastern
portion of the Republic of Indonesia.
- Part of the Malay Archipelago
Impact of the Age of Exploration
- Era of Globalization
- Colonialism
- Spread of culture
- New Species
- New Ideologies
The Expedition
Magellan’s Expedition
- the first expedition to reach the
Philippines
- Portuguese sailor
- King Manuel I – king of Portugal
- King Charles I – King of Spain
- he asked the king of Portugal (King
Manuel I) to fund his expedition because
he has this idea in mind that there was
this route going to Asia, a westward route
going to the east.
- the king of Portugal is hesitant to the
point that he did not agree to fund his
expedition.
- Magellan then went to the king of Spain
(King Charles I) and asked for a funding,
he mentioned about his idea, and he
agreed in funding his expedition.
- Sept. 20, 1519 (From San Luca de
barrameda the contingent started the
voyage, the circumnavigation of the globe.
The contingent went down across the
Atlantic Ocean reached the tip of South
America (known today as the straight of
magellan) which connects the atlantic
and the pacific.
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After reaching the tip they then crossed
the Pacific Ocean.)
- 5 Ships
- 250 – 270 men
Circumnavigation was not completed by
Ferdinand Magellan because he was
killed, it was Juan Sebastian Elcano who
continued the trip from the Philippines to
Indian Ocean and rounded the African
Continent and then reaching Spain.
Significance of the Expedition
- March 16, 1521- rediscovery of the
Philippines
- paved the way to Spanish colonization
- our existence became apparent because
of the first expedition.
- started the Christianization of the
Philippines
- 1st Mass – Fr. Pedro de Valderrama
- Archipelago of St. Lazarus
- 1st Mass Baptism of 800 Cebuanos
(Humabon and Juana)
- proved that the earth was round.
Why Rediscovery of the Philippines?
- because even before the coming of the
Spaniards, nearby countries had already
discovered the Philippines.
God, Gold, and Glory
God – to spread religion
Glory – power was measured by the
number of colonies as criterion; It was
their way of gaining power outweighing
Portugal.
Gold – because of our natural resources
since Philippines was a possible market to
accommodate their goods.
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DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN
Historical Background
Propaganda Movement
-Founded by Illustrados in 1872
- The first Filipino National Movement
- Failed to realize its plans and goals
- Ended in 1892
*Illustrados – Filipino elites who have
access to quality education in Spain.
Known members of the Propaganda
Movement:
• Graciano Lopez Jaena
• Mariano Ponce
• Antonio Luna
• Jose Rizal
• Marcelo Del Pilar – writer of
dasalan at tocsohan
Formation of the Propaganda
Movement
- It started from the death of the
GOMBURZA
- Established to peacefully settle things
between the Spanish government and the
Filipinos by forming arrangements
- reforms made were the following:
1. The Philippines as an official province
of Spain
2. Filipinos shall regulate the churches,
and Spanish friars would be sent back to
Spain
3. Granting the Filipinos the freedom of
speech, especially in writing and other
artistic productions.
*GOMBURZA (Gomez, Burgos, Zamora) –
3 priests
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Implementation of the Propaganda
Movement
• La Solidaridad
• Books, Leaflets, and Newspaper
articles
Result of the Propaganda Movement
• Failed to engage with the wider
Filipino population
• Spanish was not that interested
• Many propagandists were exiled
• Propaganda Movement was
brutally suppressed by the Spanish
authorities
Biography of the Author
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Pen Name: Plaridel
- born in Kupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan, on
August 30, 1850
- His parents are Julian H. Del Pilar and
Blasa Gatmaitan.
- He finished his Law Course at the
University of Santo Tomas
- In 1882, he founded the newspaper
Diariong Tagalog and become the editor
- In 1888, he went to Spain, leaving his
family behind
- In 1889, he replaced Graciano Lopez
Jaena as Editor of La Solidaridad
- He faced many difficulties when the
money that had been used to finance
newspapers ran out and there appeared
no response from the Spanish ruling class,
as a result his hunger and deprivation
increased.
In 1896, he died in Barcelona away from
his family due to tuberculosis
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The Narrative
- a unique way of writing a literature
parody.
- Marcelo H. Del Pilar decided to take
actions through the process of writing the
“Dasalan and Tocsohan” in 1888
- Friars were known to be “banal”
- A deeper emphasis within the meaning
and symbolism of the words
- Del Pilar knew that this can be a way to
establish a movement in stating the truth
of the church
- mocks the prayers and writings of the
catholic church
- reflection of the cruelty and selfishness
of the Spanish colonizers especially the
friars
The Prayers
• Ang Amain Namin
• Ang Aba Ginoong Barya
• Ang Mga Utos ng Fraile
• Ang Aba po Santa Barya
• Ang Tanda
• Pagsisisi
Amain Namin
“sumasaconvento ka”
- priests go to convents to satisfy their
pleasure
- depicts how the friars went against their
vows of celibacy
“sumpain ang ngalan mo”
- sentiments of every Filipinos towards
them
“Malayo sa amin ang kasakiman mo”
- peninsular friars to be greedy
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In other words: the prayer portrays the
friars to be immorals and selfish
individuals
Ang Aba Ginoong Barya
- this prayer depicts greediness of the
Spanish friars that they only care about
their wealth nothing more and nothing
less.
Ang Mga Utos ng Fraile
- a parody of the Ten Commandment.
- shows the evil deeds of every Spanish
priest
- they are lording over
- Plaridel made this to show that we are
praising the priests and not Him.
Ang Aba po Santa Baria
- This mock prayer tells that all the
hardships of Filipinos are for the good of
peninsular friars. The money that the
Indios worked for that is supposedly for
their family is being collected or stolen by
the friars.
Ang Tanda
“cara-i-cruz”
- tossing a coin
“sa ngalan nang salapi”
- everything is all about money
“Maputing binti”
- it pertains to the tendency of the friars
to have sexual desires
- tells that the friars went against their
virtue
Like any other prayer by Plaridel, it is also
a mock towards Spanish Priests that they
are only after the money and lust.
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Pagsisisi
“Dios na hindi totoo”
- frailes
“Ikaw and berdugo ko”
- executioner
“marabuyo”
- seduced
- It tells the regrets of the Indios that they
will never be fooled and seduced by the
friars. They vowed that they will never
praise and treat them as their God.
Relevance of the Narrative
I. General Relevance of the Narrative to
the Propaganda Movement
Dasalan and Tosohan contains mockeries
of the common prayers and created in a
simple, but forceful or strong Tagalog that
aimed to attack and overthrow whatever
the friars make themselves to be.
- showed the truth and transparency
- gave further knowledge to blinded
people
II. Relevance of the Narrative to the
Past Times
- Informed the Filipinos that the image of
the friars is nothing but a form of negative
upliftment
- promoted the language by using Tagalog
to write the narrative
- opened the eyes of the Filipinos about
the hidden immorality of the friars
III. Relevance of the Narrative to the
Present/Future Times
- Aids the enlightenment of the Filipinos
- sets an example to present generations
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- gives courage and confidence to fight for
what we think is moral
- relevant example in the present times:
Journalism
Takeaways:
Simplification of Relevance: That
Marcelo Del Pilar is trying to open the
eyes of the Filipinos that we are being
seduced and used by the friars for their
own benefit before.
Purpose of the Narrative:
Before
- To awaken every Filipino about the
abuses committed by the friars.
Today
- through this narrative, writers are given
another style of writing to expose the
truth and reality.
Summary of the entire presentation
(what is the narrative all about)
- Abuses committed by the friars.
- Unholiness of the friars which are
against the holy image that they were
projecting.
- A presentation of their humanness
- Friars could commit mistakes.
Diariong Tagalog – first bilingual
newspaper in the Philippines.
What is a parody?
- It is a humoristic version of an original
version.
- Usually, it is a form of satire and its
purpose is to mock.
- Marcelo used humor; emphatic in using
humor
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Why did Marcelo used humor?
- He was after a twofold objective: inform
about the abuses and entertain the
people
If you are to use prayers nowadays to
expose a wrongdoing, what would the
effect/ reaction of readers?
- the readers would bash you as an author
for the narrative.
If the catholic religion is deeply
embedded in our system, definitely you
would be bashed as you are hurting the
sensibilities of the people around you as
prayers are meant to be respected. There
are other means of grievances.
- Prayers as a tool = you will have bashers
because you are hurting the sensibilities
of people around you because when we
are talking about prayers, we are to
respect
- We cannot please everyone. Even if we
do not use prayers in exposing
wrongdoings, there will always be words
against you.
How can you criticize wrong doings
without the use of prayers? You want
to call the attentions of the wrong
doers, how will you do it?
- Use the social media platforms
- Meme could be another tool to criticize
Why do you have to be very careful in
using memes as a tool?
- You may do things in a subtle manner, as
you could be red tagged.
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What is Red tagging? died, the GomBurZa follows his advocacy
- The malicious black listing of people. (2nd Reform).

How come the propaganda movements Representation in the Spanish Cortez

is considered a peaceful movement?
- They used pen and thumb. They gave out
speeches, they listed the reforms they
want from the Spaniard.
How come they used pseudonyms
- To stay anonymous and safe for possible
retaliations and repercussions from the
government or the church.
Reforms they were asking from Spain:
1. Assimilation of the Philippines as a
province of Spain
2. Representation in the Spanish Cortez
3. Filipinization of the Parishes
4. Additional Rights or Freedom,
particularly in Freedom of Expression
5. Equality in the Implementation of Laws
- Spanish Cortez = Spanish Congress; a
legislative entity of Spain, legislature.
- Legislature – Making of laws
- We wanted a representation in the
making of laws for the Philippines to
prevent the promulgation of laws that is
considered injurious to Filipino welfare.
Were we successful of the reforms?
Were they granted?
- No. As they were confronted with
external and internal problems, they
could not listen to the reforms.

Why did we opt for Reform 1:

Assimilation of the Philippines?
- Unpreparedness of Self-Governance.
- If we would become a province then we
would be given the same rights that the
Spanish have.

Secularization of the Parishes

- Had something to do about the Filipino
friars asking for parishes to manage
- Friars are divided into two group
- Regular = Spanish friars; They
belong to congregations
- Secular = Filipino friars; They are
not even parishes to manage, under Pedro
Palaez (leading advocate of
secularization) he wanted the Filipino
friars to have their own parishes. After he

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