| Parallel Lines and Transversals 8 for.the.Lesson Main Ideas + entity the The south facade of the rears between California Aerospace ‘two lines or two Museum in Los Angeles, a California, was designed + Name angles formed * by Frank Gehry. There pared a «are several examples of parallel lines, parallel ee planes, and skew lines in ™ Standard 0 the design, Sauder prove . and se heres ining , ‘the properies of parallel Relationships Between Lines and Planes Lines ¢ and m are coplanar eset by a vases he because they lie in the same plane. If the lines were extended indefinitely, laraicae they would not intersect. Coplanar lines that do not intersect are called (hey) parallel lines. Segments and rays contained within parallel lines are also parallel ‘New Vocab The symbol || means is parallel to. Arrows are parle ines used in diagrams to indicate that lines are paral planes parallel, Inthe figure, the arrows indicate skew lines that PQ is parallel to RS. transversal consecutive inttior Similarly, two planes can intersect or be Po 1 RS angles parallel. In the photograph above, the front ioeerions coer genes faces of the building are contained in parallel the symbol’ means isnot ae “planes. The walls and the floor of each level parallel to. lie in intersecting planes. aa Step 1 Draw two parallel planes Step 2 Draw the edges. Make Step 3. Label the vertices. to represent the top and bottom. any hidden edges dashed. 2 = ANALYZE 1. Identify the parallel planes in the figure. 2. Name the planes that intersect plane ABC and name their intersections. 3. Identify all segments parallel to BF. 142. Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular LinesNotice that in the Geometry Lab, AE and GF do not intersect. These segments are not parallel since they do not lie in the same plane. Lines that do not intersect and are not coplanar are Called skew lines, Segments and rays contained in skew lines are also skew. EXAMPLE Identify Relationships 5) @ Name all planes that are parallel to F e plane ABG. plane CDE 8 b. Name all segments that intersect CH. Ee BC, CD, CE, EH, and GH lo « Name all segments that are skew to BG. ° AD, CD, CE, EF, and EH atr Angle Relationships In the drawing of the railroad crossing, notice that the tracks, represented by line t, intersect the sides of the road, represented by lines m and n. A line that intersects two or more lines in a plane at different pointe is called a transversal. OES EN" IED identity transversals AIRPORTS Some of the runways t at O'Hare International Airport are shown below. Identify the P. sets of lines to which each given line is a transversal. Transversals The nes thatthe transversal inerseds a line If the lines are extended, line q intersects lines &, n, p, and r. q ‘Control Tower em lines £, n, p, andr © linen lines £, m, p, and q In the drawing of the railroad crossing above, notice that line t forms eight angles with lines m and n. These angles are given special names, as are specific pairings of these angles. QF carps screen on Laon 3.4 Pll Unt andawena 148ened eae ass Name Angles Transversal p intersects aanoaeeie exterior angles WY | oer Consecutive interior interior angles BL, 46 P angles are also called 1 ‘same side interior 23 and 26, 24 and 25 i q angles Zand 25, 24 and £6 21 and 25, 22 and 26, 23 and 27, £4 and 28 | consecutive interior angles alternate exterior angles | 21 and 27, £2 and 28 54 alternate interior angles _ corresponding angles Identify Angle Relationships Refer to the figure below. Identify each pair of angles as alternate interior, alternate exterior, corresponding, or consecutive interior angles. a Z1and 27 b. 22 and 210 alternate exterior corresponding & 28 and 29 4. 23 and 212 consecutive interior corresponding & Z4and 210 f. Zoand 211 alternate interior alternate exterior 3A. 4 and Z11 3B. Z2and 28 Dp Personal ttor atc. eeometyonline com Example 1 For Exercises 1-3, refer to the figure at the right. (143) 1. Name all planes that intersect plane ADM. K 2. Name all segments that are parallel to CD. D 3. Name all segments that intersect KE. NAAN Example 2 Identify the pairs of lines to which each Pog (16) given line is a transversal. ap Ser 69 net . Example 3 Identify each pair of angles as alternate interior, (148) alternate exterior, corresponding, ot consecutive interior angles. 8. 27 and 210 9. land 25 10, 24 and 26 M28 and 21 144 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Linesba ica) COT For Exercises 12-19, refer to the figure at the right. 12, Name all segments parallel to AB. 13. Name all planes intersecting plane BCR. 14, Name all segments parallel to TW. 15, Name all segments skew to DE. 4 16. Name all planes intersecting plane EDS. eb 17. Name all segments skew to AP. 18. Name all segments parallel to DC. 19, Name all segments parallel to DS. Identify the pairs of lines to which each given a6 line is a transversal. " 20.@ nb . me Br Identify each pair of angles as alternate interior, alternate exterior, corresponding, or consecutive interior angles. 24, 22 and 210 25. Zand 211 26. 25 and 23 27. Z6and Z14 28, 45 and 215, 29. £11 and 213 30. 28 and 23 31. 29 and 24 32. Z6and 216 33. 27 and 23 34, Z10and 213-35. Z12 and 214 36. AVIATION Airplanes heading east are assigned an altitude level that is Real-World Career. an odd number of thousands of feet. Airplanes heading west are rir Talc Coutoller assigned an altitude level that is an even number of thousands of feet. ‘he ir tlic conor If one airplane is flying northwest at 34,000 feet and another airplane monitors and coordinates is flying east at 25,000 feet, describe the type of lines formed by the ai trafic ether tan paths of the airplanes. Explain your reasoning. airpr or between airports. They monitor the postion of ipianes MONUMENTS For Exercises 37-40, refer to a safe distance apart the photograph of the Lincoln Memorial. : 31. Describe a pair of parallel lines found math Prine on the Lincoln Memorial, M For more information, go Find an example of parallel planes. 4 SSomptemeene 38 Fd an cameo pal pl ; oi om, 39. Locate a pair of skew lines. 40. Identify a transversal passing through a pair of lines. Lesson 3-1 Parallel Lines and Transversals. 145Sete check Guiza cageometyontineom HQT. Problems: ‘Name the transversal that forms each pair of angles. ‘Then identify the special name for the angle pair. 41. 23 and 210 42. Zand 212 43. 28 and 214 44. 29 and 216 STRUCTURES For Exercises 45-47, refer to the drawing of the gazebo at the right. 45, Nameall labeled segments parallel to BF. 46. Name all labeled segments skew to AC. 47. Are any of the planes on the gazebo parallel to plane ADE? Explain. 48, RESEARCH The word parallel describes computer processes that occur simultaneously, or devices, such as printers, that receive more than one bit of data at a time. Find two other examples for uses of the word parallel in other subject areas such as history, music, or sports. 49, OPEN ENDED Draw a solid figure with parallel planes. Describe which parts of the figure are parallel. 50, FIND THE ERROR Juanita and Eric are naming alternate interior angles in the figure at the right. One of the % angles must be 24. Who is correct? Explain your reasoning. Juanita ric Land £4 Zaand 210 LH and Le Zaand £5 CHALLENGE Suppose there is a line £ and a point P not on the line. 51. In space, how many lines can be drawn through P that do not intersect £2 52, In space, how many lines can be drawn through P that are parallel to £? Wailing & Malle Use the information about architecture on page 142 to explain how parallel lines and planes are used in architecture. Include a description of where you might find examples of parallel lines and parallel planes, and skew lines and nonparallel planes. 146 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular LinesSaunas 54, Find the pair of alternate exterior 55. REVIEW Which coordinate points angles in the figure. represent the x- and y-intercepts of the graph shown below? A Zland 25 B Z2and 210 F (-36,0),(0,4) © Zand 46 G (66,0), (4,0) D Z5and 29 H (6,0), (0,4) J (0,4), (0,6) Spiral Review 56. PROOF Write a two-column proof. (Lesson 2-8) A iD v Given: mZABC = mZDFE,mZ1 = mZ4 A Leg z ec BOF Pe QR Prove: mZ2=m23 57, PROOF Write a paragraph proof. (.eson27) Given: PQ = ZY, OR = XY Prove: PR= XZ xy Zz Determine whether a valid conclusion can be reached from the two true statements using the Law of Detachment or the Law of Syllogism. If a valid conclusion is possible, state it and the law that is used. If a valid conclusion does not follow, write no conclusion. (1eson24) 58. (1) If two angles are vertical, then they do not form a linear pair. (@) If two angles form a linear pair, then they are not congruent. 59. (1) Ifan angle is acute, then its measure is less than 90. (2) ZEFG is acute. aaa est) PREREQUISITE SKILL State the measures of linear pairs of angles in each figure. (eson 26) "4" tk Lesson 3-1 Parallel Lines and Transversals. 147Main Ideas + Use the properties of paral ines to determine congruent angles + Use algebra to find angle measures, Standard 20 Sadents prove and use theorems involving the properties of parallel ines eat by a ‘wansrersal he properties of nda, ad the Properties of des. ey) Review Vocabulary Vertical Angles ‘wo ronadjacent angles formed by two intersecting fines esson is) OE terreno Angles and Parallel Lines In the painting, the artist uses, lines and transversals to create patterns. The figure on the painting shows two parallel lines with a transversal passing through them. There is a special relationship between the angle pairs formed by these lines. Source stab hard Sih Parallel Lines and Angle Pairs In the figure above, Z1 and 22 are corresponding angles. When the two lines are parallel, there is a special relationship between these pairs of angles. ae e ee If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each pair of corresponding angles is congruent. ernie Examples: 21 = 25, £2 = 6, 3 = £7, £4 = £8 eats [D In the figure, m23 = 133. Find mZ5. Determine Angle Measures 23= L7 Corresponding Angles Postulate Ww é £7 = £5 Verical Angles Theorem a\s k 23% £5 Transtve Property ™ ‘mZ3 = mZ5__ Deiiniton of congruent angles 133 = mZ5 Substitution Your Progress 1. In the figure, mZ8 = 47. Find mZ4. In Example 1, alternate interior angles 3 and 5 are congruent. This suggests another special relationship between angles formed by two parallel lines and a transversal. Other relationships are summarized in ‘Theorems 3.1, 3.2, and 33. Lesson 3-2 Angles and Parallel Lines 149Bist )tsi) on eee esi Theorems Examples ‘Model 31 Alternate interior Angles If two parallel lines | 24 = 25 are cut by a transversal, then each pair of alternate interior angles is congruent. Soe 32 Consecutive Interior Angles If two parallel | 24 and 26 are vA 1es are cut by a transversal, then each —_| supplementary. a pair of consecutive interior angles is a s/s supplementary. Stpolomenten,| “777 33 Alternate Exterior Angles if two parallel lines | 21 = 28 are cut by a transversal, then each pair of | 5 7 alternate exterior angles is congruent. * You will prove Theorems 3:2 and 3.3 in Exercises 26 and 25, respectively, CED teens Given: a|| 6; pisa transversal of aand 6, a Prove: 22= 27,23 6 1 (6 Paragraph Proof: We are given that a|| bwitha e transversal p. By the Corresponding Angles Postulate, y 22 = La and 28 = 26. Also, 24 = 27 and 23 = 28 TS because vertical angles are congruent. Therefore, 22 = 27 p and 23 = 26 since congruence of angles is transitive. A special relationship occurs when the transversal is a perpendicular line. esd TE ue eee Lc In a plane, fa line is perpendicular to one of two oon parallel lines, then itis perpendicular to the other. hi Proof ee Given: p\iqtlp —y >? Prove: 1g 2 Proof: 1 ‘Statements Reasons 1 pligtip 1. Given 2. Zlisa right angle. 2. Definition of 1 lines 3. mdi 3. Definition of right angle 421 4, Corresponding Angles Postulate 5. mdi 5. Definition of congruent angles 6 m2? 6. Substitution Property 7. 22isa right angle 7. Definition of right angles a tig 8. Definition of 1 lines 150 chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular LinesTes ca ta Use an Auxiliary Line © whatis mzcun A50 130° B10 D140 Read the Item You need to find mZGHI. eae Solve the tem oo. te in your test Draw JK’ through H parallel to 4B and €D. pete al ZEHK = ZAEH —_Aterate nteror Angles Theorem question to keep your mZEHK = mZAEH Definition of congruent angles ee mZEHK = 40 Subsitution on the answer sheet ZFHK = ZCFH —_Aternate Interior Angles Theorem excep your answers mZEHK = mZCFH Definition of congruent angles mZFHK = 70 Substitution mZGHI = mZEHK + mZFHK Angle Addition Posulate =40+700r 110 ‘mZEHK = 40,mZFHK = 70 ‘Thus, the answer is choice B. 2. What is mZ1? F 45° H90° \ ws ta cose J 135° ’ Personal Tutor at > :eometryonline com Algebra and Angle Measures Angles formed by two parallel lines and a transversal can be used to find unknown values. Wi as ALGEBRA If mZ1 = 3x + 40 and mZ3 = 2x + 70, find x. Since FG || EH, 21 = 23 by the Corresponding ‘Angles Postulate. mZ1 = mZ3- Definition of congruent angles Find Values of Variables 3x +40 = 2x +70 Substitution x= 30 Subtract2x and 40 from each side, aT on 3. Refer to the figure. If m22 = 4x + 7 and mZ3 = 5x ~ 13, find m3. Lesson 3-2 Angles and Parallel Lines 1511Example 1 In the figure, mZ3 = 110 and mZ12 = 55. Find (©. 149) the measure of each angle. La 2 26 3 2 Example2 4, (Qs wo100s practice What is mZ1? = (150 ° AS C36 B3I° Der ae Example 3. Find x and y in each figure. 150) 5. eit Pred In the figure, m23 = 43. Find the measure of each angle. 122 87 9. 210 0. 211 VW. 213 12, 216 In the figure, mZ1 = 50 and mZ3 = 60. Find the measure of each angle. 13. 24 “8 15. 22 16. £6 W727 18. 28 Find x and y in each figure. 19, 20. 40 2 bas y-n" Find mZ1 in each figure. 21. 152 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular LinesBreer in 12035, ited Sas hog ot Ss boner ee highway projects. sere nen HO. Problems: 23. 24. Refer to the figure for Exercises 27 and 28. 2. 28. 29. 30. mL 2 PROOF Copy and complete the proof of Theorem 3:3. Given: || m Prove: 21 22 Proof: Statements 1 elm 2 12 45,22= 6 3. L5= 18, 46= 27 4 12 28,222 27 CARPENTRY Anthony is building a picnic table for his patio. He cut one of the legs at an angle of 40°. At what angle should he cut the other end to ensure that the top of the table is parallel to the ground? Explain. CONSTRUCTION Parallel drainage connector pe pipes are connected with a third Pipe pipe. The connector pipe makes 65° angle with a pipe as shown, What is the measure of the angle it makes with the pipe on the other side of the road? Explain, PROOF Write a two-column proof of Theorem 3.2. Determine whether 21 is always, sometimes, or never congruent to 22. Explain. Determine the minimum number of angle measures you would have to know to find the measures of all Of the angles in the figure. OPEN ENDED Usea straightedge and protractor to draw a pair of parallel lines cut by a transversal so that one pair of corresponding angles measures 35°. REASONING Make a conjecture about two exterior angles on the same side ofa transversal. Prove your conjecture. CHALLENGE Explain why you can conclude that 2and 26 are supplementary, but you cannot state that 24 and 26 are necessarily supplementary. tt Math Use the information about art from page 149 to explain how angles and lines can be used in art. Include a description of how angles and lines are used to create patterns and examples from two different artists that use lines and angles. Lesson 3-2 Angles and Parallel Lines 153Saeed 33. In the accompanying diagram, 34, REVIEW Emma has been hiring more parallel lines €and m are cut by workers for her donut shop. The table transversal p. shows the number of additional workers compared to the number of, donuts the shop can make in an hour. t m ‘Additional Workers | _ Donuts Made 1 a 0 5 1 7 2 5 3 120 Which statement about angles 1 and Which equation best describes the 2 must be true? relationship between w, the number Ad=2 of additional workers, and d, the number of donuts the shop can make B Z1is the complement of 22. in an hour? © Zand 22 are acute angles. F 45w +25 =d D Z1is the supplement of 22. Gd-45=25w Hd +45 =25w J Sw -25=d Spiral Review. For Exercises 35-37, refer to the figure at the right. (leson 1) 35, Name all segments parallel to AB. 36. Name all segments skew to CH. A ‘37, Name all planes parallel to AFF. Find the measure of each numbered angle. (lesson28) 38, 39. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each statement. (Leson23) 40, If itrains this evening, then I will mow the lawn tomorrow. 41. Abalanced diet will keep you healthy. orn PREREQUISITE SKILL Simplify each expression. 7-9 ai 154 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular LinesMain Ideas + Recogize angle conditions that occur with parallel lines. + Prove that wo lines ae parallel based on en angle Feationships. transversal the properties of quaditral, andthe roperies of ees. Key) Standard 16.0 Students perform basic constructions witha stighedge and compas, such sage lisecors perpendicular ‘secs, and th ine parallel oa given ine through point off the tine. ey) Look Back Torevew copying angles se Lesson 14 COncepts in MOtion Animation ca.geometryoniine.) untosineiAuaon ls arumaaiamuune dinghapnhWifiadhin nifouawaoy fphuumawodh wh dhuglarvtuan qmafauan wnaniatiénwassiuylerannuanndiwaramevowininry sadonh imaauintany” umaniiogen ina 1 “aay” 190 “munay” mnalendeaeeMinn amunsouoantyiarine 9 Wluszee laa wadulinarihuinsoaansdanant wi0 Wiotoatugal @ofatia iu Mniiustontostunut wfofoatugaitnion ni laoatuiteiatradriiy Wilntu siihiondounainn Wil ihscqtine hntodaiusnalwTomaiiwigiaitwan HielvivusmvesmsdmaeliaraAa Tunngaumnysel wfoiliifedindennmantuda ina atiiuglanartunneansontietudaomsann rtoauasifnnonTaumstéaaniuaduder adwitumsiou adanhuaniiaaraaton Modraerostoslaulaiominm dniugdanitunnta a ingoueransonldysoi 4) “wnavoupmulatatnpiyavoavesguenatunn saufiuoiiufosa vue dmiugdaratuan dap! tingowseanaigolity A) DIC! DIE whauhewm D,3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles ‘You identified angle pairs formed by two intersecting lines. ‘You will identify angle pairs formed by three intersecting lines. So you can classify lines in a real-world situation, as in Exs. 40-42. Key Vocabulary + parallel lines + skew lines + parallel planes + transversal + corresponding angles + alternate interior angles alternate exterior angles + consecutive interior angles ‘Iwo lines that do not intersect are either parallel lines or skew lines. Two lines are parallel lines if they do not intersect and are coplanar. Two lines are skew lines if they do not intersect and are not coplanar, Also, two planes that do not intersect are parallel planes. k Lines m and n are parallel lines (|). Cy” at Lines m and k are skew lines. Meg Planes Tand Uare parallel planes (7|. Lines kand n are intersecting lines. and ‘there isa plane (not shown) containing them. ‘Small directed triangles, as shown on lines m and n above, are used to show that lines are parallel. The symbol | means “is parallel to,” as in m|| n. ‘Segments and rays are parallel if they lie in parallel lines. A line is parallel toa plane if the line is in a plane parallel to the given plane. In the diagram above, line n is parallel to plane U. Identify relationships in space ‘Think of each segment in the figure as part of aline. ¢ Which line(s) or plane(s) in the figure appear to fit the iB description? D a, Line(s) parallel to CD and containing point A b. Line(s) skew to GD and containing point A c. Line(s) perpendicular to GD and containing point A 4. Plane(s) parallel to plane EFG and containing point A Solution a. AB, HG, and EF all appear parallel to GD, but only AB contains point A. b. Both AG and AH appear skew to GB and contain point A. c. BC, AB, BE, and FC all appear perpendicular to CD, but only AD contains point A. 4. Plane ABC appears parallel to plane EFG and contains point A. 3.1. Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles 147PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES ‘Two lines in the same plane are either parallel or intersect in a point. ‘Through a point not on a line, there are infinitely many es. Exactly one of these lines is parallel to the given. line, and exactly one of them is perpendicular to the given line, Pauw Visy em cd = PosTuLare 13 Parallel Postulate Ifthere is a line and a point not on the line, then there is exactly one line through the point parallel to the given line. a_i There is exactly one line through P parallel to £ PosTuULATE 14 Perpendicular Postulate If there is a line and a point not on the line, P then there is exactly one line through the 1 point perpendicular to the given line. ‘There is exactly one line through P perpendicular to £ Identify parallel and perpendicular lines PHOTOGRAPHY The given line markings show how the roads are related to one another. a, Name a pair of parallel lines. b, Name a pair of perpendicular lines. c. Is FE || AC? Explain. Solution a. MB FE ». BL BE c. FE is not parallel to AC, because MD is parallel “fe ° Py to FE and by the Parallel Postulate there is t ‘ exactly one line parallel to F through M. ‘Magara Falls, New York wv GuibeD PRACTICE | for Examples 1 and2 1. Look at the diagram in Example 1. Name the lines through poi appear skew to CD. Hthat 2. In Example 2, can you use the Perpendicular Postulate to show that AC is not perpendicular to BF? Explain why or why not. 148 Chapter 3. Parallel and Perpendicular LinesEAD VOCABULARY ANGLES AND TRANSVERSALS A transversal is a line that intersects two or ‘more coplanar lines at different points. PE ard Angles Formed by Transversals " a ‘Two angles are corresponding angles if they have corresponding positions. For example, 22 and 26 are above the lines and to the right of the transversal t \t 1 ‘Two angles are alternate exterior angles if they lie outside the two lines and on opposite sides of the transversal a. Corresponding . Alternate exterior Solution a ZlandZ5 —b, Z2and 27 Z2and 26 Z4and 25 Z3and 27 Z4and Ze Classify the pair of numbered angles. b. Alternate interior 4. Consecutive interior ‘Two angles are they lie between the two lines and on opposite sides of the transversal. 3 5 ‘Two angles are consecutive: interior angles ifthey ie between the two lines and on the same ide of the transversal, Identify angle relationships Identify all pairs of angles of the given type. AG a2 af TP e.Z1and 28 d. 22 and 25 23and 26 Z4and 27 3.1. Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles 1493.1 EXERCISES Momence, On Sipwsr orb i Bond 35 ok = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE Exs.2, 28, 36,37, and 39 E EXAMPLE 1 | IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS Think of each segment in the # for Exs. 7-10 fon p. 149 F Exs. 11-15 Cura 1, VOCABULARY Copy and complete: A line that intersects two other lines is al 2, WRITING A table is set for dinner. Can the legs of the table and the top of the table lie in parallel planes? Explain why or why not. diagram as part of a line. Which line(s) or plane(s) contain point B and appear to fit the description? 3. Line(s) parallel to CD . Line(s) perpendicular to @D 4 5. Line(s) skew to CD 6 . Plane(s) parallel to plane CDH PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES Use the markings in the diagram. 7. Name a pair of parallel ines. 8. Name a pair of perpendicular lines. 9. Is PN'| Ki? Explain. 10. Is RL NP? Explain. XAMPLE3 | ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS Identify all pairs of angles of the given type. @ corresponding 12, Alternate interior AG 13, Alternate exterior 14, Consecutive interior s\s 15, ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in saying that Z1and 28 are corresponding angles in the diagram for Exercises 11-14. APPLYING POSTULATES How many lines can be drawn that fit each description? Copy the diagram and sketch all the lines. A 16. Lines through B and parallel to AG \ c 17. Lines through A and perpendicular to BC. USING A DIAGRAM Classify the angle pair as corresponding, alternate interior, alternate exterior, or consecutive interior angles. 18. Z5and Z1 19. Zi and 213 20. 26 and 213, 21. 210 and 215 22, Z2and 11 23, Z8and 24 150 Chapter 3. Parallel and Perpendicular LinesANALYZING STATEMENTS Copy and complete the statement with sometimes, always, or never. Sketch examples to justify your answer. 24, If two lines are parallel, then they are_?_ coplanar. ® Iftwo lines are not coplanar, then they_?_ intersect. 26, If three lines intersect at one point, then they are_?_ coplanar. 27, Iftwo lines are skew to a third line, then they are__ skew to each other. 28, > MULTIPLE CHOICE 2 RPQ and Z PRS are what type of angle pair? a ® Comesponding Alternate interior L7 © Alternate exterior B)_ Consecutive interior P ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS Copy and complete the statement. List all possible correct answers. 29, ZBCG and _2_are corresponding angles. 30. ZBCG and _2_are consecutive interior angles. 31. ZFC) and_2_ are alternate interior angles. 32, ZFCAand _2_are alternate exterior angles. 33. CHALLENGE Copy the diagram at the right and extend the lines. a. Measure £1 and 22. b. Measure £3 and 24. ¢. Make a conjecture about alternate exterior angles formed when parallel lines are cut by transversals. Las ea ETS FJ XAMPLE2 _ CONSTRUCTION Use the picture of the cherry-picker for Exercises 34 and 35. onp. 148 ye gy-as 34 Is the platform perpendicular, parallel, ot skew to the ground? Gs the arm perpendicular, parallel, or skew to telephone pole? (]hiomatitoe) or cite sing help at dssone com 36, % OPEN-ENDED MATH Describe two lines in your classroom that are parallel, and two lines that are skew. 37, & MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the best description of the horizontal bars in the photo? ® Parallel ® Perpendicular ® skew ® Intersecting 3.1. Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles 15138, CONSTRUCTION Use these steps to construct a line through a given point P that is parallel to a given line m. STEP T Draw points Q and R on m. STEP2 Copy ZPQR on QP. Be sure the Draw Draw an arcwith the ‘Wo angles are coresponing, Label compass point at @soikeroses_—_therew angle TPS, Draw 9. S| aR &® ana o8 39, % SHORT RESPONSE ‘Two lines are cut by a transversal. Suppose the measure of a pair of alternate interior angles is 90°. Explain why the measure of all four interior angles must be 90°. TREE HOUSE In Exercises 40-42, use the photo to decide whether the statement is true or false. 40. The plane containing the floor of the tree house is parallel to the ground. Al. Allof the lines containing the railings of the staircase, such as AB, are skew to the ground, 42, All of the lines containing the balusters, such as CD, are perpendicular to the plane containing the floor of the tree house. CHALLENGE Draw the figure described. 43. Lines £ and m are skews, lines £ and n are skew, and lines m and n are parallel, 4, Line £ is parallel to plane A, plane A is parallel to plane B, and line £ is not parallel to plane B. Use the Law of Detachment to make a valid conclusion. (p. 87) 45, If the measure of an angle is less than 90°, then the angle is acute. ‘The measure of ZA is 46°. 46. Ifa food has less than 140 milligrams of sodium per serving, then it is low sodium. A serving of soup has 90 milligrams of sodium per serving. Find the measure of each numbered angle. (124) a7. 48. 49, wy sw, 3 ee ; Ke % "2 t 152 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 31,p.900 ) ONLINE QUIZ at dasszonecomacne OLY B Gero Tutor dlasszonecom Keystrokes Parallel Lines and Angles MATERIALS - graphing calculator or computer You can use geometry drawing software to explore parallel lines. [SHEPD) draw line Draw and label two points A and B, Draw AB [STEP2| Drow parattel tine Draw a point not on AB. Label it C. Choose Parallel from the F3 menu and select AB. Then select C to drawa line through C parallel to AB. Draw a point on the parallel line you constructed. Label it D. Usrep2 [STEP 3) Draw transversaé Draw two points E and F outside the parallel lines. Draw transversal EP. Find the intersection of AB and EF by choosing Point from the F2 menu. Then choose Intersection. Label the intersection G. Find and label the intersection H of CD and EF. Measure ongle Measure all eight angles formed by the three lines by choosing Measure from the F5 menu, then choosing Angle. sree 1. Record the angle measures from Step 4 in a table like the one shown. Which angles are congruent? Angle ZAGE-ZEGB ZAGH ZBGH | ZCHG | -ZGHD CHF | ZDHF Measure! ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? >. Drag point For F to change the angle the transversal makes with the parallel lines. Be sure F and F stay outside the parallel lines. Record the new angle measures as row “Measure 2” in your table |. Make a conjecture about the measures of the given angles when two parallel lines are cut by a transversal. a, Corresponding angles b. Alternate interior angles |. REASONING Make and test a conjecture about the sum of the measures of two consecutive interior angles when two parallel lines are cut by a transversal 3.2. Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 1533 Use Parallel Lines ¢ and Transversals You identified angle pairs formed by a transversal. GRLILMD ow will use angles formed by parallel lines and transversals. ‘So you can understand angles formed by light, as in Example 4. a EXPLORE PARALLEL LINES corresponding angles, p. 149 + alternate interior angles, p. 149 ‘761 Draw a pair of parallel lines cut by a «alternate exterior nonperpendicular transversal on lined paper. angles, p. 149 Label the angles as shown. - — + consecutive interior | $7£92 Trace your drawing onto tracing paper. angles, p. 149 STE 3 Move the tracing paper to postion 21 of the ‘raced figure over 25 of the original figure. sfe ‘Compare the angles. Are they congruent? We Materials: lined paper, tracing paper, straightedge ‘s7€ 4 Compare the eight angles and list all the congruent pairs. What do you notice about the special angle pairs formed by the transversal? POSTULATE a re © POSTULATE 15 Corresponding Angles Postulate t Iftwo parallel lines are cut by a transversal, 2 then the pairs of corresponding angles are congruent. 7 2=26 Identity congruent angles ‘The measure of three of the numbered angles is 120°. Identify the angles. Explain your reasoning. wf sf Solution fo 7 By the Corresponding Angles Postulate, m25 = 120°. Using the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem, m4 = 120°. Because £4 and 28 are corresponding angles, by the Corresponding Angles Postulate, you know that m28 = 120°. 154 chapter 3. Parallel and Perpendicular LinesRed ad ‘THEOREM 3.1 Alternate Interior Angles Theorem Iftwo parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of alternate interior angles are congruent. Proof: Example 3, p. 156 ‘THEOREM 3.2 Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem 1 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of alternate exterior angles are congruent. Proof: Ex. 37, p. 159 Aas ‘THEOREM 3.3 Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem = Iftwo parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of consecutive interior angles are supplementary, Z3and 25 are Proof: Ex. 41, p. 159 Supplementary. CEEETEED Use properties of parallel tines @ALGEBRA Find the value of x. Solution By the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem, m4 ~ 115°, Lines a and b are parallel, so you can use the theorems about parallel lines. mZ4 + (x4 5)°= 180° Consecutive interior Angles Theorem 115° + (c+5)" = 180° Substitute 115° formZa, £4120 = 180 Combine ike terms. {0 Subtract 120 from each side. at casszone com [OH | Guroeo Practice | for Examples 1 and 2 Use the diagram at the right. 1. IfmZ1 = 105%, find mZ4, mZ5, and mZ8. Tell th sh which postulate or theorem you use in each case. 3) af 2. If mZ3 = 68° and mZ8 = (2x + 4)", what is the value of x? Show your steps. 3.2. Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 155EEIEEGED Prove the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem Prove that if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of alternate interior angles are congruent. Solution Draw a diagram. Label a pair of alternate interior WRITE PROOFS angles as 21 and 22. You are looking for an angle that, "® is related to both 21 and 22, Notice that one angle is a information fromthe vertical angle with £2 and a corresponding angle with lagram in your roof. 21. Label it 23. ind any special angle pairs. Then decide what GIVEN liq PROVE b Z1.= 22 ‘STATEMENTS REASONS 1. pliq 1. Given, 221 8 23=22 421 2. Corresponding Angles Postulate 3. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem, 4, Transitive Property of Congruence ( Exampte 4 ] Solve a real-world problem SCIENCE When sunlight enters a drop of rain, different colors of ight leave the drop at different angles. This process is what makes a rainbow. For violet light, m22 = 40°, What is m1? How do you know? Solution Because the sun’s rays are parallel, £1 and 22 are alternate interior angles. By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, 21 = 22. By the definition of congruent angles, mZ1= m2 = 40°, (© fesnmen anc tortxamptes3 and 3, In the proof in Example 3, if you use the third statement before the second statement, could you still prove the theorem? Explain. 4, WHAT IF? Suppose the diagram in Example 4 shows yellow light leaving a drop of rain. Yellow light leaves the drop at an angle of 41°. What is m1 in this case? How do you know? 156 Chapter 3. Parallel and Perpendicular Lines3.2 EXERCISES HOME, O” Super orb es and 9 |e = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE Exs.2, 3,21, 33,39, and 40 ee ae 1, VOCABULARY Draw a pair of parallel lines and a transversal. Label a pair of corresponding angles. 2, WRITING Two parallel lines are cut by a transversal. Which pairs of angles are congruent? Which pairs of angles are supplementary? EXAMPLES 3, > MULTIPLE CHOICE In the figure at the right, land... which angle has the same measure as 21? az oi pp. BA = for Exs. 3-16 Ba ee Oza D 25 USING PARALLEL LINES Find the angle measure. Tell which postulate or theorem you use. 4. mat = 685 honed = 2 @yime7 = 104 then me = Blas 70 then mca = 2. tmz = 117% hens = 8. m= 58 thon USING POSTULATES AND THEOREMS What postulate or theorem justifies the statement about the diagram? 10. 24= 25 12, 22 and 25 are supplementary. M4, 23= 27 15. 21 16. £4 and 27 are supplementary. USING PARALLEL LINES Find m1 and m2. Explain your reasoning. 17. 18. 19. 150" 20. ERROR ANALYSIS A student concludes that 29 = £10 by the Corresponding Angles 5 49= 210 Postulate. Describe and correct the error in this reasoning 0 x 3.2. Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 15721, & SHORT RESPONSE Given pl q, describe two methods you can use to show that 21 = 24. USING PARALLEL LINES Find m1, m22, and m23. Explain your reasoning. 5 } Li. 3] < = rs _ A iA ANGLES Use the diagram at the right. 25. Name two pairs of congruent angles if AB and DC are parallel. 3 26. Name two pairs of supplementary angles if AD and BC 0 are parallel. @ALCEBRA Find the values of x andy. 27. 28. 29. ap + 7} 2 oe fs ai. he 30, wy faye 135 O 33, % MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of y in the diagram? ® 70 Oe © i10 ® us 34, DRAWING Draw a four-sided figure with sides MW and PQ, such that HiN]| PQ, MP| NQ. and ZMNQis an acute angle. Which angle pairs formed are congruent? Explain your reasoning, CHALLENGE Find the values of x and y. a; 36. (ax wig (ax yh a 130" = WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ok = STANDARDIZED 158 fon p. WSI ‘TEST PRACTICELa Teas fo for Exs. 38-40 37. al. PROVING THEOREM 3.2 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of alternate exterior angles are congruent. Use the steps below to write a proof of the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem. GIVEN P pig 5 PRovE > Z1~ 22 y a. Show that 21 = 23, 3 b. Then show that 21 = 22. BAR) 1 retem stingy wt dssonecom PARKING LOT In the diagram, the lines dividing parking spaces are parallel. The measure of 21 is 110° a. Identify the angle(s) congruent to 21 ‘i b. Find mZ6, Fy {or problem solving help at dasszone com +k SHORT RESPONSE The Toddler™ is a walking robot. Each leg of the robot has two parallel bars and a foot. When the robot walks, the leg bars remain parallel as the foot slides along the surface. a. As the legs move, are there pairs of angles that are always congruent? always supplementary? If so, which angles? b. Explain how having parallel leg bars allows the robot's foot to stay flat on the floor as it moves. a. The measure of 21 is 70°, What is mZ2? What is mZ3? b. Explain why ZABCis a straight angle . What If? If m1 is 60°, will ZABCstill be a straight angle? Will the opening of the box be more steep or less steep? Explain. PROVING THEOREM 3.3 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of consecutive interior angles are supplementary. Write a proof of the Consecutive FF . Interior Angles Theorem. h GIVEN > nip > PRovE b /1 and 22 are supplementary. 3.2. Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 159.42, PROOF The Perpendicular Transversal Theorem (page 192) states that if a transversal is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, then itis perpendicular to the other. Write a proof of the Perpendicular Transversal Theorem. GIVEN Pt r,r|)s PROVE D rls 43. CHALLENGE In the diagram, 24 = 25. SEbisects 2 RSF. Find mZ 1. Explain your reasoning, “MIXED REVIEW 44, Find the length of each segment in the coordinate plane at the right. Which segments are congruent? (p. 15) Are angles with the given measures complementary, supplementary, or neither? (p.35) 45, mZ1 m2 Find the perimeter of the equilateral figure with the given side length. (pp. 42,49) 48. Pentagon, 20cm 49. Octagon, 2.5 ft 50. Decagon, 33 in. : PREVIEW Write the converse of the statement. Is the converse true? (p. 79) 51. Three poi ts are collinear if they lie on the same line, in Exs. 51-52. | 52, If the measure of an angle is 119°, then the angle is obtuse. QUIZ for Lessons 3. ry Copy and complete the statement. (p. 147) 1. 22and are corresponding angles. . 23 and _2_are consecutive interior angles. xT 2 3, Z3and_?_are alternate interior angles. NS 4 . Z2and_?_are alternate exterior angles. Find the value of x. (p. 154) 5 ® Ns 2 oe = way sr ew 160 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 32,p.900 @) ONLINE QUIZ at ciasszonecom3 3 Prove Lines are Parallel e You used properties of parallel lines to determine angle relationships. ELIZ eu will use angle relationships to prove that lines are parallel So you can describe how sports equipment is arranged, as In Ex. 32. Key Vocabulary Postulate 16 below is the converse of Postulate 15 in Lesson 3.2. Similarly, + paragraph proof __ the theorems in Lesson 3.2 have true converses. Remember that the converse converse, p. 80 of a true conditional statement is not necessarily true, so each converse of a +two-column proof, theorem must be proved, as in Example 3. plz es For Your Notebook © POSTULATE 16 Corresponding Angles Converse } Iftwo lines are cut by a transversal so the corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel. q i @ALCEBRA Find the value of x that makes m || n. Solution Lines m and n are parallel if the marked corresponding angles are congruent. (8x +5)°= 65° Use Postulate 16 to write an equation. 3x=60 Subtract 5 from each side. X= 20 Divide each side by 3. >The lines m and n are parallel when x = 20. GUIDED PRACTICE | for Example 1 1, Is there enough information in the diagram to conclude that m || n? Explain. TS 2. Explain why Postulate 16 is the converse of Postulate 15. oe 7 33. Prove Lines are Parallel 161