CHAPTER 8

Portland cement - is a combination of limestone, marl or other calcareous materials

and clay, shale, or like argillaceous substances.

Deterioration - Deterioration of concrete pavement is due to stress brought about

by load, moisture and temperature.

Distortion - is a vertical displacement of concrete slab at the joints or cracks.

Faulting - For faulting to occur, there must be free water on top of the base course
and pavement deflection across the joint due to heavy axle loads.

Cracking - can take many forms in concrete pavement that could be the
result from; applied load, temperature or moisture changes.

Corner cracks - associated with excessive corner deflection

Transverse cracks - associated with mixture or temperature stresses, or poor

construction methods.

Disintegration - appears in the form of durability cracking, scaling or spalling

Durability Cracking - Results from freeze-thaw action

Scaling - A network of shallow fine hairline cracks which extend through the upper
surface of the concrete. This is the result from deicing salts, improper construction,
freeze-thaw cycle, or steel reinforcement too closed to the surface.

Spalling - is the breaking or chipping of the joint edges. It is the result from excessive
stresses at joint, weak concrete, poorly designed or constructed joints

Changes in Temperature and Moisture Content - create slab curling,

flexure stresses and overall lengthening and shortening of the slabs.

The tendency of the slab to shorten is due to temperature drop or drying

that create tensile stresses

the tendency to lengthen is due to temperature rise or increased in

moisture that creates compression stresses.

Joints are slanted 60 centimeters in each 3.60 meters lance from the
normal position.

Dowels can be painted, greased or coated with asphalt for almost one
half of their length to break the bond with concrete, allowing the dowels
to slip within one of the abutting slab ends.
Transverse Expansion Joints - Expansion Joints provide space allowance
for the lengthening of slab due to expansion. Because of the so many
buckling upward of concrete pavement, Engineers have come up with a
conclusion that these blowups serves as conclusive evidence that expansion
joint is necessary,

Longitudinal Joints - are provided between adjacent traffic lanes. It is

considered as hinges to provide edge support, but allows rotation between the
slabs" By this joint, flexural stresses that might cause irregular cracks along
the length of the road are relieved or neutralized.

Construction Joint - If concrete pouring will be interrupted for quite some

time that cold joint will be inevitable, the practice is to provide a transverse
construction joints. Deformed tie bars are used to hold the joint tightly closed
together. However, if the construction joint replaces a contraction joint, the
use of dowels is the alternative.

Pumping - is the ejection of water and sub-grade soil through the joints and
cracks along the edges of the concrete pavement. A repeated depression of
pavement joints by heavy axle load is the activating factor in pumping.

Admixture - is a substance added in mixing to change the characteristic of

concrete mixture.

Air Entrainment - is the entrapment of air in the concrete mixture in the form
of evenly distributed small bubbles It is used to increase the concrete
resistance to surface scaling caused by deicing with calcium or sodium
chloride

Polymer-Impregnated Concrete (PIC) - is a portland cement concrete

impregnated with monomer after curing

Polymer Concrete (PC) - is a mixture of polymer binder and aggregate.

Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) - is a per-mixture of cement paste and

aggregate wherein a monomer is mixed before curing.
Reinforcement of Joints
-Steel reinforcement for concrete pavement joints are specified in the
design to prevent the widening of cracks produced by shrinkage or thermal
contraction.
.
The reinforcing steel bars are mounted in one layer along the mid depth
of the slab.

The reinforcement holds the fractured faces in rigid contact preserving

the aggregate interlock and the intrusion of dirt or water.

The Sub-Grade and Sub-Base for Concrete Pavement

The AASHTO Interim Guides, recommend that the sub base must be
extended from 30 to 60 centimeters outside the pavement edge to serve
as an edge support. For the heaviest traveled facilities, a treated cement
asphalt sub-base is recommended because it increases the fatigue life
and reduces joint failure.

there is no assurance for an effective means of excluding free water

from the under pavement joints, cracks and edges.

Curing of Concrete Pavement

Newly placed concrete pavement needs curing. Curing may
be accomplished by several methods

Rapid drying of fresh concrete will result to surface crazing

or cracking. Under extreme hot weather or dry winds, severe
cracking will eventually occur. The shortest period of curing for normal
concrete is 5 days according to AASHTO recommendation.
ENUMARATIONS
The different types of Portland cement specified by AASHTO are the following:

1.Type 1 or 1A (Air entraining). This type of cement is for general concrete

construction when the specified proper ties of the other four types are not required.
2. Type II or IIA (Air entraining) This type is for general
concrete construction exposed to moderate action or
where moderate heat of hydration is required.
3. Type III or IIIA (Air entraining) This type is for high
strength concrete.
4. Type IV is for low heat of hydration.
5. Type V for high sulfate resistance

Generally, Portland cement constitute the following chemicals:

l. Tricalcium Silicate (C3S)

2. Dicalcium Silicate (C2S)
3. TricalciumAluminate (C3A)
4. Tetracalcium Alumina Ferrite (C4AF)

Distress of Concrete is generally grouped into the following categories:

a) Distortion
b) Cracking
c) Disintegration

Causes of faulting are:

1. Loss of slab support

2. Erosion of sub base

The most common type of cracks are:

1. Corner Cracks
2. Transverse Cracks

result of mix design or construction related problems like:

1. Durability Cracking
2. Scaling
3. Spalling
Minimum allowed tensile strength - 80,000 psi
Yield strength - 70,000
Reinforcing bars of billet, rail or axle steel yield strength among them from - 40,000
to 75,000

The effectiveness of air entrainment is to increase the concrete durability that is

influenced by:

l. Percentage of air present in the mixture.

2. Grading of aggregates.
3. Size and distribution of air bubbles.

RECOMMENDED CEMENT WATER RATIO IS 0.4 to 0.6

AASHTO T-119(Slump Test) Recommended length of true slump 1.5 to

3 inches.

All the curing methods could be categorized into two:

l. Those that keep the surface constantly wet or cover it with water absorbent
material that is re-wetted from time to time.

2. Those that pavement evaporated from the water already in the concrete which is
retained is sufficient enough for
hydration.