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    Chapter 11 - Piping

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    CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Chapter 11 PIPING Section 1.0 Scope This chapter provides general and _ specific requirements not only for plant or building piping but also for general piping installations. It includes Power Piping System Design and pipe color coding for safety ‘and proper fluid identification in the system. Section 2.0 Definitions Pipe and Tube - The fundamental difference between pipe and tube is the dimensional standard to which each is manufactured. A pipe is a tube with a round cross section conforming to the dimensional requirements for nominal pipe size as tabulated ir table for Pipe Schedules A tube is a hollow product of round or any other cross section having a continuous periphery. Round tube size maybe specified with respect to any two, but not all three of the following: outside diameter or bell at one end into which the piain or spigot end of another piece is inserted when laying. The joint is then made fight by cement, oakum, lead, or rubber caulked into the bell around the spigot. Black Pipe ~ Steel pipe that has not been galvanized Bell and Spigot Joint — The commonly tised joint in castiron pipe. Each piece is made with an enlarged diameter or bell at one end into which the plain or spigot end of another piece is inserted when laying The joint is then made tight by cement, oakum, lead, ‘or rubber caulked into the bell around the spigot. Bull Head Tee ~ A tee the branch of which is larger than the run, Butt Weld Joint — A welded pipe joint made with the ends of the two pipes butting each other. the weld being around the periphery. (Refer to Chapter 14 Section 14.3.3.27 no. 6) Carbon Steel Pipe — Steel pipe which owes its properties chiefly to the carbon which it contains Check Valve - A valve designed to allow a fluid to pass through in one direction only. A common type 2 has a plate so suspended that the reverse flow aids gravity in forcing the plate against a seat, shutting off reverse flow. Compression Joint — A multi-piece joint with cus shaped threaded nuts which, when tightened. compress tapered sleeves so that they form joint o” the periphery of the tubing they connect. Cross-Over — A small fitting with a double offset, 0: shaped like the letter U with the ends turned out. It is, only made in small sizes and used to pass the flow of, ‘one pipe past another when the pipes are in the same plane. Expansion Loop ~ A large radius bend in a pipe line to absorb longitudinal expansion in the pipe line due to heat. Galvanized Pipe - Steel pipe coated with zinc to resist corrosion, Gate Valve — A valve employing a gate, often wedge- slraped, alluwiny fluid tu flow when the gate is lifted from the seat. Such valves have less resistance to fiow than globe valves. Globe Valve - One with a somewhat globe shaped body with @ manually raised or lowered disc which when closed rests on a seat so as to prevent passage ofa fluid Header — A large pipe ot drum into which each of a group of boilers is connected. Also used for a large pipe from which a number of smaller ones are ‘connected in line and from the side ofthe large pipe. Malleable Iron ~ Cast iron heat-treated to reduce its britteness. The process enables the materials to stretch to some extent and to stand greater shock. Manifold — A fitting with a number of branches in line connecting to smaller pipes. Used largely as an interchangeable term with header. Medium Pressure - When applied to valves and fitings, implies they are suitable for a working pressure of from 862 to 1207 kPa. (125 to 175 psi) CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Mill Length — Also known as random length. Run-of- mill pipe is 4 880 mm to 6 000 mm in length. Some pipe are made in double lenaths of 9 150 to 10 675 mm, Relief Valve - One designed to open automatically to relieve excess pressure. Run — A length of pipe made of more than one piece of pipe; a portion of a fitting having its ends in line or early so, in contradistinction to the branch or side ‘opening, as of a tee. ‘Saddle Flange — A flange curved to fit a boiler or tank and to be attached to a threaded pipe. The flange is riveted or welded to the boiler or tank. Screwed Flange - A flange screwed on the pipe which it is connecting to an adjoining pit Socket Weld ~ A joint made by use of a socket weld fitting which has a prepared female end or socket for insertion of the pipe to which itis welded, Standard Pressure - Formerly used to designate ‘cast-iron flanges, fittings, valves, etc., suitable for a maximum working steam pressure of 862 kPa Street Elbow ~ An elbow with male thread on one ‘end, and female thread on the other end. Stress-Relieving — Uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uniform cooling, Wrought tron — Iron refined to a plastic state in a puddling furnace. It is characterized by the presence of about 3 percent of slag irregularly mixed with pure iron and about 0.5 percent carbon. Wrought Pipe — This term refers to both wrought steel and wrought iron. Wrought in this sense means worked, a8 in the process of forming furnace-welded pipe from skelp, or seamless pipe from plates or billets. The expression wrought pipe is thus used as a distinction from cast pipe. When wrought-iron pipe is referred to, it should be designated by its complete name Section 3.0 General Requirements 3.1 All piping shall be run parallel to building walls. 3.2 Grouped piping shall be supported on racks either on horizontal or vertical planes. 212 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3.10 3.41 3.42 3.13 3.44 3.15 3.16 3.47 3.18 3.19 All piping to headers shall come from below rack Al piping from headers shall go up above rack All piping above or below racks shall be supported on separate racks. All piping should run with slight inclination for drainage of main headers. AAI piping on racks shall have a sufficient spacing for pipe or chain wrenches so that any single line can be altered without disturbing the rest ofthe piping on rack All piping 63.5 mm and above shall be flangec while smaller sizes can be screwed. On long headers a pair of flanges shall be provided for every three lengths of 6 000 mm of pipes 63.5 mm and above. On long headers a pair of unions shall be provided for every three lengths of 6 000 mm of bipes smaller than 63.5 mm. All piping subject to varying temperature shall be provided with expansion joints or expansion loops to take care of expansion No galvanized piping shall be used for steam No piping material shali be used that is easily corroded by material passing thru All piping shall be clamped by “U" bolts or clamps to supporting racks except steam piping, Piping supports shall be placed on a 3 000 mm intervals or less. All steam piping shall be supported on rollers or sliding support for expansion. Al piping carrying pressure shall be of sufficient bursting strength for the pressure applied. A minimum factor of safety of 4 for working pressure applied shall be used, A minimum factor of safety of 4 for working pressure applied shall be used For conveying liquids subject to water hammer, additional safety factor of a minimum of 100% of working pressure shall be used. CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Mill Length — Also known as random length. Run-of- mill pipe is 4 880 mm to 6 000 mm in length. Some pipe are made in double lenaths of 9 150 to 10 675 mm, Relief Valve - One designed to open automatically to relieve excess pressure. Run — A length of pipe made of more than one piece of pipe; a portion of a fitting having its ends in line or early so, in contradistinction to the branch or side ‘opening, as of a tee. ‘Saddle Flange — A flange curved to fit a boiler or tank and to be attached to a threaded pipe. The flange is riveted or welded to the boiler or tank. Screwed Flange - A flange screwed on the pipe which it is connecting to an adjoining pit Socket Weld ~ A joint made by use of a socket weld fitting which has a prepared female end or socket for insertion of the pipe to which itis welded, Standard Pressure - Formerly used to designate ‘cast-iron flanges, fittings, valves, etc., suitable for a maximum working steam pressure of 862 kPa Street Elbow ~ An elbow with male thread on one ‘end, and female thread on the other end. Stress-Relieving — Uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uniform cooling, Wrought tron — Iron refined to a plastic state in a puddling furnace. It is characterized by the presence of about 3 percent of slag irregularly mixed with pure iron and about 0.5 percent carbon. Wrought Pipe — This term refers to both wrought steel and wrought iron. Wrought in this sense means worked, a8 in the process of forming furnace-welded pipe from skelp, or seamless pipe from plates or billets. The expression wrought pipe is thus used as a distinction from cast pipe. When wrought-iron pipe is referred to, it should be designated by its complete name Section 3.0 General Requirements 3.1 All piping shall be run parallel to building walls. 3.2 Grouped piping shall be supported on racks either on horizontal or vertical planes. 212 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3.10 3.41 3.42 3.13 3.44 3.15 3.16 3.47 3.18 3.19 All piping to headers shall come from below rack Al piping from headers shall go up above rack All piping above or below racks shall be supported on separate racks. All piping should run with slight inclination for drainage of main headers. AAI piping on racks shall have a sufficient spacing for pipe or chain wrenches so that any single line can be altered without disturbing the rest ofthe piping on rack All piping 63.5 mm and above shall be flangec while smaller sizes can be screwed. On long headers a pair of flanges shall be provided for every three lengths of 6 000 mm of pipes 63.5 mm and above. On long headers a pair of unions shall be provided for every three lengths of 6 000 mm of bipes smaller than 63.5 mm. All piping subject to varying temperature shall be provided with expansion joints or expansion loops to take care of expansion No galvanized piping shall be used for steam No piping material shali be used that is easily corroded by material passing thru All piping shall be clamped by “U" bolts or clamps to supporting racks except steam piping, Piping supports shall be placed on a 3 000 mm intervals or less. All steam piping shall be supported on rollers or sliding support for expansion. Al piping carrying pressure shall be of sufficient bursting strength for the pressure applied. A minimum factor of safety of 4 for working pressure applied shall be used, A minimum factor of safety of 4 for working pressure applied shall be used For conveying liquids subject to water hammer, additional safety factor of a minimum of 100% of working pressure shall be used. CHAPTER 11 - PIPING 3.20 Piping supports shall be placed on a 3 000 mm Pipe intervals or less. Metered Eietilaen| 1 Saco" | midentineation Restylane | Orange | Acetylene 3.21. All piping carrying steam, hot water or hot liquids Acid E Acid shail be insulated to prevent accidental contact —___Ai-High Press PA era iaes or Rear ‘AIPLOW Pressure UPA “Ammonia ‘Ammonia | 3.22 Drains for steam piping shall be provided with | Aigen-Low Prossue ees steam traps. [= Carbon Dioxide Carbon Diovide aoins 1 Gasaline 3.23. On all screwed joints the threaded portion shall |——Greaso | orange Grease | center fittings with three threads by hand beforea | —HoiumLow ft a pipe wrench is applied. rear Green LP. Helm [Hydrogen Orange | Hydrogen 3.24 Pipe threads shall be lubricated by white lead, Nitrogen-Low ae cealica red lead graphite and oil or other approved | __Pressure_|__SF thread lubricants before tightening. Oxygen, Orange Oil ‘Orange 3.25 No rubber or rubberized gaskets shall be used [Steam High Yellow HP. Steam for steam or hot liquids. | Sleam-Low Pressure | Vallow | HP Steam ; Tar Orange Tar 3.26 A shut off valve shall be installed to every branch from header, _fistucer Gas_—_|" orange {Producer Gap ee Orange Producer Gas 3.27 All piping shall be reasonably cleaned before aah ae ere installation. [Water-Boller Feed ellow Boiler Feed Water [[ Water-Cold Green ‘Cold Water 3.28 Ail piping shall be free from burrs or protruding Water-Distiled | Disilled Water metals inside. bet a eS) Fie Sov 3.29. No piping carrying steam or hot liquids shall be Water Hot Hot Water imbedded in concrete walls or floors. Water-Low Pressure LP. Water Excl of fire sve.) 3.30 Where piping has to be located in trenches the | WalerHigh Pressure | yjoy, HP. Water pipes shall be supported on steel benches on cl of fie sve.) = = Forel here Water-Treated Green “Treated Water Lene Groen Oil and Water 3.31 Where piping has to be located in trenches a | “Orla Watssieor suitable drainage or sump for removal of liquid | _ hydraulic systom) Orange Oil and Water ‘accumulations shall be provided for trench. In addition to color coding, the specific contents of 3.32. Where piping carrying steam or hot liquids have —_ piping must be identified by sticker, stencil, tag, etc. to pass walls of concrete suitable sleeves made of pipes one size bigger shall be imbedded in 4.2 Color bands and pipe flow identifications shall be conerete before piping is lai as specified and installed as shown in page 192. 3.33. Piping to all equipments stall not mpose any Section 5,0 Fluid Flow Velocities stress on equipment being connected 3.34 Pipe carying liquids with solids shall use long 5:1 _fRpractice, the average fui flow velocities may radius elbows or tees with plugs in the direction of flow. a. Water soof.6 ~3,0 metersisec. Section 4.0 Identification Colors for Pipes b. High Pressure Saturated Steam.......-..25— 50 meters/sec. 4.1 Identification of piping by color, or color bands at convenient locations shail be as follows: 213 CHAPTER 11 - PIPING ¢. High Pressure Superheated SEAM... seen50= 77 metersisec. d._ Atmospheric Exhaust Steam......... 40 60 meters/sec, e. Low Pressure Exhaust Steam......... 100 — 120 meters/sec. Note: See appendices for Steel Pipes, uPVC Pipes and uPVC Electrical Conduits. Section 6.0 Power Piping Systems and Design 6.1 Scope. Power piping systems include all steam, water and oll piping and the component parts such as the pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, and fitings for steam generating plants, central heating plants and industrial plants. 6.2 Materials. Materials used shall conform to Table 11.6.2.any materials other than those specified should meet the physical & chemical requirements & test of the latest revision of the respective specifications in Table 11.6.2. 6.3 Valves. It is mandatory that valves be (a) of the design or equal to the design which the manufacturer thereof recommends for the service, and (b) of materials allowed by the code for the pressure & temperature, All valves in nominal sizes: 80mm and smaller for pressures above 1724 kPa but not above 2758 kPa ‘50mm smaller for pressures above 2578 kPa not above 4137 kPa. 40mm and smaller for pressures above 4137 kPa may have screwed, flanged, or welding ends. For all valves, larger than sizes specified in the preceding paragraph, flanged or welding ends shall be used Insert Pipe Flow Identification p.192 (PSME) Table 11.6.2 List of Material Specifications for Bolting, Fitting: s, Valves and Flange, Pipe and Tubing ing Spot ‘Staybolt wrought-iron, solid ASTMAB4 Hot-rolled carbon-steel bars: ‘ASTM A107. Alloy-steeibolting materials for ‘ASTM A193 high temperature = Carbon and Alloy steel nuts for| ASTMA-194 bolts for high-pressure and high- temperature service Pe Heat-treated carbon-stee! bolting ASTMA-261 materi |] Stee! machine bolts, nuts and tap ‘ASTM A307 bolts - {Grade B) Fittings, Valves and Flanges aa = ‘Composition brass or ounce metal | ASTMB-62 | casting | ‘Steam or Valve bronze castings | ASTM. ‘Gray iron casting for valves, flanges and pipe fittings ‘ASTM A-126 ‘Cast Iron for bell ana spigor TINGS and valves AWWA G 100 ‘Gast iron fitings, shor! body, Sn, (60mm) to 12 in. (00mm) for 250 psi (1724 kPa} water pressure plus | water hammer ASAAZIA0 ‘Cupola malleable ron ‘ASTM A197 cal seein |e] Carbon steel castings for valves, flanges and fittings for high- temperature service ‘ASTM A95 Carbon Steel casting suitable for fusion weldingfor high- _| temperature service ‘Alloy-steel casting suitable for fusion welding for high temperature service ‘ASTM A216 ASTMA2I7 Forged or rolled steel pipe flanges, forged fitings, and valves and parts for high ‘temperature service ‘ASTM A105 Forged or rolled steel pipe |_| flanges for general service | Forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe flanges, forged fittings and valves and parts for high- temperature service Factory-made wrought carbon- steel and carbon molybdenum- steel welding fittings ‘ASTM A161 ‘ASTM A182 ASTM A-234 CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Ferrie and austentie steel ASTM A351 annealed ‘casting for high temperature ‘Seamless copper tubes ASTMB-75 service Copper and copper-alloy- ASTM B-117 seamless (Condenser tubes) Pipe Steel Non-Ferrous “| [ [Seamless steel boiler tubes ASTM ASS ‘Copper pipe, standard sizes ASTM BAZ Electric-esistance-welded steel | ASTM A -178 Red Brass pipe, standard sizes_| ASTMB-43 | |__| and open-heart iron boiler tube Castiron |_|] Seamiess steel boiler tubes for | ASTMA-192 | Pipe, water, cast-iron (Bell and | FSB WW'P-42i high-pressure service spigot) Castiron, pt-cast pipe Medium-carbon seamless steel | _ASTMA-210 __| for water or other liquids boiler and superheater tubes *Cast-iron, centrfugally castin | ASAA21.2 Seamless alloy-steel boler and | ASTMA-213 | metal molds for water or other superheater tubes | tiquids ‘Seamless old-drawn low- ASTM ATO Castiron, centsfugally castin | ASAA216 carbon stee! heat-exchanger sandtlined molds for water or | |_| and condenser tubes ther liquids Electric-esistance-welded steel | ASTMA-214 ‘Stool and Wrought Iron heat exchanger and condenser Welded wrought iron-pipe ASA ATE tubes Welded and seamless steel ASTM A-53 Electric-resistance-wekled steel | ASTMA226 vipe boiler and superheater tubes for Forged o rolled steel pipe ASTM ATZ high-pressure flanges, forged fittings, and Welded alloy-steel boller and, ASTM A240 valves and parts for high- superheater tubes temperature service Copper brazed steal tubing ASTM ADEE ‘Seamiess carpon-st6el pipe for | ASTM ASS high temperature service ‘Castiron shall not be used over 282.2°C (450°) Black and hot-dipped zine ASTM A105 and not for oil over 145°C (293°F). coated (galvanized) welded and “Copper or brass shall not be used over 207.7°C seamless steel pipe for ordinary (406'F), |_| uses 'Mallelable iron or bronze shall not be used over Electre-Tusion-welded steel pipe | ASTMA 106 260°C (50°F). (750 mm and over) Electric resistance-welded sleel | ASTMA120| 6.4 Wall Thickness. The following formula shall be pipe used to determine pipe wall thickness: Electric fusion-welded steel pipe | ASTMA-T34 (100 mm to 750 mm)_ | ty=_PD_+C Electric-fusion-welded steel pipe | - ASTM A136 28+YP for high-temperature and high- |_| pressure service Where: ‘Seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe | ASTM A-139 ‘tm = minimum pipe walll thickness in mm. Parish ternperatielaariice P = maximum inlemal service pressure in kPa Seamless and welded austenitic | ASTM A-155 {= nominal pipe wall thickness in mm stainless steel pipe D = outside diameter of pipe in mm a liperiiaeliy eteot orceciend $= allowable stress in materials in kPa Eee gine efaghaer pete C = allowance for threading, mechanical J | Seamiess austenitic steoi pipe | ASTMA-312 Fly Rca a Make Y = co-efficient for values, see Table 11.6.4b EpranrenoceEa one *Since all pipe furnished by the mill is subject 1p to 12% % variation in wal thickness, the ee ASTITAST Piven Caines betnaicaty ib ping : ‘obtain the nominal wall thickness. ‘Seamless copper tubing, bright | _ASTMB-68 215 CHAPTER 11 - PIPING PIPE COLOR BANDS EVERY 4500mm \GE 250 OF 2003 ED,/ ‘ow note areow MULATION UTE Seu Coccnn os TYPYCAL PIPE-COLO) INSULATED NOTE: BANDSMAY BE PAINTED AS PER COLORCODE OR 38mm PLASTIC PRESSURE-SENSETIVE TAPE USED (LAPPLASTIC AT LEAST 50 mm AT JOINT) 300mm |< 300mm ——__» 38mmL FLOW DIAGRAM ARROW FOR PIPES UNDER 150mm & INCLUDING INSOLATION IS FUSED. FLOW DIAGRAM ARROW FOR PIPES 150MM & OVER INCLUDING INSOLATION IF FUSED. NOTES. 1. ARROWS SHALL BE STENCIL TYPE 2. ARROWS SHALL BE SAME COLOR AS PIPE BANDING 3. ARROWS SHALL BE READABLE FROM FLOOR 4, ARROWS SHALL BE INSTALLED EVERY 456 PIPE FLOW IDENTIFICATION NOTES —ALLARROWS SHALL BE PAINTED ON PIPES. ‘STICK-ON OR GLUED-ON ARROWS WILL NOT BE ACCEPT TABLE 216 CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Table 11.6.4a Type of Pipe: (mm) | Castiron Pipe, Centrfugally a ol 14 0.14 (3,556 mm) Castiron Pipe, PR-Cast 0.18 (4.527 mm) Threaded Steel, Wrought- iron or Non-Ferrous Pipe 10mm ) 3/8 in. add smaller | 0.05 (1.27 mm) Value of C in inches 16 mm) % in. and larger __| Depth of Thread in mm Grooved Steel, Wrought.iron of Non-ferrous Pipe Depth of Groove in mm. Piain-end Steel or Wrought iron. Pipe or tube for 1 in (25 mm) Size and smaller mos erena Pipe or tube for sizes above Table 11.6.4 (b) "Y" Values ‘Type of Stee! sagt and 950 1000 1050 1110 11808 above Fenitc 04 05 07 07 07 O7 Austenc «040404 04 08 OF NOTE: °C =F -32 18 6.5 Variations in Pressure and Temperature. Either pressure or temperature, or both, may exceed the nominal design values if the computed stress in the pipe wall calculated for the pressure does not exceed the allowable S value in Table 11.6.5 and 11.6.5 for the expected temperature by more than the following allowances for the period of duration indicated ‘a. Up to 15 percent increase above the S value during 10 percent of the operating period. b. Up to 20 percent increase above the § value during one percent of the operating period. 6.6 Pressure Reducing and Relief Valves a. Where pressure reducing valves are used, one or more relief or safety valves shall be provided on the low pressure side or the reducing valve in case the piping or (25.4 mm) 1 in. 0.065 (1.651 mm} Plain-end Non-ferrous pipe iv or tube 217 ‘equipment on the low pressure side does not meet the requirements for the full initial pressure. The relief or safety vaive shall be located adjoining or as close as possible to the reducing vaive. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent injury or damage caused by escaping fluid from relief or safely valves if vented to the atmosphere. The vents shall be of ample size and as short and direct as possible. The combined discharge capacity of the relief valves shall be such that the pressure rating of the lower pressure piping and equipment will not be exceeded ifthe reducing valves sticks open. b. It is mandatory that a pressure gage be installed on the low pressure side of a reducing valve. 67 Pipe a. For pressure above 4 137 kPa, the pipe. shall be: 4. Seamless steel meeting ASTM specifica-tions A-106, A-312, A-335 or A-376; or 2. Forged and bored steel meeting A- 369 or 3. Automatic welded steel meeting A- 312 or 4, Electricfusion welded steel pipe meeting with ASTM specifications A155, b. For pressure above 1 724 kPa, but not above 4 137 kPa, pipe shall be: 1. Electricfusion welded steel of ASTM specification A-134 or A-139 2. Electric-resistance welded _ steel pipe of ASTM specification A-135 3. Forged or bored steel meeting A- 380; or 4, Automatic welded steel meeting A312, 5. Electric-Fusion welded steel pipe meeting with ASTM specifications A155. CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Table 11.6.5 Allowable Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems rv aR ‘Values 5 pal for Temperatures in Deg Not to Exceed ateal Spestr | Grade | Tonato | 233° | 200 | 200 | anor | 450 | 500 | 600 | 650 sen Wold Mati moc Wola Caron Sie Tpwenes | A120 2.900 7900 | 7600 autwees | A120 00 Bas | 6700 ‘Aorta Waid | Siete Salers | Sie! 10% comin, ncn aoe | reat | secon Nrso0c | rss0 | 15.950 | aso | 19.480 ra.g00¢ | 12450 | 2.600 Cuno nai | rear | ‘Seamless Material | Caton teat As20 | Shehomim.- | dss 10800 | 10600 | 10200 | 9.900 9.600 | ‘ewe Aoss Yes | 369. f] PS }| 0000 | +5000 | 15.000 | 15.000 | 15.000 | rs 14500 14000 | 13700 10% chromium, ante ene Aare | reat Aas 7s000 | 10780 | 10750 | 17000 | 15600 1520014900 | 14,680 40% comm, Abie | rear | CEN eb Aare Ane | | Seamiess od se 84 000 | 2.000 | 7.000 | 3000 Cooper FE amater ea 6000 | 5500 | «780 | so00 Conner | er, B42 «000 | 53500 | 4780 | 000 | Copper tubing B75 000 | 5500 | 4750 | 3.000 | lad be sooco | Sam | $800 | 2780 | $35 | ight omesles bes soe | a0 | ssa | £750 | 3.00 | CopperBrezedsieo! | a2se | cies | 2000 | 6000 | 500 | «700 | 000 | Steen ‘eno | $800 | S500 | 2850 | $800 | Cast ona | ‘Centritugary, Cast FSB Types 6,000 | 6,000 | 6.000 | 6000 | 6,000 | wot ues wureans | Tt Senainestious | Keaaate «00 | 6000 | 6.000 | 000 | «.000 Paces psasaie meanaie 4400 | 4000 | 4000 | «000 | 4.000 “Pipe in accordance with API Specification *The several types and grades of pipe tabulated above shall not be used at temperature in excess of the maximum temperatures for hich the S values are indicated. (See also specific requirements for service conditions contemplated.) Allowable S values for intermediate temperatures may be obtained by interpolation, cast-iron pipe shall not be used for lubricating ol lines for machinery and in any case not for oll having a temperature above 300 F. “For steam at 250 psi (405 F) the values given may be used, Note: Multiply $ in psi by 6.895 to get S in kPa or Divide $ in ps! by 0.146 to get Sin kPa, toa =32 78 218 CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Table 11.6.5, Allowable Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems, ‘Note: Where welded construction is used, consideration should be given to the possibility of graphite format’o" =e fllowing tei: Carbon ste! above 778 F; Caron-mdyedenum see above 875 F; Chrome melyodenum sel (wth cmerum unde 0:60) al mn ET con [ae ‘aloes Spl or Tarparaluts Dog Ne oF coe Matial [Serer Sol] Zee, [Maa] 700 [ 75¢ | coo | eso [ 200 | oso [som [aco] v10e +150 x20 yaar Fumece Wises {ap Welds Carbon See ass 48000 Wioupeton an 40000 ‘Eaton See ass 45.000 nt ron 40.000 cexeiciton mato: ‘Catbon Sta ais | Aza 48000 A288 ‘2000 use S00 ‘Aza 8000 ae ‘so000 ase 5.000 Nae soo aro | “ae 8.000 ars | cts 8.000 50 tes Carton Stel Kose ese ese kere Catton Metdemun Stel ches euro eure 12% cor. 12% way or 5800 ‘Peavon, syste! ioe 8730 | 4500 | 2500, Visetam, 5 nt se a 4mcR 's0000 | 13500] 1.500 eo0|t3500| 12950|13.900| S000 | 7.000 | aso | S00 Dike, else Dice fsn.000 | 13500] 13.0] 5 200) 131300] 12860|1.800| S0cn | F000 | $200 | 3730 | 2.700, ce Reston ‘Viadoe ‘Catton Stal as] x e e ‘Aulomatealy Welded ‘Sariass Sos seorennn asia | test 500%. | Note] 12.55] 12860] 12,360 12.150] 12.000) 11780] 11.500] 1,150| 750 | eso | 4250 oma Nee eur ‘Seamless Mate “Citon Sea as} a .000 | 12.0 1185410700] ac00 | 7.10 | .000 he] 8 fei000 | 15000] 1.35 12450] s0a00| 7c | 8.000 ars] a 8.000 | 12.000 2.000] 7.100 | 5.000 ice | iao0 | s6.000} so0e| Fe | 8.000 age | yea ii | Dare, 7.100 | ,000| aie 00 0 £580_| s.000] 14.350 129501 1000) 7,000 | 6.000 219 CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Table 11.6.5, Allowable Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems, ‘Note: Where welded construction is used, consideration should be given to the possibility of graphite format’o" =e fllowing tei: Carbon ste! above 778 F; Caron-mdyedenum see above 875 F; Chrome melyodenum sel (wth cmerum unde 0:60) al mn ET con [ae ‘aloes Spl or Tarparaluts Dog Ne oF coe Matial [Serer Sol] Zee, [Maa] 700 [ 75¢ | coo | eso [ 200 | oso [som [aco] v10e +150 x20 yaar Fumece Wises {ap Welds Carbon See ass 48000 Wioupeton an 40000 ‘Eaton See ass 45.000 nt ron 40.000 cexeiciton mato: ‘Catbon Sta ais | Aza 48000 A288 ‘2000 use S00 ‘Aza 8000 ae ‘so000 ase 5.000 Nae soo aro | “ae 8.000 ars | cts 8.000 50 tes Carton Stel Kose ese ese kere Catton Metdemun Stel ches euro eure 12% cor. 12% way or 5800 ‘Peavon, syste! ioe 8730 | 4500 | 2500, Visetam, 5 nt se a 4mcR 's0000 | 13500] 1.500 eo0|t3500| 12950|13.900| S000 | 7.000 | aso | S00 Dike, else Dice fsn.000 | 13500] 13.0] 5 200) 131300] 12860|1.800| S0cn | F000 | $200 | 3730 | 2.700, ce Reston ‘Viadoe ‘Catton Stal as] x e e ‘Aulomatealy Welded ‘Sariass Sos seorennn asia | test 500%. | Note] 12.55] 12860] 12,360 12.150] 12.000) 11780] 11.500] 1,150| 750 | eso | 4250 oma Nee eur ‘Seamless Mate “Citon Sea as} a .000 | 12.0 1185410700] ac00 | 7.10 | .000 he] 8 fei000 | 15000] 1.35 12450] s0a00| 7c | 8.000 ars] a 8.000 | 12.000 2.000] 7.100 | 5.000 ice | iao0 | s6.000} so0e| Fe | 8.000 age | yea ii | Dare, 7.100 | ,000| aie 00 0 £580_| s.000] 14.350 129501 1000) 7,000 | 6.000 219 ‘onal Sasa to pe Pong SystemCar Ne re wide const urd cnederaon bon hana thpoaally apie etn inh ower el ‘ate nl abo 75°; ton atom ts Boe SSF Comeolosnum si chrom nde 0 above aT. SST TE teen eater net eae ne ae ha inert weve mse See rere eee eet ann ‘ONIdid= 1b YaLdVHO CHAPTER 11 - PIPING ‘Table 11.6.5¢ Properties of Pipe (Continued) NOM | SCHEDULE | OUTSIDE | INSIDE | WALL] WEIGHT | WTOF | OUTSIDE |_ INSIDE] TRANS: PIPE NO.+ DiaM | DIAM | THICK. | OFPIPE | WATER | SURFACE | SURFACE | VERSE SIZE (in) (i) Ness | qb) | INPIPE* | “(eq@m) | “(sqm | AREA “in in (it (sain) 18 01S) 05 28 88 Te 246 106 ‘0705 (0568 80x) 405 215 (095 314 187. 106. 0583, 364, 7 4018) 240 ccs ‘as aut ‘ORDT 741 ‘Da55 708 80(X) 540 302 119 535 0310 141 794, ‘o716. ae 40(8) 875 493 ‘081 567 ‘0827 v7 295 910 80,0) 975. 423 126, 738 9609, a7 4106 405, 77 40(8) 840 a2 109 850 1316 20 1637 3040 8004) 840 546 147 4.087 1013 220 1433 2340, wa 4018) 71050 co 113 7.130 "2301 275 268 8000) 41.050 Tan 154 4.473 4875 275 1948 7 408) 1315 | 1.089 133 1678 3740 3a 2740 80.09 4316 a7 +70 2471 ‘a1, aa 2500 Tt 40(8) 1.660) 1.380 740 2272 art a4 3620 800) 1660_| 1278 191 2.996 5553, 438 3356 Te 4018) 7900] 1610 145 2717 ‘3820 aor aig 800 1.900 | 1.500 200 5.531 7688, as7 ‘3027 z 40(8)_| 2375 | 2.067 154 3652 | 1.482 82 5407 80.09 2375 _| 1930 218 5022 | 1270 622 074. Die 40(8) | 2875 | 2469 203 518 2072 753 ‘a62 8009 2a7_| 2323 276 765 41334 753 5095, 3 408) | 3.500] 3.068 216 757 320 316 802 8009 sew_| 2900 300 102 2s 916 181 373 | 408) | 4.000 | 358 228 9tt 428 1087 928 80 “4.00 3.364 318 1251 3.85 1.087 880 a 40(8) | 4.300 | 4.026 23r 10.73 557 1178 | 1.055 ony | 4500 | 3.26 337 14.98 4.98 asa | 1.002 3 ie 258 14.62 365 1456) 1.328 tae go | seco | 4010 276 20.70, Et tase | 1.260 @ 40(8) | 6.625 | 6.065 280 tes7 | 1251 | 1735 | 1887 sox) | 6625 | 5761 432 zasr_| 1120 | 1735 | 1510 3 40(s) | 8.628 | 7.981 322 28.55) 216 236 2000) omy | 8625 | 7.625 500 43.39, 198 228 2.006 70 40(S) | 10.750 | 10.020 365 40.46 Bat 281 262 8009 | 10750 | 9750 500 5470 324 281 | 255 80, 10750 | 9564 593 6433, 311 281 250 @ o(sy_| 12780 | _12.090 330 4380 | 496 334 “3a7 40 12750 | 11938 “408 sass | 455 3a | 313 9, 12750 | 11780 500 40 | 469 334 3.08 ie 80 12750 | 11376 687 8851 440, 3.34 2.98 @ 30(S) | 14.000 | 13.250 375 54.60 508 387 3.46 00, 14000 | 13.000 500 7210 558 367 3.40 80 14000 | 12500 750 | test | 512 367 327 aos) | 14.000 _| 15.260 375 6240, 74 a8 3.90 16 40(x) | 16.000 | 15.000, 500 82.77 765 418 393 80 46000 | 14314 | bas | 13640 | 697 448 378 8) 16.000 | 17.250 375 yoso | toos | 4zt 352 6, 16.000_|_17.000_| 500, 9360 | 98.3 471 345, 1 40 18.000] 16874 ‘562 | —10a78| 87.2 art aaz 20 18000 | 16126 | ‘037 | 17075 | 865 an ze 20(8) | 20.000 | 19.250 as | 7360 | 1267 | 524 5.04 2018) | 20000_| 19000 _} ‘500 | 10420 | 1225 | 524 AST 2 40 20.000] teers 503 | i201 | t2od | 5.24 495 80 20000 | 17933 | i031 | 20387 | 1094 | 524 470 20(s) | 24000 | 23280 37s | ‘sao | te46 | 628 6.08 0 24.000_| 23.000, 500__| 12860 _| 17090 _| 628 6.03 wi 40 ‘24000 | 22.626 | car | 171.17 | 1742] 6.28 592 80 24000 | 21sea | 121800 | 20336 | 1582 | 628 565, “To change ‘Wt of Wat ‘To change sq ff to sq mimeter, multiply By 0.905 = S's designation of standard wall pipe xe vation of extra strong wall pipe ‘in Pipe (i) to kgimeter of water, mul by 1.488 221 CHAPTER 11 - PIPING b. For pressure above 1724 kPa, but not above 4137 kPa, pipe shall be’ 4. Seamless steel in accordance with ASTM specification A-106. 2. Electric-fusion welded steel pipe of ASTM specification A-155. 3. Electric-esistance welded _ steel pipe of ASTM specification A-135 or 4. Seamless or electric-resistance welded steel pipe of ASTM specification of A-53 ©. For service up to 400°C and pressure of not ‘over 1724 kPa, any of the following classes of pipe may be used: Electricfusion welded steel of ASTM specification A-134 or A-139. 2. Electric-resistance welded _stee! pipe of ASTM specification A-135 or 3. Wroughtiron pipe of +ASTM specification A-72 d. Grade A seamless steel pipe of ASTM specification A-106, wrought-iron pipe of ASTM A-72, Grade A seamless steel pipe of ASTM A-53, or grade A electric welded pipe of ASTM A-53, A135 or A-139 shall be used for close coiling, cold bending or other uses. ©. Pipe permissible for the service specified in Sec. 11.6.7.3 may be used for temperature higher than 400°C unless _ otherwise prohibited, if the S value in accordance with Sec. 11.6.4 is used when calculating the pipe wall thickness. f. Pipe meeting API Specification SL may also be used. 68 Boltings a. The following standards shall apply to bolting: 4. For steam service pressure in ‘excess of 1724 kPa or for steam or water service temperature exceeding 232°C, the bolting material shall conform to ASTM 222 specifications A193. For temperature exceeding 400°C, only bolts studes are recommended. When cast iron flanges are used, bolting material shall be of carbon steel conforming to ASTM specification 4-307, Grade B, or A- 107, Grade 1120. b. Flange bolts or bolt-studs shall be of the imensions and material specified for the Purpose in the corresponding American flange standards. Bolts or bolt-studs shall extend completely through the nuts and if desired, may have reduced shank of a diameter not less than the diameter at root of threads. . Nuts shall conform to ASTM speeffication A- 194, 69 Flanges ‘a. Flanges shall conform to the American Standard B 16.5 for respective pressures and temperature or to the specifications set by the manufacturer. b. 172 kPa and class 862 kPa cast-iron integral or screwed companion flanges may be used with a full face gasket or with a ring gasket extending to the inner edge of the bolt holes. When using a full face gasket, the bolting maybe of heat-treated carbon steel (ASTM-A261), or alloy steel (ASTM A- 193). When using @ ring gasket, the bolting shall be of carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A307, Grade B, without heat-treatment other than stress relief. When bolting together two Class 1724 kPa integral or screwed companions cast-iron flanges, having 1.6 mm raised faces, the bolting shall be of carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A-307, Grade B. Without heat- treatment other than the stress relief. 4. 1034 kPa steel flanges may be bolted to castiiron valves, fitings or other parts, having either integral Class 862 kPa cast- iron flanges or screwed Class 862 kPa ‘companion flanges. When such construction is used, the 1.6 mm raised face on the steel flange shall be removed. When bolting such flanges together using a ring gasket extending to the inner edge of the bolt holes, the bolting shall _be of carbon steel CHAPTER 11 - PIPING ‘equivalent to ASTM A-307 Grade B, without heat-treatment othen than stress. relief. When bolting such flanges together using full face gasket, the bolting may be heat treated carbon steel (ASTM A-261) or alloy steal (ASTM A-193) e. 2069 kPa steel flanges may be bolted to cast-iron valves, fittings, or other parts having either integral Class 1724 kPa cast- iron flanges or screwed Class 1724 kPa Castiron companion flanges without any changes in the raised faces on either flange. Where such construction is used, the bolting shall be of carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A-307 Grade B, without heat treatment other than stress relief. a. The minimum meal thickness of all flange or screwed fittings and the strength of factory- made welding fittings shall not be less than that specified for the pressure and temperatures in the respective American Standards. b. Allfittings in nominal sizes above; 80 mm for Pressures above 1724 kPa but not above 2758 kPa; 50 mm for pressures above 2758 kPa but not above 4137 kPa, and 40 mm for pressures above 4137 kPa but not above 17238 kPa shall have flanged ends or welding ends. Gaskets @. Gaskets where required, shall bo of material that resists attack by the fluid carried in the Pipe line, shall be strong enough to hold the pressure, and perform the purpose intended throughout the temperature range encountered. Gaskets shall be as thin as the finish of the surface that will permit to reduce possibilty of blowing out. b. Paper, vegetable fiber, rubber or rubber inserted gaskets shall_not be used for temperatures in excess of 121°C. ©. Asbestos composition gaskets may be used as permitted in the American Standard for steel pipe flanges and flange fittings. This type of gaskets shall not be used on lines carrying oll or other Hangers, Supports, Anchors a. Piping and equipment shall be supported in a thoroughly substantial and workman like manner, rigid enough to prevent excessive vibration and anchored sufficiently to prevent undue strains on boilers and the equipment served. Hangers, supports, and anchors shall be made of durable materials, In tunnels and buildings of permanent fire proof construction, piping may be supported (on or hung from wood structures if all piping used for conveying fluid at temperatures above 121°C us spaced or insulated from such wooden members to prevent dangerous heating b. Hangers and supports shall permit free expansion and contraction of the piping between anchors. All piping shall be carried on adjustable hangers properly leveled supports, and suitable springs, sway bracing, vibration dampeners, etc. shall be provided where necessary. 6.13 Pipe Sleeves a. Where steam pipe pass through walls, partitions, floors, beams, etc., constructed of combustible material, protecting metal sleeves or thimbles shall be provided to give a clearance of not less than 6.35 mm under hot and cold conditions all around the pipe, or pipe and covering. When steam pipes pass through metal partitions, etc., a Clearance of at least 6.35 mm under hot and cold conditions shall be left all around the pipe, or pipe covering. In any cases, if the fluid temperature exceeds 121°C, the pipe shall be insulated inside the sleeve covering of at least standard thickness, Walls, floors, partitions, beams, tc., shall not be cast solidly to or built up around and in contact with a steam, hot water, or hot oil pipe. Where such pipe must be installed in a concrete floor or other building member, it shall be protected for the entire buried length with a suitable protecting pipes sleeve of steel, cast iron, wrought iron, or tile; exception maybe taken to the preceding rules where pipes pass through walls, floors, partitions, etc., that must be kept water tight. 6.14 Drains, Drips, and Steam Traps a. Suitable drains or drips shall be provided ‘wherever necessary to drain the condensate from all sections of the piping and CHAPTER 11 - PIPING equipment whenever it may collect. Suitable drains shall also be provided to empty water lines, water storage tanks, equipment containing water, etc., when such piping and equipment is out of service. At least one valve shall be placed in each drip or drain line. Drip fines from steam headers, mains, separators, and other equipment shall be properly drained by traps installed in accessible locations and below the level of the apparatus drained. Drip pumps, drip (preferably with orifice control) maybe used in lieu of traps, if they are safely installed, protected and operated under regular supervision. All drain lines shall have drip valves for free blow to the atmosphere, Drip lines from steam headers, mains, separators, and other equipment operating at different pressures shall not be connected to discharge through the same trap. Where several traps discharge into one header which is or maybe under pressure, a stop valve and a check valve shall be placed in the discharge line from each trap. Trap discharge piping shall have the same thickness as the inlet piping unless it is vented to atmosphere or operated under low pressure and has no stop valves. The trap discharge piping shall have at least the pressure rating of the maximum discharge Pressure to which it maybe subjected against freezing where necessary. Drainage from steam traps, if open to atmosphere, shall be safeguarded to prevent accidents from hot discharge. 6.15 Hydrostatic Tests a Before Erection. All valves, fittings, etc., shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic shell test made before erection equal to twice the primary steam service pressure, except that steel fittings and valves shall be capable of withstanding the test pressure as given in the American Standard for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings for the specific. material, pressure standard and facing involved (ring joint facing for welding ends.) Pipe shall be capable of meeting the hydrostatic test requirements contained in the respective specifications in Table 11.6.2, under which it is purchased. If a hydrostatic mill test pressure for pipe is not stated in any of the specifications enumerated in Table 11.6.2, the pipe shall be capable of meeting a minimum internal hydrostatic test pressure determined from the formula. =2St D Where: test pressure in kPa t= nominal pipe wall thickness in mm, pipe outside diameter in mm, and S= allowable stress in material in Kilopascal and which shall be taken as not less than 50 percent of the specified yield pint of the material except that hydrostatic tests shall_not exceed 17 238 kPa for sizes 80 mm and below, or 19 306 kPa for size over 80 mm nor shall the stress produced exceed 80 percent of the specified yield point. b. After Erection. All piping systems shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic test pressure of one and one-half times the design pressure, except that the test pressure shall in no case exceed the adjusted pressure-temperature rating for 38°C as given in the American Standard for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings for the material and pressure standard involved For systems joined wholly with welded joints the adjusted pressure rating shall be that for Ting joint facing for systems joined wholly or partly with flanged joints the adjusted pressure rating shall be that for ring joint facing. for systems joined wholly or partly with flanged joints the adjusted pressure rating shall be that for the type of facing used. 6.16 Expansion and Flexibility a. Piping systems are subject to a diversity of loadings creating stresses of different types and patterns, of which only the following CHAPTER 11 - PIPING more significant ones need generally be considered in piping stress analysis: Pressure, internal or external 2. Weight of pipe, fittings and valves, containing fluid and insulation, and other extemal loadings such as wind, 3. Thermal expansion of the line. The first two loadings produce sustained stresses which are evaluated by conventional methods. The stresses due to thermal expansion on the other hand, if of sufficient initial magnitude will be relaxed as a result of local flow in the form of yielding or in the form of creep. The stress reduction which has taken place will appear as a stress or reversed sign in the cold condition. Materials. The thermal expansion range shall be determined from the Table 11.6.16.2 as the difference between the unit expansion shown for the maximum normal- operating metal temperature and that for the minimum normal-operating metal temperature (for hot lines this may usually be taken as the erection temperature). For materials not included in this table, reference shall be made to authority source data, such as publication of the National Bureau of Standards. The cold and hot moduli of elasticity, Eo and Eh, and the moduli of torsional rigidity, Gc and Gh, respectively, may be taken as the values shown for the minimum and maximum normal operating metal temperatures in Table 11.6.16.2a for ferrous and Table 41.6.16.2b for non-ferrous materials. For flexibility calculations, Poisson's ratio may be taken as 0.3 at all temperatures for all ferrous materials. The S values, Sc and Sh at the minimum and maximum operating metal temperatures, respectively, to be used for determining the allowable expansion stress range SA shall be taken for the type of piping system involved from the applicable tables in the respective sections of the code. In the case of welded pipe, the longitudinal. 225 joint efficiency maybe disregarded in calculating expansion stresses, 6.17 General a. Piping systems shall be designed to have sufficient flexibility to prevent thermal expansion from causing 1. Failure from over-stress of the piping material or anchors 2. Leakage at joints 3. Detrimental distortion of connected ‘equipment resulting from excessive thrusts and moments. b. Flexibility shall be provided by changes of direction in the piping through the use of bends, loops, ‘and off-sets; or provision shall be made to absorb thermal strains by ‘expansion joints of the slip joints or bellows type. If desirable, flexibility may be provided by increasing or corrugating portions or all of the pipe. In this case, anchors or ties of sufficient strength and rigidity shall be installed to provide for end forces due to fluid pressure and other causes, c. Basic Assumptions and Requirements 1. Formal calculations or model tests shall be required when reasonable doubt exists as to the adequate flexibility of a system. Each problem shall be analyzed by 2 method appropriate tothe conditions, No hard and fast rule can be given as to when as analysis should be made. However, in the absence of better information the need for a formal stress analysis for a two- anchor system of uniform pipe size js indicated when the following approximate criterion isnot satisfied DY < 0.03 (L-Uy oz ‘san Caatfcien of Thema Eeanion x10" (niinF] Ta Golng ta 70FtoTrdcaied Temperate Unemthermal Expansion tn COE i (a Tapert Roope =F Material 4 Conti 70] 200 Boo aoa Tani ono | roo | 300 J 7000 | 44100 | 42007 1300 [ 7400, Satara 7 aurtaentar 7a TrastractrestTert rar aiefe 82 88 Tomcoms soos a) 3 ‘ee | 2] 270 | Soa | £63 | 685) 899 | Fa1 | 680 |e] | rma ay sos: A sos| 619] 69 650| ese | cao) aos | 710] ra2| ra2| 741 | 740 | 755 Servo ter Me 8 | a joss] te 280) 852) £28 / 852] 880 | For | ade | 88 fol) 1.0] aos Auten snes tele 4 | = |sae| ear | ose | e70| o2| a2 | 105 | 106 | 12 | 1099] 048) s05¢ 1050 & | a/R |25 $8) $0 | SH | 9 |S | 98] 12] 9] 08 ss Sing crim stories sae 4 | ~ | s80| 560 521 | 506] 613 | 626] 620 | es2 | 68s | e72] e7s | ass | a0 Ben Pecan ee & 6 | 085/450 | 250 | 300 | 800 | 475 | Gen | eas | ran [at | 920 torr at 25.02 4 ~ | r7@| r92| 200 | 222/220 | ase | 260 | 221 | 222 900) 902 | 012 ase BS 0 | 721 | 218/320) 424 833/644 | 7.00 | 6.78 | 905 11.12/1231/ 1348 14.65 Monel 4 5 lralemlez 240 | 050 | 070 | a06 | o16| 934 | 052 | 970| 80 1004 SRs0cu 8 oo [the [251 |$35 | 458 S35 [Gan | es [Sto | toa inv sans| suse toon ‘Monel A 7.48 | 768 | 790 | 8.09 | 830 | a50 | 870| 890) 910/ 920|950|970 90 eN-29 Cu | [tar] bee | 59 €%r| 828 | eas | roe an | san |tia0|s000| sae 876 sioan 4 1295| r328| 1360] 1990| 1.20| 3 | o | Feo] Sie | S| Pit vas | Gray Cast ron (en 575 | 593/610 | 623 | 647 | 655 | 683 | 700 | 7.19 3 | & |oao| tes 242| sas | £47 | Sos | ses | oor soe bronze | 4 | ~ |1a0 1022/1023] 192 | 1042] 1052) 108 | 107 | 108 | 1080| 1100 Bo [ee | Dee | See Sas | Gee | Pas | a0 | tna | tao |toar| tase brass 3 are | 1oc0| 1029) 1047|19¢0|s092) 118 | 114 | 110 | 449] 1200 3 | & | Ske] Sie Mae! Sar] Cie] San ae | 13120 | hes] reso oust kon A 222) r4a| ras |773| 700 90: | a9 | 020 | 230 & fa | hie) 206 for | Sap Sor che ria| ae | 83s Copper! 4 ls lesimeel | | | fee 615 Bleue | ONidid= +1 YaLdWHO Table 11.61628 Modul of Elatety and Torsional Righty for Ferrous Materia E= Modulus of Eastioty ~ Multiply Values by 10° {G = Modulus of Torsional Rigiy ~ Multly Values by 108 Temperature, Dag F Materia [Moduius| 751200 [300 | 400_[ 500. _600-| 700 | 600" | 900 [F008 7300 { Carbon stets wth eatron content | € | 279 | 277 |274| aro las 257| 248 | 234| 195 194 | 120 O30% oriess @ | %08 | 107 |308| 104 |102 99 | 96 | 90| 71 59 | so Carbon stels wih caboncontent | € | 209 | 205 |200| 20 |ar4 207 | 254|238| 215 188 | 180 112 above 0.30% & | 416 | tsa [412] 109/07 103| 98 | 92| 83 72 | s7 Carbor-Maly sects lowermely | £ | 209 | 295 |200| 208 |2a0 274 | 205 | 257| 245 250 | 204 186 steels trough 3% Cr @ | 46 | tsa |112| 110 |t08 108|102|99| 94 ee | 78 50 Intrmmedite crmely stots (6%-| £ | 274 | 271 |208| 204 |2n0 254 | 249|242| 235 228 | 219 200 | 195 Pool awteriiesahiess steel | G | see) soa |analanaloe a7 | 96 |ez| eo ee | es 78'| 73 ‘Straight chromium stainless steel € | 202| 287 |283| 277 |270 260/248 | 231 | 21.1 186 | 156 122 (Geer, 176,27 &) & | ia) 12 |s10] 108 tos 101 | @6 | 90 |e2 72 | eo 47 Wrought ron | 295) 266 |252| 277 |270 205) 258 | 220 | @ | ia) te [a5] 114 [112 ue tos | os Gray castron e, | 194) 192 [129] 126 |122 117 | 110 | 102 4 184 67 *No data availa, ‘Note: Mutsy by 6.895 fo get values in KPa. Nows: “C= sFa32 Te ‘ONidid= 11 YaLdVHO CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Zeb BH -= 0, “SON ‘Bch UI Sanjen 196 0} 968°9 Aq Admin :e10N ‘a1qeIIeNe eIeP ON, zx | opp | gv 2 wz gy" sy"Ueg To gg eo en | ci jowlralzal|eajoan! 3 ‘ezteig un popes] as | zr osy|ors|szs|uzs| 9 pe ‘no 9g et) zz | zz joer |se|rer|ejorn| 3 ‘$82.9 [eIDIOUOD ces | or 93] 06s|009}¢e09| 9 2 9696'66 zer|zv|ev| vst |ysr}ost|espjoo) 3 seddeq ve} se) ue}selec|ee|] o | sels |zo|rojoojou| 3 wnuiwny | o c&-02 02-08 e zor} vor) zz) oz) os|rer jee jee] 3 P¥PIN —4adcog, | ez|ze|se|zel|oe|reles|se|se| o wT 62 —IN 99 ver] evs | oot | oar | oz | ree] 292 | vee | 992) esc} oer )om lowe) 3 7D 0€~IN 29 14, oozt [ort | 0001 | 006 | 008 | oz | 009 | oos | oor | ove | O02 | cor | OZ : a bea anjeredwar sa ow SPW 401 Aq sone, Aidit ~ Apres UOISICL Jo SMINPON = 9 01 Aq sonrey Airy — Aiosei3 Jo SrinpOIA = 3 Teperew sno1e4 UON 10) AypiBny euo|si04 pue AyoAseIa JO 1INPOW, az‘9r ob orgen 228 CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Where D=nominal pipe size, 1mr resultant of movements to be absorbed by pipe line, mm anchor distance (length of straight line joining anchors), metre developed length of line axis metre In calculating the flexibility of a piping system between anchor points, the system shall be treated as a whole. The significance of all parts of the line and of all restraints, such as solid hangers or guides, including intermediate restraints introduced for the purpose of reducing moments and forces on equipment or small branch ines shall be recognized. Calculations shall take into account stress-intensification factors found to exist in components other than plain straight pipe. Credit may be taken for the extra flexibility of such components. In the absence of more directly applicable data, the flexibility factors shown in Fig. 11.6.17.3(c) may be used, Dimensional properties of pipe and fitings as used in flexibility calculations, shall be based on nominal dimensions. The pressure stresses for services subject to severe corrosion shall be based on the reduced thickness of the pipe. The total expansion range from the minimum of the maximum normal- operating temperature shall be used in all calculations, whether piping is cold sprung or not. Not only the expansion of the line itself, but also linear and angular movements. of the equipment to which it is attached, shall be considered. Calculations for the expansions stresses Sz shall be based on the modulus of elasticity Ec at room temperature, 229 6.18 Stresses and Reactions a b. Using stresses, expansion shall be significant point. the foregoing assumptions, and reactions due investigated at The expansion stresses shall be combined in accordance with the following formula, Se= V8) +487 where: S, = IM,/Z = resultant bending stress kPa S,=M,/2Z = torsional stress M, = resultant bending moment, newton- metre, M, = torsional moment, newton-metre Z.= section modulus of pipe (m*) i= stress intensification factor The maximum computed expansion stress, Se based on 100 per cent of the expansion and Ec for the cold condition shall not exceed the allowable stress range, S,: Where S,=f (1.25 So + 0.25 S;) Inthe above formula. Sc = allowable stress (S value) in the hot condition S,= allowable stress (S value) in the hot condition Sc and Sp are to be taken from the table in the applicable sections of the code. f = stress-range reduction factor for cyclic conditions. In the absence ‘of more applicable date, the values of f shall be taken from the following table: Attach Fig. 11.6.1.7.3(c) and Fig, For graph for k and i to the CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Total No. of Full Temp, Cycles Over Expected life Stress Reduction Factor f 7 000 and less ... 414 000 and less ... 22.000 and less.. 45 000 and less 100 000 and less. 205 000 and less By expected life is meant total number of years during which system is expected to be in active operation. ‘The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight and other sustained external loadings shall not exceed S;, Where the sum of these stresses is less than S, the difference between Sh and this sum may be added to the term 0.25 S) in the above formula, The longitudinal pressure stress S,, shall be determined by dividing the end force due to internal Pressure: F=pnd 4 By the cross-sectional area of the pipe wall A=m (D’-¢) 4 or Sq =F. = _pd2. A D-d In which Sep = longitudinal pressure stress, kPa P= internal pressure, KPa d_ = nominal outside diameter of the pipe minus two times the normal wall thickness in mm, D_ = nominal outside diameter of pipe, mm 1. The reactions (forces and moments) Ry and Re in the hot and cold conditions, respectively, shall be obtained "as follows from the reactions R derived from the flexibility calculations based on the modulus of temperature E.. Ry= 2c) R 3 Ee R.= CR,or elasticity at room Ss Ss. + Ec En ) R Whichever is greater, and with the further condition that Where c cold spring factor varying from zero for no cold spring to one for 100 per cent cold spring Se = maximum computed expansion stress Ec = modulus of elasticity in the old condition Ey = modulus of elasticity in hot condition R= range of reactions corresponding to the full expansion range based on EC. Rc and Rh represent the maximum reactions estimated to occur in the ‘cold and hot conditions, respectively. c. The design and spacing of support shall be checked to assure that the sum of the longitudinal stress due to the weight, pressure, and other sustained external loading does not exceed Sy, Section 7.0 Industrial Gas and Air Piping ‘Systems 7.4. This industrial air and gas in mines, power plants, industrial and gas manufacturing plants. a. Piping with metal temperature above 232°C. or below ~ 2.9 °C, 230 CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Fig. 11.6.1.7.3(c) Flexibility Factor k and Stress Intensification Factor | it Flexibility | Stress Lot. | __ Flexibility Description Factork | Factori | Characteristic h Sketch Welding elbow 1, 2, 3 1.65 09 a or pipe bend h re Foe nove Closely spaced mitre bend 1, 2.4 | 1.52 0.9 ¥ tas zt s

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