NOORFAHMY BIN AHMAD SUHAIMI (2019648902)

A4AS1205_3
TUTORIAL CHAPTER 1: BLOOD

1. Explain why a patient B blood type cannot receive A blood type. (5 marks)

- Antigen and antibody are different for blood types A and B.

- A antigens and Anti-B antibodies are found in A blood type, whereas B blood types have B
antigens and Anti-A antibodies.
- If a patient with a B blood type receives an A blood type, the cells will clump together,
causing an agglutination reaction.
- This is because anti-A antibodies from the B blood type will react with antigens from the A
blood type.
- This causes blockage of small blood vessels and hemolysis, which can harm the kidneys and
other organs.

2. Explain why a patient O blood type just only can receive O blood type. (5 marks)

- Because it lacks A and B antigens but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, Type O blood can
only be given to people with O blood types. Agglutination happens when someone with an O
blood type receives blood from someone with another blood type. Because anti-A and anti-B
clump together with antigen A and antigen B, this happens. A person with a blood type can,
however, only be a donor to another blood type if it is O negative.

3. Describe what may happen when a patient under surgery receives incompatible blood type. (5
marks)
Antigens and antibodies are specific to each blood type (A, B, AB, and O). It is solely applicable to
their own type. Agglutination occurs when a person obtains blood of an incompatible blood type.
Agglutination occurs when the recipient's antibody binds to the antigen on the donor red blood
cell. This could lead to a life-threatening situation where the red blood cells will clump together
and form a blockage in the blood.

4. Explain the situation may happen on positive Rh fetus of the negative Rh mother if this is her first-
time pregnancy. (5 marks)
Some fetal red blood cells may leak into the mother's bloodstream during pregnancy. The
mother's immune system will develop antibodies against Rh antigens in reaction to the fetal
antigens (anti-Rh).

5. Discuss why the agglutination occur if there is a mismatched blood transfusion. (4 marks)
Antigens and antibodies are different for different blood types. Agglutination can occur when
cells from a mismatched blood transfusion clump together. It produces hemolysis, which can
harm the kidneys and other organs. It causes blockage of small blood vessels and causes
hemolysis.
6. Describe about anaemia and leukaemia. (6 marks)
- Anaemia is defined as a reduction in the number of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the
blood. It has an abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity in its blood. It can produce
paleness, chills, weariness, and shortness of breath due to its limited oxygen carrying
capacity.
- Leukemia, on the other hand, is a type of cancer that affects white blood cells. It starts in the
bone marrow and leads to an overabundance of aberrant white blood cells. Body tissues
bruise readily, bones become sensitive, and lymph nodes expand.