Bio2 11 - 12 Q3 0102 PF FD

Lesson 1.
Using the Laws of

Inheritance to Predict
Genotypes and Phenotypes
General Biology 2
1/2
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Have you tried playing
Snakes and Ladders
with your friends or
siblings? What
determines your
chances of winning?
2
When playing Snakes and
Ladders, your probability
of winning depends on
the outcomes of
throwing dice and the
random chances of
encountering snakes and
ladders.
3
Likewise,
biological
inheritance also
relies on certain
chances of
transmitting genes
from parents to
their offspring.
4
If you are given a plant with a
dominant trait, how would you
know if it is homozygous or
heterozygous?
5
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Predict genotypes and phenotypes of parents

and offspring using the laws of inheritance
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-1).
6
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Apply the laws of inheritance in identifying the

possible outcomes of genetic crosses.
● Compute for offspring probabilities in genetic

problems.
7
Dominance in Garden Peas
Dominance applies to the seven characters of garden peas such as

in the shape or texture of their seeds. 8
Use of Testcross
Determines genotype Involves mating to an

of the individual with individual with the
the dominant trait recessive trait
TESTCROSS
Generates two Identifies

possible outcomes in homozygosity or
the crosses heterozygosity
9
Use of Testcross
CASE 1 CASE 2
F1
10
Use of Testcross
CASE 1 CASE 2
P Round × Wrinkled Round × Wrinkled
F1
11
Use of Testcross
CASE 1 CASE 2

A_ × aa A_ × aa
F1
12
Use of Testcross
CASE 1 CASE 2

A_ × aa A_ × aa
F1 All with round seeds Some with round seeds,

some with wrinkled seeds
13
Use of Testcross
CASE 1 CASE 2

A_ × aa A_ × aa

The recessive trait did not

appear in F1. The first parent
must be homozygous.
14
Use of Testcross
CASE 1 CASE 2

A_ × aa A_ × aa

The recessive trait did not The recessive trait appeared

appear in F1. The first parent in F1. The first parent must be
must be homozygous. heterozygous.
15
Use of Testcross
CASE 1 CASE 2

AA × aa Aa × aa
F1 All with round seeds (Aa) Some with round seeds (Aa),
some with wrinkled seeds (aa)
The recessive trait did not The recessive trait appeared

appear in F1. The first parent in F1. The first parent must be
must be homozygous. heterozygous.
16
Is the cross between a tall pea
and a dwarf pea an example of a
testcross? Why?
17
Problem Solving Techniques
Punnett Square
APPLICATIONS
OF
INHERITANCE
LAWS
Forked-Line Probability
Method Methods
18
Punnett Square
The Punnett square

is a simple method
where the alleles of
parents are
combined to
determine the
possible outcomes
of fertilization.
19
Sample Punnett Square
1. Write the given. Determine the result of the

testcross of a pea that is
2. Determine the alleles. heterozygous for both seed
shape and seed color.
3. Identify the alleles.
4. Draw the square.
5. Distribute alleles.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine phenotypes.
8. Determine ratios. 20

AaBb × aabb
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.

AaBb × aabb
A - round B - yellow
a - wrinkled b - green
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.

AaBb × aabb
2. Determine the alleles. heterozygous for both seed AB Ab ab
A - round B - yellow aB ab
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.

AaBb × aabb
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.

AaBb × aabb
4. Draw the square.
5. Distribute alleles. AB Ab aB ab
6. Combine alleles.
ab

AaBb × aabb
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb
ab

AaBb × aabb
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb
ab round, round, wrinkled, wrinkled,
yellow green yellow green
1. Write the given. A - round B - yellow

AaBb × aabb
2. Determine the alleles.
3. Identify the alleles. AB Ab aB ab
4. Draw the square. AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

ab round, round, wrinkled, wrinkled,
5. Distribute alleles. yellow green yellow green
6. Combine alleles.
GR: 1/4 AaBb: 1/4 Aabb: 1/4 aaBb: 1/4 aabb
PR: 1/4 round, yellow: 1/4 round, green: 1/4
wrinkled, yellow: 1/4 wrinkled, green
Six Possible Monohybrid Crosses
CASE 1 AA × AA
A A
A cross
between A AA AA
two
homozygous A AA AA
dominant
parents. GR: 100% or all AA
PR: 100% or all dominant
29
CASE 2 AA × Aa
A A
A cross
between
A AA AA
homozygous
dominant and a Aa Aa
heterozygous
parents. GR: 1/2 AA: 1/2 Aa
30
CASE 3 Aa × Aa
A a
A cross
between
A AA Aa
heterozygous
individuals or a Aa aa
hybrids.
GR: 1/4 AA: 2/4 Aa: 1/4 aa
PR: 3/4 dominant : 1/4 recessive
31
CASE 4 Aa × aa
A A
A cross
between two
a Aa Aa
true-breeding
individuals a Aa Aa
with different
traits GR: 100% or all Aa
32
CASE 5 Aa × aa
A a
A cross
between a a Aa aa
hybrid and a
recessive
a Aa aa
individual.
GR: 1/2 Aa: 1/2 aa
PR: 1/2 dominant : 1/2 recessive
33
CASE 6 aa × aa
a a
A cross
between a aa aa
two
recessive
a aa aa
individuals.
GR: 100% or all aa
PR: 100% or all recessive
34
Forked-Line Method
Requires analysis of each
monohybrid cross
FORKED-LINE
METHOD
Can determine
No need to identify
offspring ratios
the alleles directly
35
Forked-Line Method
1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

ratio of the provided cross.
2. Analyze each cross.
3. Create first column.
4. Create second column.
5. Make branches.
6. Combine genotypes.
7. Multiply probabilities.
Forked-Line Method

ratio of the provided cross. MmNn × MmNn
5. Make branches.
Forked-Line Method


Mm × Mm 1/4 MM: 2/4 Mm: 1/4 mm
Nn × Nn 1/4 NN: 2/4 Nn: 1/4 nn
5. Make branches.
Forked-Line Method


Mm × Mm 1/4 MM: 2/4 Mm: 1/4 mm
Nn × Nn 1/4 NN: 2/4 Nn: 1/4 nn
5. Make branches.
Forked-Line Method

5. Make branches.
7.
7. Determine ratios.
8. 40
Forked-Line Method

5. Make branches.
7.
8. 41
Forked-Line Method

5. Make branches.
7.
8. 42
Forked-Line Method

5. Make branches.
7.
8. 43
Forked-Line Method

5. Make branches.
7.
8. 44
Forked-Line Method

5. Make branches.
7.
8. 45
Forked-Line Method

5. Make branches.
7.
8. 46
Forked-Line Method
1. Write the given. Determine the phenotypic

ratio of the provided cross.
2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
cross.
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
5. Create
Make branches.
second column.
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
6. Combine
phenotypes.
8. 47
Forked-Line Method

2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
cross.
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
5. Create
Make branches.
second column.
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
6. Combine
phenotypes.
8. 48
Forked-Line Method

2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
M - Tall N - Violet
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
cross. m - Dwarf n - White
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
5. Create
Make branches.
second column.
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
6. Combine
phenotypes.
8. 49
Forked-Line Method

2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
M - Tall N - Violet
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
5. Create
Make branches.
second column.
Mm × Mm
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
6. Combine
phenotypes. Nn × Nn
8. 50
Forked-Line Method

2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
M - Tall N - Violet
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
Mm × Mm 3/4 Tall (M_):
5. Create
Make branches.
second column. 1/4 Dwarf (mm)
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
Nn × Nn 3/4 Violet (N_):
6. Combine
phenotypes.
1/4 White (nn)
8. 51
Forked-Line Method

2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
cross.
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
5. Create
Make branches.
second column.
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
6. Combine
phenotypes.
8. 52
Forked-Line Method

2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
cross.
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
5. Create
Make branches.
second column.
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
6. Combine
phenotypes.
8. 53
Forked-Line Method

2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
cross.
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
5. Create
Make branches.
second column.
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
6. Combine
phenotypes.
8. 54
Forked-Line Method

2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
cross.
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
5. Create
Make branches.
second column.
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
6. Combine
phenotypes.
8. 55
Forked-Line Method

2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
cross.
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
5. Create
Make branches.
second column.
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
6. Combine
phenotypes.
8. 56
Forked-Line Method

2. Assign
Analyzethe
each
alleles.
cross.
3. Analyze
Create first
eachcolumn.
cross.
4. Create
Createsecond
first column.
column.
5. Create
Make branches.
second column.
6. Make
Combine
branches.
genotypes.
6. Combine
phenotypes.
8. 57
Probability Methods
What if you are simply asked to determine the

chance of getting AabbccDdEe genotype from
the cross AaBbCcDdEe × AaBbCcDdEe, would
you still use either the Punnett square or
forked-line method?
58
Probability Methods
Probability as the No need to determine

mathematical the complete
measure of chance offspring ratios
PROBABILITY
METHODS
Can directly determine Uses either or both

the probability of an the sum and product
genotype or phenotype rules of probability
59
How do the sum and product
rules of probability apply to the
laws of inheritance?
60
Probability Methods
Probability of obtaining either

dominant or recessive alleles by the gametes.
Genotype Probability of Probability of

obtaining A obtaining a
AA 1 or 100% 0
Aa 1/2 or 50% 1/2 or 50%
aa 0 1 or 100%
61
Probability Methods
Product
Rule
62
Probability Methods
Product
Rule
The chance of
two or more
independent
events to occur
together is
equal to the
product of their
individual
probabilities.
63
Probability Methods
Example 1: Obtaining genotype probabilities by

Product multiplying individual gamete probabilities.
Rule
The chance of
two or more
independent
events to occur
together is
equal to the
product of their
individual
probabilities.
64
Probability Methods
Example 1: Obtaining genotype probabilities by

Product multiplying individual gamete probabilities.
Rule
♂
A a
The chance of (1/2 chance of getting (1/2 chance of getting
two or more from the father) from the father)
independent A
events to occur (1/2 chance of AA Aa
together is getting (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/4 (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/4
equal to the from the mother)
♀
product of their a
individual (1/2 chance of Aa aa
probabilities.
getting (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/4 (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/4
from the mother)
65
Probability Methods
Inheritance of the alleles from each parent are

Product independent events, thus multiply their probabilities.
Rule
♂
A a
independent A
♀
product of their a
probabilities.
getting (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/4 (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/4
from the mother)
66
Probability Methods
Inheritance of the alleles from each parent are

Product independent events, thus multiply their probabilities.
Rule
♂
A a
independent A
♀
product of their a
probabilities.
getting (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/4 (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/4
from the mother)
67
Probability Methods
Example 2: Solving for offspring probabilities in

Product crosses involving independently assorting genes.
Rule
The chance of
two or more
independent
events to occur
together is
equal to the
product of their
individual
probabilities.
68
Probability Methods

Rule
Solve for the probabilities of obtaining the following offspring
from the cross AaBbCc × aaBBCc, where genes A, B, and C are
The chance of independently assorting.
two or more
independent
events to occur
together is
equal to the
product of their
individual
probabilities.
69
Probability Methods

Rule
Solve for the probabilities of obtaining the following offspring
from the cross AaBbCc × aaBBCc, where genes A, B, and C are
The chance of independently assorting.
two or more
independent 1. AaBbCc
events to occur
together is
equal to the 2. aaBbcc
product of their
individual
probabilities. 3. aaBBCC
70
Probability Methods

Rule
The three genes are independently assorting,
The chance of thus multiply individual probabilities.
two or more
independent 1. AaBbCc
events to occur
together is
equal to the 2. aaBbcc
product of their
individual
probabilities. 3. aaBBCC
71
Probability Methods

Rule
two or more
independent 1. AaBbCc = (chance of Aa) × (chance of Bb) × (chance of Cc)
events to occur = (1/2) × (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/8
together is
equal to the 2. aaBbcc = (chance of aa) × (chance of bb) × (chance of cc)
product of their = (1/2) × (1/2) × (1/4) = 1/16
individual
probabilities. 3. aaBBCC = (chance of aa) × (chance of BB) × (chance of CC)
= (1/2) × (1/2) × (1/4) = 1/16
72
Probability Methods

Rule
two or more
independent 1. AaBbCc = (chance of Aa) × (chance of Bb) × (chance of Cc)
events to occur = (1/2) × (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/8
together is
equal to the 2. aaBbcc = (chance of aa) × (chance of bb) × (chance of cc)
product of their = (1/2) × (1/2) × (1/4) = 1/16
individual
probabilities. 3. aaBBCC = (chance of aa) × (chance of BB) × (chance of CC)
= (1/2) × (1/2) × (1/4) = 1/16
73
Probability Methods
Sum
Rule
74
Probability Methods
Sum
Rule
The probability
of either of two
mutually
exclusive events
occurring is
equal to the sum
of their
individual
probabilities.
75
Probability Methods
Example 1: You are given one turn or attempt to roll a
Sum die, and you want to determine the chance of landing
Rule with two or four.
The probability
of either of two
mutually
exclusive events
occurring is
equal to the sum
of their
individual
probabilities.
76
Probability Methods
Given: One attempt to roll a die.
The probability
of either of two
mutually
exclusive events
occurring is
equal to the sum
of their
individual
probabilities.
77
Probability Methods
The probability
Asked: Chance of either 2 or 4.
of either of two
mutually
exclusive events
occurring is
equal to the sum
of their
individual
probabilities.
78
Probability Methods
The probability
of either of two
mutually Theory: With only an attempt, one
exclusive events cannot get both; we can only land a
occurring is 2 or a 4.
equal to the sum
of their
individual
probabilities.
79
Probability Methods
The probability
of either of two
mutually Theory: With only an attempt, one
exclusive events cannot get both; we can only land a
occurring is 2 or a 4.
equal to the sum
of their Conclusion: These events are
individual mutually exclusive.
probabilities.
80
Probability Methods
The probability Thus, add their individual chances.

of either of two
mutually
exclusive events
occurring is
equal to the sum
of their
individual
probabilities.
81
Probability Methods
The probability Thus, add their individual chances.

of either of two
mutually Chance of either a two or a four
exclusive events = (chance of a 2) + (chance of a 4)
occurring is = (1/6) + (1/6)
equal to the sum = 2/6
of their = 1/3 or 33.33%
individual
probabilities.
82
Probability Methods
Example 2: What is the chance of getting an offspring

Sum with the dominant phenotype given the cross Rr × Rr?
Rule
The probability
of either of two
mutually
exclusive events
occurring is
equal to the sum
of their
individual
probabilities.
83
Probability Methods

Rule
The probability
of either of two
mutually
exclusive events
occurring is
equal to the sum
of their
individual
probabilities.
84
Probability Methods

Rule
Event 1: Dominant R
The probability from both parents
of either of two
mutually
exclusive events
occurring is
equal to the sum
of their
individual
probabilities.
85
Probability Methods

Rule
Event 1: Dominant R
of either of two
mutually Event 2: Dominant R
exclusive events from mother and
occurring is recessive r from father
equal to the sum
of their
individual
probabilities.
86
Probability Methods

Rule
Event 1: Dominant R
of either of two
equal to the sum
Event 3: Recessive r
of their from mother and
individual dominant R from father
probabilities.
87
Probability Methods
Only these events can give rise to a dominant phenotype, thus

Sum we should add their individual probabilities.
Rule
Event 1: Dominant R
of either of two
equal to the sum
probabilities.
88
Probability Methods
Probability of dominant phenotype = (event 1) + (event 2) + (event 3)
Sum = (1/4) + (1/4) + (1/4)
= 3/4 or 75%
Rule
Event 1: Dominant R
of either of two
equal to the sum
probabilities.
89
If you want to determine the
probability of getting a girl and a
boy in consecutive pregnancies,
which rule of probability is more
applicable, the sum rule or the
product rule? Why?
90
Let’s Practice!
In humans, the deposition of melanin in the skin, eyes, and hair is
under the control of a gene that is inherited through complete
dominance. The recessive mutant allele is characterized by the
impaired pigmentation, which results in the condition called
albinism. If a normally pigmented couple, each of whom has an
albino parent, had children, what is the expected genotypic and
phenotypic ratios of their children with respect to the trait? Use a
Punnett square to justify your answer.
91
Let’s Practice!
In humans, the deposition of melanin in the skin, eyes, and hair is
under the control of a gene that is inherited through complete
dominance. The recessive mutant allele is characterized by the
impaired pigmentation, which results in the condition called
albinism. If a normally pigmented couple, each of whom has an
albino parent, had children, what is the expected genotypic and
phenotypic ratios of their children with respect to the trait? Use a
Punnett square to justify your answer.
The genotypic ratio of the cross is 1/4 AA: 2/4 Aa: 1/4 aa.
The phenotypic ratio is 3/4 pigmented and 1/4 albino.
92
Try It!
Given the cross AaBb × aaBb, where

A–round seed, a–wrinkled seed,
B–yellow seeds, and b–green seeds,
what are the genotypic and phenotypic
ratios of the offspring? Use Punnett
square to solve for the answers.
93
Let’s Practice!
In humans, the presence of dimples are controlled by dominant
alleles while the presence of a hitchhiker’s thumb is recessive. The
absence of dimples and the presence of a hitchhiker’s thumb in an
individual requires two copies of the recessive alleles. By using the
forked-line method, determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios
of the children of a couple, wherein the male is heterozygous for
both traits, while the female is heterozygous for hitchhiker’s
thumb, but has no dimples.
94
Let’s Practice!
The genotypic ratio is 1/8 GGHh: 1/8 GGhh: 2/8 (or 1/4)
GgHh: 2/8 (or 1/4) Gghh: 1/8 ggHh: 1/8 gghh.
95
Let’s Practice!
The phenotypic ratio is 3/8 non-hitchhiker’s thumb,

dimpled: 3/8 non-hitchhiker’s thumb, without dimples:
1/8 hitchhiker’s thumb, dimpled: 1/8 hitchhiker’s thumb,
without dimples.
96
Try It!
By using the fork-line method,

determine the genotypic ratio of the
offspring of the testcross of MmNnOo.
97
Let’s Practice!
Two separate crosses were performed in peas. The first cross
involved seed shape and seed color. The second cross involves
height, inflorescence, and flower colors. The phenotypes of the
parents and offspring are given below. Give the complete
genotypes of both parents and offspring for both crosses. Use A for
seed shape, B for seed color, C for height, D for inflorescence, and E
for flower color.
Cross 1 Cross 2
round, yellow × wrinkled, green tall, terminal, white × dwarf, axial, violet
1/4 round, yellow 1/4 tall, axial, violet
1/4 round, green 1/4 dwarf, axial, violet
1/4 wrinkled, yellow 1/4 tall, terminal, violet
1/4 wrinkled, green 1/4 dwarf, terminal, violet 98
Let’s Practice!
for flower color.
We can fill in the second allele of the individuals with a

recessive one if a recessive phenotype appears in the
offspring.
99
Let’s Practice!
for flower color.
By contrast, if no recessive phenotype appears in the

offspring, such as in gene E, the dominant parent must
be homozygous for the trait.
100
Try It!
A cross between two peas was made. The
first parent has smooth pods, white
flowers, and yellow seeds. The second
parent has smooth pods, violet flowers, and
yellow seeds. Four offspring appeared in
the offspring as follows: (1) smooth, violet,
yellow; (2) wrinkled, violet, green; (3)
smooth, violet, green; and (4) wrinkled,
violet, yellow. Provide the genotypes of
both parents and all of their offspring.
101
Check Your Understanding
Determine the accuracy of each of the following

statements. Write true if the statement is correct and
false if otherwise.
1. A cross between two violet-flowered plants is an

example of a testcross.
2. In a Punnett square, the gametes of the parents are
combined.
3. In the cross Aa × aa, two possible phenotypes may
appear in the offspring.
102
Check Your Understanding
Describe the application of item (a) to the provided

item (b). Provide brief answers only.
1. (a) law of segregation in a (b) Punnett square

2. (a) law of independent assortment in (b) probability
method
3. (a) testcross in (b) analyzing the genotype of a
round-seeded pea
103
Let’s Sum It Up!
● Given the probability that an individual with the

dominant phenotype may be homozygous or
heterozygous, a testcross is used. When
performing a testcross, the individual with the
dominant trait is crossed to an individual with
the recessive trait.
104
Let’s Sum It Up!
● Punnett square is the most basic technique in

combining the gametes of parents to determine
the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring.
105
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The forked-line method is a more

straightforward technique that also allows the
determination of the genotypes and phenotypes
of the progeny, as well as their corresponding
ratios.
106
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The probability method is useful when

enumerating all genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring is not needed. It is more applicable
when directly solving for the probabilities of
particular genotypes and phenotypes in the
progeny.
107
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The product rule of probability should be used

when solving the likelihood of two independent
events occurring simultaneously. It is applicable
to problems involving independently assorting
genes.
● The sum rule of probability should be used

when solving for the probability of either of two
or more events occurring. 108
Let’s Sum It Up!
109
Challenge Yourself
Two highly inbred strains of

laboratory mice were crossed. One
parent has black fur, and the other
parent has gray fur. All of their
offspring possess black fur. What is
the expected genotypic and
phenotypic ratio if all of their
offspring intercrossed?
110
Photo Credit
● Slide 2: Snake and Ladders by Gaurav Dhwaj Khadka is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia
Commons.
111
Bibliography
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Bio2 11 - 12 Q3 0102 PF FD

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Bio2 11 - 12 Q3 0102 PF FD

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Lesson 1.

Using the Laws of

Predict genotypes and phenotypes of parents

● Apply the laws of inheritance in identifying the

● Compute for oﬀspring probabilities in genetic

Dominance applies to the seven characters of garden peas such as

Determines genotype Involves mating to an

Generates two Identiﬁes

P Round × Wrinkled Round × Wrinkled

P Round × Wrinkled Round × Wrinkled

P Round × Wrinkled Round × Wrinkled

F1 All with round seeds Some with round seeds,

P Round × Wrinkled Round × Wrinkled

F1 All with round seeds Some with round seeds,

The recessive trait did not

P Round × Wrinkled Round × Wrinkled

F1 All with round seeds Some with round seeds,

The recessive trait did not The recessive trait appeared

P Round × Wrinkled Round × Wrinkled

The recessive trait did not The recessive trait appeared

The Punnett square

1. Write the given. Determine the result of the

4. Draw the square.

1. Write the given. Determine the result of the

4. Draw the square.

1. Write the given. Determine the result of the

1. Write the given. Determine the result of the

1. Write the given. Determine the result of the

1. Write the given. Determine the result of the

1. Write the given. Determine the result of the

1. Write the given. Determine the result of the

1. Write the given. A - round B - yellow

3. Identify the alleles. AB Ab aB ab

4. Draw the square. AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

3. Create ﬁrst column.

4. Create second column.

1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

3. Create ﬁrst column.

4. Create second column.

1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

3. Create ﬁrst column.

1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

3. Create ﬁrst column.

1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

3. Create ﬁrst column.

4. Create second column.

1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

3. Create ﬁrst column.

4. Create second column.

1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

3. Create ﬁrst column.

4. Create second column.

1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

3. Create ﬁrst column.

4. Create second column.

1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

3. Create ﬁrst column.

4. Create second column.

1. Write the given. Determine the genotypic

3. Create ﬁrst column.

4. Create second column.