HA PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIR PHYSICS

A PHYSICS LIVE ONLINE CLASSES

PHYSIOCs
with Anoop Sir
n innovative approach

r
ICSE CLASS -10
Si
op

PHYSICSS
no
A

A
CHAPTER -4
h

h
it
REVISION NOTES

w
cs
si
hy
REFRACTION AT PLANE
P

SURFACE

PAGE... 1 TO 6
r
Si
op
no
A

A
 PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIR PHYSICS

A PHYSICSs LIVE ONLINE CLASSES

PHYSIOcs
with Anoop Sir
An innovative appreaen

ICSE CLASS -10 PHYSICs 1

r
REFRACTION AT PLANE SURFACE REVISION NOTES

Si
The speed of light = C. 1n ar,
OrIn any other transparent (3) ray of ight
op
vacuum 3 x 105 ms- Aj incident normaily
the speed of light is less
in water 2:25 x103 msthan that in air or vacuum|
MEDIUM 1
AtR (RARER)
în glass. 2x 108 m S angle of
incidence
no

in optically denser medium = 0° 90 Surface

speedof ight slows down Li S Separating
in optically rarer medium angleof AEFRACTED RAY two media,
light speeds up refraction passes
A

A
MEDUM 2
Lr=U undeviated GLASS OPR
WATER
REFRACTION OFLIGHT the ray deviatio [DENSER)
h

h
The change in direction of the path of ligh
when it passes from one transparent medium| Cause ot reiracthon

it
light travels with different speeds in diferent media.
|to another iransparent medium, When ray of lightpasses jrom one medium toanother|
refraction is a surface phenomenon. its directòn cnanges because of change in its speed.

w
ai tne boundary separating the twO LAWS OF REFRACTION
media, light suffers a partia reflection
twolaws Snel's laws,

cs
and partial refraction
(1) The incident ray, the refructed ray and the
The intensityor amplitudeof refracted normal a the point of incidence, all fie in ihe same

si
light is less than that of the incident light plane.
because (2) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence
hy
a partof light is reflected.
to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for
the pair of given media. This constant is called the
(1)When a ray of light travels from denser refractive index of the second medium with respect
P

medium to a rarer medium

to the first medium. The refractive index
it bends away from the norma
sin has no unit
angle ofincidence i sin 1H20 H
angle of refraction r
CI RELATIONSHIP BETWEENREFRACTIVE
Ay INDEX AND SPEED OF LIGHT (u= clv)
GLASS The refractive index of a medium with respect to
ENSER) MEDIUM
S
MEDIUM2
S vacuum (or air), is called the absolute refractive index
AIR (RARER)
RES
EFRACTED
Speed of light in vacuuim or air (c)
D
Deviation Speed öf light in that medium (v)

The retractive ndex of glass is 15, it means

that the light travels in air 15 times faster than in
glass.
r

(2) When a ray of light travelsfrom rarer

medium to a denser medium
Si

it bends towards the normal he refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium
Speed of light in nmecdiurn 1
rnormalC 12O Spced of ight in medium
2
op

ECTED
iDE
DENT 4i >Lr speed of light in medium 1= v,
Ay
MEDIUM
speed of light in medium 2, = v2
s AlR (RARER) 1 s The speed of light
no

ASS MEDAUM 2
= vacuum= c.
(DENSER)
Jeviation
12= V c or in
O=i-r.
A

Speed of light in water waterglass glass

water glass= =
Speed of light in glass water
 PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIR PHYSICS

A PHYSICSs LIVE ONLINE CLAASSES

PHYSICs
with Anoop Sir
An innovative approaeth

2
ICSE CLASS -10 PHYSICSs

r
Si
REFRACTION AT PLANE SURFACE |REVISION NOTES
op
A ray of light passes undeviated from PRINCIPLE OF REVERSIBILITY OF
medium 1 to medium 2 in wo conditions: THE PATH OF LIGHT
) When the angle of incidence at the boundary the path of a light ray is reversibie.
no

of two media is zero (i.e., Li = 0).

(i) When the refractive index of mnedium 2 is
same as the refractive index of medium 1.
.
A

A
MEDIUM 1
In refraction of light S
MEDIUM 2
due to change in the speed of light,
h

h
the wavelength of light also changes,

it
frequency of light does not change because
it depends on theisource of light,
a ray of light AO is incident

w
refractive index of medium 2
trequency = v 2 = = )

cs
sin
wavelength = ^ Now if the refraction takes place from the
speed= C or medium 2 to 1,

si
1
MEDIUM refractive index of medium is
S
MEDIUM 2
2 (ii)
hy
irequency= U.
wavelength = a'
But y
=4 2412sin
From equations (i) and (i),
speed zy. Sin r
B Sin
P

H2 21 sin
Sinr sin i
when light passes from rarer to denser medium
(>1) wavelength decreases(7< A) or
if light passes from a denser to rarer medium
(<1)wavelength increases (> A) or, 12
2

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF
Factors affecting the refractive index of a LAWS OF REFRACTION AND
medium
DETERMINATION OF REFRACTIVE
i) Nature of the medium i.e. its optical density INDEX OF GLASS in right-angled AOFD.
Smaller the speed of light in a mediumn
DF
higher the refractive index of that medium Sin i
OD
(ii) Physicai condition such as temperature in right-angled AOGE,
(with increase in temperature, the speed of EG
r

light in medium increases, so the refractive

sin r OE
Si

index of medium decreases). OD -OE

radii of circie.
(ii) The colour or wavelength of light.
Sin
in air or vacuum, speed of light of all colours is same
op

sin
in other nedium, GLASS BLOCK
speed of light is different for diferentcolours. DF/OD
-
In a medium red light travels faster than the violet light, EG/OB
DE
no

refractive index of a medium is more for violet light and

less tor red light
retractive index increases with decrease in wavelength M
< is constant forr
each angle i.
A

A
 PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIR PHYSICS

A PHYSICS LIVE ONLINE CLASSES

PHYSIOCS
with Ano0p Sir
aninnovative approach

ICSE CLASS -10 PHYSICs

r
Si
REFRACTION AT PLANE SURFACE | REVISION NOTESs
the second image A, is the brightest image because
op
|REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A it is due to light suffering a strong first reflection at
RECTANGULAR GLASS BLOCK
the silvered surface PN.
INCIDENT while others are of diminishing brightness.
N
no

RA Lateral displacement
sin
A

A
COS

tghickness of glass
block.
REFRACTED--
h

h
RAY angle of incidence
UNCID JR
i
T
GLASS
PATH T angle or refràction
wYV. silvered surface.

it
BLOCK
SENT
OF
O
RAy
NA B,C;DE
M RAY

w
Lateral displacement
due to refraction of light through a parallel sided REFRACTION OF LIGHT

cs
As
glass block, THROUGH A PRISM
incident ray and emergent ray are paraliel but A prism is a transparent refracting medium bounded

si
not along the same line. |by five plane surfaces inclined at some angles
emergent ray is iaterally displaced from the path
REFRACTING
of incident ray
hy
EDGE
The perpendicular distance between emergent ray
and incident ray is called the lateral displacement.
REFRACT!NG
SURFACE
P

REFRACTING
SURFACE
The lateral displacement depends on*
(i) the thickness of the glass block, BASE
i) the angle of incidence,
ii) the refractive index of glass, and therefore
also on the wavelength of light used. OF
DEVIATÍON
ANGLE
lateral displacement increases
****T
M
) with theincrease in thickness of the medium A EMERGENT
RAY L
ii) with the increase in the angle of incidence INCIWENT *. DAV
RAY
(ii) with increase in the refractive index. N

with the decrease in wavelength of light, R

lateral displacement is monochromatic ray sungle colour, ligh
more for violet ight than for red light) ,Srikès the face AB3
r

theray of light suffers refractuon at the wo taces

AB and AC of the prism. in each refraction, the ray
Si

MULTIPLE IMAGES INATHICK PLANE bends towards the base of the prism.
GLASS PLATE OR THICK MIRROR
"When the ray of light AB fallscn the surface LM the prism has produced a deviation by an angle d,
op

Small part of light (nearly 4%) is reflected at the first surface and by an angle d, at the second
forming a faint virtual image at Ap surface in the path of light travelling along OP. The
while a larger part of light (nearly 96%) is refracted angle LMQ, the angle between the direction of
no

The reflected ray further suffers multiple reflections incident ray (OP produced forward) and the
a number of images are seen.Out of these images, CInergent ray (QR produced backward), is called
the angle of deviation. ð (delta)
A

A
 TH 4 PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIR RENSICS

A PHYSICS LIVE ONLINE CLASSES

ICSE CLASS -10 PHYSICs
PHYSIcs
with Anoop Sir
an innovative approach

5
REFRACTION AT PLANE SURFACE REVISION NOTES

r
Si
for the quadilateral APNQ
for a given angle of incidence,
PNQ = 180 - A.) the prism with a higher refractive index (eg. fint
in triangle PNQ, glass) produces a greater deviatiom than the prism
op
4 PNQ =
180°-+).. which has a lower refractive index (e.g. crown

8d = i-
= )+(2-/2)From eqns. ) and Gi), glass).
(i +i)- +T2)|180 -r + r,)] = 180°-A the angle of deviation (8) increases with the
no

increase in the angle ofprism (A)_

+A prism deviates the violet light most and the red
Hence & = + i,)-A light least (ie.,öjoiet > 8ed
i
A

A
REAL AND APPARENT DEPTH
Factors affecting the angle ot deviation
(i) the angle of incidence (i), An object placed in a denser medium when|
viewed from a rarer medium, appears to be at
h

h
(i) the material of prism (i.e., on refractive a depth less than its real depth. This is because

it
index ),
of refraction of light.
(ii) the angle of prism (A), and

w
BA
Liv) the colour or wavelength () of light used. A
in triangle BAG, sin i =
OB
BA
as the ange of incidence in triangle LAB sin r
=TIB

cs
mcreases angle of deviation|| AIH
decreases and reaches to a PT WATER Sin i BA/OB IB
OR GLAS
minimum value for a certainj REAL
DEPTH
APPARENT
DERTH 1(DENSER MEDIUM) U,*
a in BA/B OB
angle of incidence.

si
OB
This position of prisms
called the position of
min am ma IB
N
hy
mznamum deviationn
By further increasing
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
IIs theappear
virtiial image of object O IB= LA and OB = OA
the angle ot ncidence at (=
the angle of deviation is - curve willits acual depth
than
a lesser depth
(= A0).
Al) point B is very close
to the point A,
P

found to increase.
Ishift Ol by which the object appears to be OA

in the position of minimum deviation (min prism,} f raised depends on A

angle of incidence = the angle of emergence 1) rhe refractive index of the medium, Real depth
am= Apparentdepth
2refracted ray inside the (i) the thickness of the denser medium
r=r. prism travels parallel to its base
(ii) the colour (or wavelength) of
if the prism is equilateral incident light
orthe principa section of prismforms
an isosceles iriangle). shift ncTeases
Thus in the position of minimum deviation, i) with the increase in the refractive index
(i) with the increase in the thickness of
nin2-A denser medium,
(iii) but decreases with increase in
Deviation by a equilateral prism at different angles of incidence wavelength of light

Shift OI = Real depth- Apparent depth

r

30° Real dopth x

Si

21.5 77
o 38.5°
B
Since y HR: shift is more for violet light
(a) When iy= 70°
B (c)When i = 30°
in a given medium. than for the red light
&
has the least value
op

when
A angle of incidence i= 48,| ) For glass, H, =j, the thickness of glass sab
equal to appears only two-third of its real thickness when
30 30 angle of emergence 2 it is viewed from air by keeping the eye vertical
no

above the slab.

(b) When ij = 48°

refracted ray PQ is parallel to the base of prisi

in 2i-A = 2x 48° -60° 36°. (1) For water, 4= , a
the depth of water pond
A

appears three-fourth of its real depth on seeing it from

a
air in nearly vertical direction (i.e., it appears shallow).
 1T PHYSICS WITH ANOOP SIR RHYSICS

A PHYSICS LIVE ONLINE CLASSES

PHYSIcS
wilh Anoop Sir
an innovatfive approach

6
ICSE CLASS -10 PHYSICS
REVISION NOTES

r
REFRACTION AT PLANE SURFACE

Si
Tofal internal
reflection
It takes place only when
ight passes from a denser
op
medium to a rarer medium
at an angle of incidence
greater than the critical
angle for that pair of media.
no
Reflection from a (ii) To erect the inverted image without deviation
plane mirror
1. t takes place when
light is incident on
a plane mirror from
any medium at any
angle of incidence.
OBJECT A44 MAGE
This action of prism is used in a slide projector

|2. The entire light is 2. Only a part of light is

reflected. reflected while rest is
Total internal reflection Total internal reflection and
refracted and absorbed
3. There is 1o loss of energy. 3. There is a loss of through equilateral prism refraction of light through a
4. The image is brighter energy. Pdent 30°, 90°, 60° prism
A

A
4. The image is less bright ray of for glass-air).
critical angle (=42°
reiraciion oi ight rays irom a pont source
30
h

h
kept in a denser medium A light rav
incident

it
Incident
direction 60,
nomally
A60 on face BC of
RARER B

w
MEDIUM
for glass-air). Emergent prism
ray
DENSERR
Critical angle (=42° T 60
EDIUM

cs
PO
No total internal reflection through a
30°, 90°, 60° prism: If a light ray PQ is incident

si
angle of incidence =i normally the face AB or AC of the prism ABC,
critical angle = i 'it does not suffer total intemal reflection inside the
hy
For ray AO, i= zero,
For ray AP, i < i). Refruction
For ray AQ, i = i).angle of refraction = 90°
P

For ray AR, i > i, total internal refection P 30

S
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 60°AC 607
IN A PRISM
A prism having an angle of 90° between ius two If a light ray PQ is
refracting surfaces and the other wo angles each| incident normally on
equal to 45°, is called a total reflecting prism face AC of prism it
because the light incident normally on any of is passes undeviated inside
faces, suffers total internal reflection inside the prism and strikes the
prism. face BC at an angle90
total reflecting prism 1S used ror The use of a total of incidence 60° which
is greater than critical SN30eno Q
) to deviate a ray of light through 90, reflecting prism give:angle 42° 6U7ç
us an image much | SOME CONSEQUENCES OF
This action of prism is TOTAL
used in aperiscope brighter than that INTERNAL REFLECTION
5 obtained by using ) On a hot sunny day, a driver may see a pool
for glass-air). a plane mirror. of water or wet road infront of him at some
r

45 critical angle (=42° distance. It is the phenomenon of mirage

which is often observed in desert.
Si

90
i) An empty test tube placed in water in a
beaker with mouth outside the water surface,
i) To deviate a ray of light through 180° shines like a mirror when seen at certain
op

for glass-air). angles.

90 critical angle (=42° (11) A crack in a glass vessel, often shines like a
This action of prism is miror.
P45 45
45 used in prism binocular iv) A piece of diamond sparkles when viewed
no

from certain directions.

45c (v) An optical fibre is used to transmit a light
signal over a long distance with a negligible
Q P
oss of energy (some loss may be due to
A

OBJECT IMAGE
absorption in the material).