DIPLOMA IN DIGITAL MARKETING

(AM101)

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL MARKETING

(PMK2243)

PREPARED FOR:
MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN KHAIROL

PREPARED BY:
NURWAHYUNI BINTI SAM

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TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE

1 PART A: DISCUSSION THE REASONS WHY INTERNATIONAL

BUSINESSS IS MUCH COMPLEX TODAY. 3-4

2 PART B:
BACKGROUND OF ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION 4-6

3 ROLES OF ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION

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4 ISSUES OF ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION

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5 CONCLUSION
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6 REFERENCES
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a. Discuss the reasons why international business is much complex today than it was
twenty years ago.

The world political and economic order has returned to volatility, nationalism, protectionism,
and trade conflicts since the financial crisis. The global economy appears to be heading for a
rough patch, and individual country conditions and bilateral partnerships are becoming less
predictable, providing significant challenges for businesses trying to increase globally.

Businesses investing and operating around the world continue to reap significant benefits,
and technology, in particular, is contributing in this operation. However, we are seeing an
increase in the fragmentation of rules and their complexity, as well as the penalties for failing
to manage that complexity, from labour laws to tax, accounting, and protect the interests.

Unfortunately for firms looking to grow, market opportunity and complexity sometimes go
hand in hand, with some of the most appealing investment destinations also being the most
challenging to conduct business in a safe and compliant manner. That is not an excuse to
pass up those opportunities. However, you must consider the costs and consequences of
breaking local rules, as well as the difficulties of doing business there.

Moreover, with all of today's new and improved technology, B2B trade has gotten much
more difficult with the use of the internet. In addition, the number of consumers as well as
the number of markets to examine has increased over time. Furthermore, there has been an
increase in worldwide competitiveness over the last two decades, which has influenced
international industry. Finally, political and government hurdles, as well as cultural barriers,
have increased, having a significant impact on international trade.

The following factors contribute to complexity:

1.1 Reporting requirements. These are becoming more stringent in order to promote greater
openness and investor confidence while combating money laundering, tax evasion, and
other criminal activity. Over 80% of TMF Group's operating territories have agreed to share
data using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Common
Reporting Standard.

1.2 Legislative improvements. This is getting more common. Their goal is usually positive,
such as to boost an economy or make a country more appealing to investors. Some, like the
yet-to-be-defined UK laws that will apply post-Brexit, are unlikely to be simplified. Regardless
of their objective or the politics behind them, all of them necessitate company compliance.

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1.3 Labour laws apply. Legislators make it harder for businesses to operate globally,
frequently as a result of local political pressures. Specific reporting requirements and barriers
to recruiting workers before a business is formed as a legal entity are big roadblocks for
businesses where we operate.

The complexity of deciphering the rules in any given country, combined with the constant
changes, can make compliance a difficult undertaking for international corporations in
particular. There are no simple solutions other than working with specialists on the ground
who are knowledgeable with local requirements and are prepared to adjust as restrictions
change. Singular reporting and control across all locations is crucial for those managing
such complexity in various places. The combination of internal and market complexity is a
formula for disaster.

Complexity in the world’s top 5 economies

- The US has a low level of complexity due to relatively simple regulatory standards, but with
50 states adopting varied rules, caution is still required to be compliant.

- China: The level of complexity is significant, owing to regional differences in regulation.

While these are obstacles in the short term, there is reason to be positive, thanks to steps to
design and execute more consistent tax and regulatory compliance requirements for
international enterprises considering future investments in China.

- The UK has a moderate level of complexity, owing to an extensive tax structure that is
subject to annual rate and duty changes.

1. Primary roles and issues of OIC (organization of Islamic cooperation)

b. Background of OIC (organization of Islamic cooperation)

After the United Nations, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the world's second
most powerful intergovernmental organization. It was established in 1969 by a charter, after
decades of discussion among Muslim intellectuals and statesmen on the formation of a
global Islamic organization. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation now has 57 member
states with a combined population of about two billion people.

Moreover, The OIC sees itself as the "collective voice of the Muslim world," working to
promote and protect the interests of its members. The conviction that the OIC was
established as a culmination of Muslim efforts to build a collective entity for united Islamic
activity and solidarity led to this self-definition of the organization as representing the Muslim

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world. At this point, a quick historical overview of the evolution of the concept of united
Islamic action may be helpful.

The profound belief in belonging to the Muslim Ummah, which is an Arabic term referring to
the collective Muslim community globally, is one of the links that has generated a sense of
oneness among Muslims throughout history. Belonging to the Ummah

Nonetheless, the Turkish Parliament's overthrow of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, which
came at a pivotal period when most Muslim-majority countries were under European colonial
power, generated fresh dynamics for efforts to identify a new form of overarching Islamic
leadership. Muslim thinkers and leaders around the world debated how to form a
contemporary caliphate for the post-World War I Muslim world, aware of the new geopolitical
realities brought by the conclusion of WWI. "Like their contemporaries, a wide spectrum of
Muslim intellectuals and activists imaginatively faced the problems given by the post-war era
and attempted to develop an Islamic internationalism that constituted particularly modern
articulations of deeply rooted religious impulses," according to Mona Hassan.

In a news conference held in his exile in Switzerland a few days after the Caliphate was
established, the deposed Caliph Abdulmejid II announced his rejection of the Turkish
Parliament's abolition resolution. He also urged for the holding of an international conference
attended by Muslim leaders to discuss the situation of the Muslim Ummah in the aftermath of
the Caliphate's demise.

The ousted Caliph's idea to call an international conference became a model method
adopted by a number of Muslim leaders around the world in their efforts to realize Islamic
solidarity. "Islamic unity was seen not only as a realistic strategy to re-establish the
Caliphate, but also as the most appropriate solution to the political issues facing the Ummah
as a result of colonialism and fragmentation," according to Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, the former
Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. It became a common idea in
the minds of a number of Muslim communities, religious, and political leaders."

Across the Muslim world, efforts to create a global Islamic state proceeded. As a result,
throughout the interwar period, a number of Muslim congresses were convened, with one of
the main themes being Islamic brotherhood. Following the collapse of the Caliphate, a
number of notable Muslim academics urged for a Muslim congress to be held in Cairo in
1926, which proved to be inspirational to many.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk of Turkey was inspired by the search for a workable form of Islamic
rule. In 1927, Ataturk proposed that after Muslim communities gained independence, they

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form a congress and form a multinational group to work together. He also suggested that the
multinational organisation in question could be the Caliphate, which would be headed by a
Caliph.

Several Muslim global congresses took place during the interwar period, the most notable of
which were held in Makkah in 1926 and Jerusalem in 1931. This movement included Muslim
populations across Europe as well. In 1935, for example, Muslim activists from Europe, the
Soviet Union, the Middle East, and North Africa gathered in Geneva for the European
Muslim Congress. "To develop a social, economic, and religious tie between Muslims living
in the West and the Muslim World," the Congress proclaimed its goals.

Similarly, the post-war era, which was marked by the Cold War and a bipolar international
system, as well as a decolonization process that saw a large number of Muslim countries
win independence, necessitated many attempts by Muslim countries to come together under
a single umbrella organization. Several Muslim countries, notably Pakistan, Egypt, Malaysia,
and Saudi Arabia, have attempted to build a platform for the Ummah. Several factors,
according to Saad Khan, account for the increased efforts to unite Muslim countries. Newly
independent Muslim countries sought to demonstrate their independence by bolstering
collaboration with like-minded states. Muslim leaders who fought for their countries'
independence wanted to show their nationalism through Islamic brotherhood and
collaboration. Muslim countries realized that maintaining their political autonomy would be
difficult.

c. Roles of organization of Islamic cooperation

The Zionist faction's cruel activities spurred Islamic leaders to form a worldwide organization
to fight for Muslims' interests in all fields around the world. As a result, the OIC was
instrumental in resolving the conflicts in Iran and Iraq. Furthermore, it mended Egypt's
relationships with Arab countries, which had been severed during Egypt's isolation due to its
ties with Israel. In addition, the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), based in Jeddah, was
established with the support of the OIC. Next, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation
assists Islamic countries in Africa that have been impacted by disasters and famine. As well
as resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Finally, taking sovereignty of Jerusalem and the
Al-Aqsa Mosque from Israel.

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d. issues of organization of Islamic cooperation

The OIC is involved in a number of contentious matters, such as:

Despite the revamped charter, Israel continues to be a major issue for the OIC. The
conference utilized its clout at the UN to lobby for the release of the controversial Goldstone
report on Gaza's status, which accuses Israel of grave human rights violations. The OIC is
also pressing for more access to Muslim sacred sites in Jerusalem. On the condition of the
Al-Aqsa Mosque, hsanolu remarked, "It is very difficult to suggest anyone has the capacity to
do anything because the Israelis prohibit every international organization—and of course the
OIC—any access there" (al-Jazeera). "The UN and Unesco are the only ways we can have
an impact on events."

OIC members have also harshly denounced the Turkish-backed flotilla incident in May 2010,
in which Israeli forces raided a ship seeking to break the Gaza barrier. The flotilla event, on
the other hand, underscores the conference's ongoing differences on how to deal with Israel.
Egypt had supported the siege by sealing its border with Gaza, which drew no public
condemnation from OIC countries. Egypt opened its border for the first time during the flotilla
disaster to enable non-medical relief and food imports, although it is uncertain how long it
will remain open (Haaretz). Malaysia's foreign minister stated in June 2010 that he planned
to encourage Egypt to permanently open the Gaza border (Bernama). "In asking Egypt to
open, we must all speak with one voice."

Human Rights: In 2010, Freedom House, a U.S.-based international human rights and
democracy watchdog, named nine OIC member countries among the world's worst human
rights abusers, including a number who sit on the UN Human Rights Council (HRC).
Nonetheless, OIC members wield significant clout in the UN Human Rights Council, which
they primarily use to criticize Israel. At the same time, OIC members have successfully
avoided UN censure of their human rights records.

Within the HRC, the OIC is also pressing for a resolution on religious defamation, with a
focus on safeguarding Islam from being insulted or portrayed as a terrorism-supporting faith.
Such action, according to supporters, is necessary to counteract rising Islamophobia.
Human rights, on the other hand, and the right to be free are two things that.

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The resolution on defamation stems from a debate among Islamic countries about how to
define human rights. In 1948, the United Nations established a worldwide declaration on
human rights, but in 1990, the OIC issued its own Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in
Islam (PDF). The right to change religions is recognized by the United Nations Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, but not by the Cairo Declaration. All of the rights in the Cairo
Declaration must be interpreted and understood in the context of sharia law, which prohibits
conversion from Islam. The Cairo Declaration, according to a 2008 analysis (PDF) by the
New York-based Center for Inquiry, a charity that focuses on freedom of expression, offers
"an alternative human rights system, imbued with religious rhetoric and loaded with
exceptions, omissions, and qualifications."

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) adopted the Convention on Combating

International Terrorism in 1999, although the conference has struggled to define terrorism.
Following a conference in 2002, OIC ministers rejected the notion that Palestinian suicide
bombers should be classified as terrorists due to their resistance to Israeli oppression.
Human Rights Watch encouraged the OIC in 2008 to revise its definition of terrorism "to
clear that its condemnation of terrorism makes no exceptions, even if in the name of causes
that OIC member nations accept," emphasizing that international law prohibits attacks
against civilians under any circumstances. "To be clear, terrorism is not a security issue, but
rather an ideology challenge with political, security, and even cultural aspects," according to
a 2009 OIC declaration (PDF).

e. Conclusion

In conclusion, the OIC is an organization that creates cooperation between member

countries towards fostering Islamic unity. This organization emphasizes on resolving
disputes involving Islamic countries other than the purpose of the establishment which is to
eliminate any oppression and colonization to establish peace. It should be noted that Islam is
the most important basis of cooperation in building cooperation and strength among OIC
member countries. based on the OIC charter that was formed, which is to believe that the
common faith (Islam) is a strong factor for cooperation and unity among Muslims.

References

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A Brief on the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and its Institutions. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.sesric.org/about-oic.php

BRITANNICA. (2022, march 22). Retrieved from Organization of the islamic cooperation:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Organization-of-the-Islamic-Cooperation

council foreign relation . (2010, june 29). Retrieved from the organization of the islamic conference :
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/organization-islamic-conference

global lex. (2020, june). Retrieved from a introduction of islamic cooperation :

https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/OIC.html