SEAM.

2 MIDTERM LESSON 9 ASSIGNMENT 9

CANDAGANAN, JOSHUA A. POLARIS 3B OCTOBER 24, 2022

Instruction: Thru a word file to be submitted via the GCR and Jel, perform
the following:

1. Explain how the value of GM is a useful guide in the stability of a ship.

The value of GM is significant in guiding the ship's stability. The GM value, also
known as initial stability, is a measure of the vessel's stability under minor
heeling. The greater the GM value, the better the vessel's initial stability and the
more difficult it is to heel. A vessel with a high GM value is defined as a rigid
vessel that rolls quickly in the sea.

2. Explain the effect on a ship’s behavior of a vessel having a large GM

(stiff ship) and a small GM (tender ship).

A large GM has an effect on a ship's behavior in that when a ship has a relatively
large GM, the righting moments at small angles of heel are also comparatively
significant. As a result, larger moments are required to tilt the ship. She will tend
to return to her original position more quickly when she is inclined. As a result,
the ship will have a relatively short time period and will roll from side to side
quickly—and possibly violently. A ship in this condition is referred to as "stiff,"
and it is undesirable. The duration could be as short as 8 seconds. The effective
center of gravity of the ship should be raised within the ship. Meanwhile, when
the GM is small, the righting moments at small heel angles are also small. As a
result, the ship will be much easier to slant and will take longer to return to its
original position. The time period will be relatively long, and the ship will be
referred to as "tender," for example, 25 to 35 seconds. As previously stated, this
situation is undesirable, and steps should be taken to increase the GM by
decreasing the ship's effective center of gravity.

3. Explain how to use hydrostatic curves to find the height of the

metacenter above the keel (KM) at given draughts.

The hydrostatic curve is a technique used by ship officers to aid in stability and
trim control, particularly in predicting stability before loading and determining the
placement and weight of goods prior to boarding. Such curves are needed to be
on board as part of the documentation for use by deck officers in computations
 required for vessel operation. Many ships now have on-board computers that
save the vessel's input data and allow officials to instantly calculate any data
they require. The curves are plots of functions of the draught, T, at constant trim
and heel. In general, trim = zero (ship on even keel), although hydrostatic
curves can be plotted for any non-zero trim. The heel is almost always zero. The
hydrostatic curves provide data calculated for parallel waterplanes. Simply put,
for ships, hydrostatic calculations entail calculating the volume of the submerged
hull, often known as the volume of displacement, ∇.

4. State how the KM is only dependent on the draught of a given ship.

KM is only affected by a ship's draught because it refers to the depth of water

required for a vessel to float freely, measured vertically from the underside of
the keel to the waterline. To calculate the KM, or Height of Metacenter above the
Keel, use the Draft Diagram and Functions of Form Curves found in Section II(a)
of the DC Book.

5. How would you find the metacentric height(GM) given the values of
KG, and the values of KM obtained from hydrostatic curves?

The initial metacentric height (GM) is determined by drawing a tangent to the

curve via the origin, then erecting a perpendicular through an angle of heel, and
allowing the two lines to cross. The height of the junction above the base will
therefore give the initial metacentric height when measured on the GZ scale.

6. State that, for cargo ships, the recommended initial GM should not
normally be less than 0.15 m.

A damage stability criterion varies from ship to ship and the requirement for the
same is given in SOLAS chapter II-1. A ship is seaworthy if it fulfills two
important stability criteria: intact and damaged stability. The initial GM or
metacentric height should not be less than 0.15 m, and the righting lever GZ
should be at least 0.2 m and the angle of heel Ѳ ≥ 30̊. Intact and damaged
stability are very important factors that govern the overall stability of the ship.