The Hypotheses

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The Hypotheses
▪ A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or answer to a question about
variables, their relationships, and other facts whose validity shall be
tested in the course of the research.
▪ Any hypothesis to be included in the research should ideally have some
basis from the review of literature, whatever experience or factual
knowledge.
▪ The results of research study prove whether the hypotheses are correct,
incorrect or partially correct.

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The Hypotheses
◦ Guidelines or pointers
1. Express hypothesis in a declarative sentence
2. Support your hypothesis with ideas based on theories, known facts,
previous studies, or own experience
3. Have hypotheses predict the nature of relationship between or
among variables, hence testable
4. Avoid wordiness, hence simple by using clear, exact, or specific
language in stating the hypotheses

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The Hypotheses

◦ Categories
1. Null hypothesis (Ho) it represents what the researchers doubt to be
true, hence the statement to disprove. Such is the one being tested
through statistical analysis.
2. Alternative hypothesis : (Ha) – This is the operational statement of
the theory that the researchers wish to prove. If Null hypothesis is
rejected, then we resort to alternative hypothesis.

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 The Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
1. the parameter equal to some value 1. parameter value is not equal to the value
in Ho
2. parameter is greater than the value in Ho
3. parameter is less than the value in Ho

2. The absence of relationship between There exists a relationship

independent and dependent variables
3. No difference of parameters being 1. One parameter is higher than the other
compared (or they are equal) 2. One parameter is lower than the other
3. They are not equal or they are different

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 The Hypotheses
Example 1 (level or values)
Null
50% of those in a relationship are motivated to have good grades.
Alternative
1. More than 50% (Majority) of those in a relationship are motivated to have
good grades.
Or
2. Less than 50% of those in a relationship are motivated to have good
grades.
3. Those in a relationship who are motivated to have good grades is not
equal to 50%
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 The Hypotheses
Example 2 (cause/effect relationship or association)
Null
Preference to Music or food as stress reliever has no association with (not
related to) age, family size, and stress level of students.
Alternative
Preference to Music or food as stress reliever has association with (is related
to) age, family size and stress level of students.

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The Hypotheses
Example 3A (comparison of two groups)
Null
Non-working students have same motivation level to have good grades compared to
working students.
Alternative
1. Working students have higher motivation level to have good grades compared to
non-working students.
Or
2. Working students have lower motivation level to have good grades compared to
non-working students.
Or
3. Working and non-working students have different motivation levels to have good
grades
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The Hypotheses
Example 3B (On effects/effectiveness)
Null
The average income level of households living in Pabahay before the pandemic is same with
the average income level during the pandemic.
Alternative
1. The average income level of households living in Pabahay before the pandemic is higher
than the average income level during the pandemic.
Or
2. The average income level of households living in Pabahay before the pandemic is lower
than the average income level during the pandemic
Or
3. The average income level of households living in Pabahay before the pandemic is not
same with the average income level during the pandemic

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Content of Hypothesis (Under Chapter 3)
C. Hypotheses
Set A:
Null Hypothesis
…
Alternative hypothesis
…
Set B:
Null Hypothesis
…
Alternative hypothesis
…

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 The Hypotheses
◦ Examples
1. There is a significant association between the social media usage and the
level of self-esteem.
2. One-half of the presidential candidates are knowledgeable about the law.
3. Average score of advantages of qualifying exam is higher than that of its
disadvantages.
4. The General Point Average of BSA is significantly affected by the number
of hours used to review lessons.
5. More than 60% of students are satisfied on the online learning modality of
CMI.
6. The weighted average grade of BSBA students before the tutorial sessions
is lower than their weighted average grade after the tutorial sessions.
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