RECAP on CHAPTER 11

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS

Review Exercise (TB)

How can a pure semiconductor be made to increase its
electric conductivity?
When a few impurity atoms are added to the pure
semiconductor, its conductivity increase.
Explain how an n- type semiconductor and a p-type
semiconductor can be obtained, what are the majority
carriers in the above semiconductors?
When arsenic atom having five valance electrons are added to
the pure semiconductor (Ge,Si) atoms having four valance
electrons, an n-type semiconductor is obtained. In n-type
semiconductor, electrons are majority charge carriers.
When indium atom having three valance electrons are added to
the pure semiconductor (Ge,Si) atoms having four valance
electrons, a p-type semiconductor is obtained. In p-type
semiconductor, positive holes are majority charge carriers.
What are meant by forward bias and reverse bias? Explain
these terms using circuit diagram.
Forward bias
When a battery is joined with its positive
anode cathode
terminal to the p- type semiconductor ++++
++++
- - - -
- - - -
and its negative terminal to the n-type I

semiconductor, positive holes from p-

type semiconductor pass through the
junction easily. Thus, a current flow through the p-n junction
diode. The p-n junction is said to be forward-bias.
Reverse- Bias
When a battery is joined with its negative anode + + + + - - - - cathode
++++ - - - -
terminal to the p- type semiconductor and
its positive terminal to the n-type
semiconductor, only a very small current
(reverse current due to minority carrier) flows through the p-n
junction diode. In this case, the p-n junction is said to be reverse
-bias
Draw a diagram to show input and output waveforms for a
full-wave rectifier.
D1 Vab

I1
R
ac input Vout
VOUT
I2
1
D2

Mention two types of transistor.

Two types of transistor are (i) pnp transistor and (ii) npn
transistor.
Explain how a transistor can be used as a current amplifier
and as a power amplifier.

Transistor as Current Amplifier

The current which flows across emitter is I =I + I . The base is so
E C B

thin that I 0.02 I and I 0.98 I . Therefore, the small base current I
B E C E B

can control a very large current I . Because of this property, a

C

transistor can be regarded as current amplifier.

Transistor as Power Amplifier
The resistance of forward -biased emitter junction is small and
that of reversed- biased collector junction is large. But I is C

nearly equal to I . Since electric power is P = I 2R, the power in

E

emitter side (input) is small whereas the power in collector side

(output) is large. Therefore, the transistor can be regarded as a
power amplifier.

Convert 7510 to its binary number.

7510=10010112
A basic 2-input logic circuit has a HIGH on one input and a
LOW on the other input, and output is HIGH, what type of
logic is it?
Ans -OR gate
Practice (TG)
Forward bias and reverse bias of diode
- LED, 330Ω resistor and two 1.5V dry cell are connected in
forward bias condition, and check LED on or off.
- After diode is reversed, check LED on or off.
- Check the resistance of forward bias and reverse bias diode
with multimeter.
Discussion about transistor
- How many type of transistor are there?
- What is the difference between npn and pnp transistors?
Creating the truth table
- Redraw the following figure and label A
the gates corresponding inputs and B X
C
outputs
- Write out the truth table for the given combination gates

Review and assessments (TG)

What are the carriers charge in a metal and in a
semiconductor?
Electrons are carriers of charge in metal. Electrons and holes are
the carriers of charge in semiconductor.
What is the difference between the resistances of p-n
junction diode when it is forward biased and reverse
biased?
The resistance of forward biased diode is low and that of reverse
biased diode is high.
How many layers or electrodes are there in a transistor?
There are three layers or electrodes in a transistor: emitter E,
base B and collector C.
What do the arrows in the symbols of transistor show?
In the symbols of transistor, the arrows show the direction of
current flowing between the emitter E and the base B. The
direction of current is the same as that of the positive hole.
What is the weight of the digit 6 in each of the following
decimal number? (i) 1386 (ii) 54692 (iii) 671920
(i)The weight of 100 (ii) The weight of 102 (iii) The weight of
105
The largest decimal number you can write with four binary
digits is 16,15,14. What number is the largest decimal
number can you write with four binary digits? (15)
Suggest how two NAND
A C
gates can be connected to B
OUTPUT
behave as an AND gate.
Choose the correct answer. The NOR gate output will be
high if the two inputs are (i) 00, (ii) 01, (iii) 10, (iv) 11.
Ans (i) 00

7. 10010112

8. 1100.112

9 (i)110100012 (ii) 0001010102

10. AND gate