WORKING STRENGTH DESIGN (WSD)

 VALUES OF MODULAR RATIO, n

- NSCP 2015 (Page 520)
fc
429.6.4It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio n =
a Es /Ec as the nearest whole number (but not less than 6).
N.A. Except in calculations for deflection, value of n for
d
lightweight concrete shall be assumed to be the same as for
normal weight concrete of the same strength.
D-a
429.6.5 In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective
modular ratio of 2Es/Ec shall be used to transform
fs/n compression reinforcement for stress computation.
Compressive stress in such reinforcement shall not exceed
permissible tensile stress.
419.2.2.1 Modulus of Elasticity, Ec, for concrete
where: shall be permitted to be calculated as (a) or (b):
fc = Allowable strength of Concrete
fs = Allowable Stress of Steel a) For values of Wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3
n = Modular Ratio Ec = 𝒘𝒄𝟏.𝟓 (0.043) √f’c (in MPa)
a) For normal weight concrete
Ec = 4700 √f’c (in MPa)
WORKING STRENGTH DESIGN (WSD)
SOLUTION (consider beam cracked section)
CRACKED SECTION a
1. (bw)(a)( ) = nAs ( d-a)
2
bwd3 a 2 π d4
a 2. IT=[ ( )+ (bw)(a)( ]+ +n(As)(N) (d-a 2
12 2 64
bwd 3 a
d N.A. IT=[ ( )+ (bw)(a)( 2 ] +n(As)(N) (d-a 2
12 2
where n = Es / Ec
D-a
nAs 3. Fb – Flexure Stress (Two Conditions)
M𝐶
1. Fc = , (based on Concrete Strength)
I
bw M𝑠
2. Fs = = , (based on Steel Strength)
I
ALLOWABLE STRESS:
SOLUTION / ANALYSIS
1. Horizontal Members (Beams, Slab, Footing)
Ayabove = Aybelow fc = 0.45 f’c
fs = 0.5fy (for slab reinforcement, db ≤ 10, fy ≤200Mpa
2. IT = (INA + A fs = 140 Mpa (for fy = 280 Mpa)
fs = 170 Mpa (for fy = 420 Mpa)
3. Fb = 2. Vertical Members (Column, Walls, Etc)
fc = 0.25 f’c
fs = 0.4 fy
WORKING STRENGTH DESIGN (WSD)
SOLUTION (consider beam cracked section)
UNCRACKED SECTION
1. (bw)(a)( ) = (bw)(h-a)( ) +(n-1)(As)(d-a)
( )
a 2. IT =[ ( )+ (bw)(a)( ] +[ ( )
d N.A.
h + (bw)(d-a)( ] +(n-1)(As)(N)(d-a
d-a where n = Es / Ec
(n-1)As 3. Fb – Flexure Stress
• Fc = , (based on Concrete Strength)
bw bw
• Fs = = , (based on Steel Strength)
ALLOWABLE STRESS:
SOLUTION / ANALYSIS 1. Horizontal Members (Beams, Slab, Footing)
fc = 0.45 f’c
Ayabove = Aybelow fs = 0.5fy (for slab reinforcement, db ≤ 10, fy ≤200Mpa
fs = 140 Mpa (for fy = 280 Mpa)
2. IT = (INA + A fs = 170 Mpa (for fy = 420 Mpa)
2. Vertical Members (Column, Walls, Etc)
3. Fb = fc = 0.25 f’c
fs = 0.4 fy