01 The following statements about trial lens used in refraction is/are correct.

A A convex lens can be in the form of a biconvex lens.

B A concave lens can be in the form of a biconcave lens.
C If a plano-convex lens is used, the plane surface of the lens should be close to the eye.
D If a plano-concave lens is used, the plane surface of the lens should be close to the eye.
E A trial lens should include a prismatic lens.

01 A = False B = False C = True D = False E = True

A trial lens used in refraction should include positive & negative spherical lenses, positive and negative
cylindrical lenses, prisms, plano lenses, opaque discs, pinholes, stenopaeic slit, & Maddox rods. If
possible, red and green glass can be included. Spherical lenses must be in the form of plano-convex or
plano-concave lenses, as they are used in spectacles. When a plano-convex lens is used, the plane surface
should be close to the eye. When a plano-concave lens is used, the concave surface should be close to the
eye.

02 Regarding refraction at a curved interface:

a Light passing across a curved interface obeys Snell's law.
b Light entering a convexly curved surface of greater refractive index is converged.
c The surface power of a curved interface = n1-n 2 /r where r= the radius of curvature of the surface in
metres, and n1 & n2 are the refractive indices on either side of the interface.
d The surface power is positive for a diverging surface and negative for a converging surface.
e The anterior corneal surface is a converging surface accounting for most of the eye's refractive power.

02 a True.
b True.
c False. The vergence power of a curved interface is(n1 - n2)/r.
d False, The surface power is positive for a converging surface and negative for a diverging surface.
e True.

03 The refractive power

A of a lens with a focal length of 2 m is greater than one with a focal length of 1 m
B of a lens of 5D is greater than one of 3D
C of a convex lens with focal length of 3 metres is 3D
D of a convex lens with focal length of 2 metres is 0.5D
E of a convex lens with focal length of 5 cm is 2D

03 A = False B = True C = False D = True E = False

Focal length is defined as the distance between the optical centre of the lens and its principal focus. The
refractive power of a lens is measured in D. A lens with focal length x metres has a refractive power of
1/x D. The shorter the focal length, the greater the refractive power. Hence, a lens with focal length of 2
m has a refractive power of 1/2 = 0.5D, while that with 1 m focal length has a refractive power of 1D.
A convex lens with a focal length of 3 m has a refractive power of 1/3 = 0.33D.
A convex lens with a focal length of 2 m has a refractive power of 1/2 = 0.5D.
A convex lens with a focal length 5 cm (0.05 m) has a refractive power of 1/0.05 = 20D.

04 The radii of curvature of a meniscus lens are +5 cm (convex) and -12.5 cm (concave) Assuming that
the refractive index of the lens is 1.5
A the refractive power of the lens is unchanged when placed in water
B the refractive power at the convex surface is weaker than 7D
C the refractive power at the concave surface is stronger than -3D
D the refractive power at the concave surface is weaker than -5D
E the refractive power of the lens is -»-1D

04 A = False B = False C = True D = True E = False

Applying the formula: power of surface (in D) = (n1 - n2)/r
Where n1 = refractive index of lens, n2 = refractive index of air and r= radius of curvature of lens in m
(+ve if convex, -ve if concave)
The refractive power at the convex surface = (1.5 - 1)/0.05 = 10D.
The refractive power at the concave surface = (1.5 - 1)/-0.125 = -4D.
Hence, refractive power of the lens = 10 - 4 = 6D.
If the lens is placed in water, the refractive index of the lens relative to water would be 1.5/1.33= 1.1.

05. The vergence power of a lens is dependent on:

a. its dispersive power
b. vergence power of each surface
c. thickness of the lens
d. the wavelength of the light
e. the medium on either side of the lens

05. a.F b.T c.T d.T e.T

The vergence power of a lens is affected by the vergence power of each surface, thickness of the lens and
the medium on either side of the lens. The later explain why cornea has a stronger refractive power than
lens in human eye although its RI is less. The wavelength of the light also affects the vergence power of
the lens.

06 A biconcave lens has radii of curvature 8 cm on one surface A and 10 cm on another surface B.
Assuming the refractive index of the lens is 1.5
A the refractive power at surface B is stronger than -6D
B the refractive power at surface B is weaker than -10D
C the refractive power at surface A is stronger than that at surface B
D the refractive power at surface A is -6.25D
E the refractive power of the lens is dependent on the refractive index of the lens

06 A = False B = True C = True D = True E = True

Using the formula: Power of surface (in dioptres) = (n1- n2)/ r
Where n1 = refractive index of lens, n2 = refractive index of air and r= radius of curvature of lens in m
(+ve if convex, -ve if concave)
Refractive power at surface B = (1.5 - 1)/-0.1 = -5D
Refractive power at surface A = (1.5 - 1)/-0.008 = -6.25D
Total power of lens = (-5) + (-6.25) = -11.25D

07 The radii of curvature of a biconvex lens are 10 cm at one surface (A) and 12.5 cm at the other surface
(B). Assuming that the refractive indices of the lens and water are 1.5 and 1.33 respectively
A the refractive power of surface A in air is 5D
B the refractive power of surface A in water is less than 2D
C the reftactive power of surface B in air is 5D
D the refractive power of the lens in air is 9D
E the refractive power of the lens in water is just above 3D
07 A = True B = True C = False D = True E = True
Applying the formula: Power of surface (in D) = (n1- n2)/ r
The refractive power of surface A in air = (1.5 - 1)/0.1 = 5D
The refractive power of surface A in water = (1.5 - 1.33)/0.1 - 1.7D
The refractive power of surface B in air = (1.5 - 1)/0.125 = 4D
The refractive power of surface B in water = (1.5 - 1.33)/0.125 = 1.36D
Hence, the refractive power of a lens in air = 5 + 4 = 9D.
The refractive power of a lens in water = 1.7 + 1.36D = 3.06D.

08 In optical terms, a lens can be considered thin under the following circumstances:
a. If its thickness is small in relation to its focal length, and the object and image distances.
b If its power is less than 5 DS.
c If the front and back surfaces are of equal curvature.
d If its thickness is less than 3 mm.
e If its refractive index is less than 1.7.

08 a True. This is a working definition of a thin lens. In practice, we would also need to know the
required accuracy of any calculation for a high degree of accuracy, thin lens approximations cannot be
used.
b False. If a low power lens has large physical thickness, then it cannot be considered thin.
c False
d False. We cannot consider a lens of 3 mm thickness as thin unless we also know its focal length, and
the object and image distances.
e False. Refractive index does not determine whether a lens can be considered thin; a lens of low RI will
tend to be physically ducker for a particular focal length (i.e., not thin) and a lens of high RI will have a
shorter focal length for a particular thickness (i.e., hot thin).

09 Considering thin lenses:

a. If two thin lenses, of power + 2 DS and - 1 DS are held in contact with each other the focal length of
the combination of lenses will be 1 m.
b. If two thin lenses, of power + 2 DS and -1 DS are separated by a distance of 0.5 m, the combination of
lenses-would make a Galilean telescope.
c. If object is located 0.5 m from a thin lens of power + 4DS, a real image will be formed 0.2 m from the
lens.
d. If an object is located 0.125 m from a + 4 DS thin lens, a virtual image will be formed at a distance of -
0.25 m from the lens.
e. If an object is placed 0.20 m from a 2 DS thin lens, an image is formed 0.40 m from the lens.

09 a True. The powers of thin lenses in contact can be added together. The power of this combination
would be ( + 2) + (-1) = +1 DS; the focal length is the inverse of the power in dioptres, and is therefore
1 metre.
b False. A Galilean telescope is made by combining a concave and a convex lens so that the first focal
point of the concave lens is coincident with the second focal point of the convex lens. This requires the
power of the concave lens to be higher than that of the convex lens. Therefore, a Galilean telescope
cannot be made from these two lenses.
c False. A real image is formed 0.50 m from the lens.
d True.
e False. An image (virtual) is formed -0.33 m from the lens.

10 Thin lenses. The following are true:

a Lens power calculation incorporates an adjustment for lens thickness.
b The nodal point is the point at which the principal plane and principal axis intersect.
c Rays through the optical centre are undeviated.
d The first principal focus is the point to which parallel light rays converge following refraction by a
spherical lens.
e Vergence power is proportional to focal length.

10 a False. Lens thickness may be ignored in thin lenses.

b True.
c True.
d False. The first principal focus is the point of origin of rays which become parallel to the principal axis
after refraction by a lens. The second principal focus is the point to which parallel light rays converge
following refraction by a spherical lens.
e False. Vergence power is the reciprocal of the second focal length in metres.
11 Spectacles. The following are true:
a A toric surface is curved in both its horizontal and vertical meridians.
b The principal meridians are the meridians of maximum curvature.
c In ophthalmic lenses, these meridians are at right-angles to each other.
d A toric lens is a sphero-cylindrical lens.
e Jackson s cross cylinder is used to define the direction but not the strength of the cylinder.

11 a True
b False. They are the meridians of maximum and minimum curvature.
c True.
d True.
e False. Both the direction of the axis and the strength of the cylinder may be defined.

12 Which of the following statements about the use of a trial frame is/are correct?
A It should not be lighter than 300 g.
B It contains cells so arranged that the trial lenses are separated by at least 0.8 cm from each other.
C The spherical lens should be placed closest to the eye.
D a centring device can be used to ensure accurate centring.
E It usually accommodates a cylindrical lens with a handle.

12 A = False B = False C = True D = True E = False

Trial frames should be light, it contains three cells for each eye which fit the trial lens securely and close
to each other. There is a handle for the spherical lens, but not for the cylindrical lens, as it would be
difficult to adjust the cylindncal axis. Adjusting the trial frame so that the optical centre of the trial lens
lies in the visual axis (centring of the lens) is important. It can be achieved by the centring device which
consists of plane glass with a cross meeting at the centre. The subject looks straight ahead at a light, and
the examiner adjusts the frame so that the corneal reflection of the centre of the cross is centred.

13 When prescribing spectacles:

a Attention need only be paid to lens centration when the lens power exceeds 4 D in any one meridian.
b A decentration of 5 mm UP on a + 1 DS lens will produce a prismatic effect of 0.5∆UP
c A prismatic error of 0.5 ∆UP would be expected to produce significant symptoms in the majority of
patients.
d Photochromics should not be prescribed to children.
e For a lens power of -3 DS, polycarbonate lenses are usually heavier than glass lenses.

13 a False. Lens centration can be critical on lenses of a lower power than this, especially in the vertical
direction.
b True.
c False. For the majority of patients, this amount of vertical prism would be tolerated without problems.
However, the patient may be aware of some initial mild discomfort while adapting to the glasses.
d False. Glass spectacle lenses which are not toughened or laminated pose a risk for children (and indeed,
all patients). However, photochromic lenses are available in toughened glass, and plastics. The
toughened glass photochromic lenses typically react more slowly, and with a smaller range of tints than
the non-toughened glass type, whilst the latest plastic photochromics react quickly, and with a wide
range. Cost may be an issue.
e False.

14 Spectacle lenses. The following are true:

a PMMA is susceptible to scratching.
b The effective power of a positive lens increases as it is moved away from the eye.
c A stronger positive lens is required at the cornea of the eye than at the spectacle plane.
d Orthoscopic lenses relieve an equal amount of convergence and accommodation.
e In aphakia, peripheral vision is improved by rotoid lenses.

14 a True. PMMA is susceptible to scratching and has a tendency to warp when heated.
b True. When a convex lens is moved away from the eye, its focal length would need to be increased, so
that the second focal point of the lens coincides with the far point of the eye. Therefore, a weaker
convex lens is now required, i.e. the effective power of the convex lens increases as it is moved away
from the eye.
c True.
d True. Orthoscopic lenses are useful in non-presbyopic individuals engaged in very fine work requiring
magnification, e.g. watch-repairers, ophthalmic surgery.
e True. A rotoid lens has a steep curve so that the centres of curvature of the two surfaces coincide at the
centre of rotation of the eye. This ensures clarity of peripheral vision in aphakia.
15 The following statements about spherical lenses is/are true.
A The total refractive power equals the sum of the surface refractive power for thick lenses.
B Light parallel to the principal axis is converged onto the nodal point.
C Light passing through the nodal point is undeviated.
D The refractive power of a lens with focal length of 10 cm is 10D
E The refractive power of a lens with focal length of -5 cm is 5D.

15 A-False B = False C = True D=:True E = False

The optics of thin lenses are considerably simpler than that of thick lenses. In ophthalmology, most of the
lenses used are thin lenses. In thin lenses, the total refractive power equals the sum of the surface
refractive power. The line joining the radius of curvature of the surfaces is called the principal axis. The
principal axis meets the middle of the lens at the nodal point (N). There are two centres of curvature (R1
and R2) and two principal foci (F1 and F2) on either side of the lens. The distance between the principal
focus and the nodal point is the focal length (f). In thin lenses, the radius of curvature is twice the focal
length.
Light passing through the nodal point is undeviated (X). Light parallel to the principal axis converges
onto the second principal focus (V) By the principle of the reversibility of light, light passing through the
first principal focus emerges parallel to the principal axis.
The refractive power of a lens is measured in dioptres.
Power (in dioptres) = 1/second focal length (in metres).
The stronger lens has a shorter focal length.
The refractive power of a lens with focal length of 10 cm (0.1 m) = 1/0.1 = 10 D.
The refractive power of a lens with focal length of -5 cm (0.05 m) = 1/-0.05 = -20D.

16 A convex lens of 3D is in contact with a concave lens of 2D homocentrically.

A The refractive power of the combination is independent of the distance between the two lenses.
B The refractive power of the combination is independent of the thickness of the lenses.
C The focal length of the combination is 5 m.
D The refractive power of the combination is 5D.
E The focal length of the combination is independent of whether the lenses are placed homocentrically.

16 A = False B = False C = False D = False E = False

A system of lenses is said to be homocentric when all the component lenses are centred on a common
optical axis. If several lenses are placed homocentrically and close to each other, the total refractive
power of the lenses is equal to the sum of the individual lenses, taking the convex lens as (+) and the
concave lens as (-).
If a convex lens of +3D is placed homocentrically with a concave lens of -2D, the total refractive power
of the combination is 1D. Hence, the focal length of the combination is 1/1 = 1 m.
The above calculations are true only if the lenses are thin, and are close to each other.

17. The following are true about the focal lengths of spherical lenses:
a. the first focal length always has the same length as the second focal length
b. the first focal length of a convex lens is to the right of the lens
c. the first focal length of a concave lens is to the right of the lens
d. the second focal length of a convex lens has a positive sign
e. the second focal length of a concave lens has a negative sign

17. a.F b.F c.T d.T e.T

The first focal length has the same length as the second focal length only if the media on either side of the
lens are the same. The first focal length of a convex lens is to the left of the lens whereas that of the
concave lens is to the right of the lens.
By convention, the second focal length has a positive sign for convex lens and a negative sign for
concave lens. As lenses are designated by their second focal lengths, a convex lens is also called a plus
lens and a concave lens a negative lens.

18. The following are true about magnification by the lens:

a. the linear magnification of an object is defined by the distance of the image from the principal point
divided by the distance of the object from the principal point.
b. angular magnification is more important than linear magnification in determining the image size
falling on the retina
c. a tall object situated far away may be perceived as having the same size as a smaller one close to the
eye
d. magnification of the depth of the image along the optical axis is known as axial magnification
e. if the image is situated at infinity, its size is the same as its object size
18. a.T b.T c.T d.T e.T
Image magnification can be defined in various ways:
• Linear magnification is the quotient of the image height divided by the object height.
• Axial magnification is the magnification of the depth of the image along the optical axis.
• Angular magnification is the quotient of the angle subtended by the image divided by the angle
subtended by the object.

19. The magnifying glass:

a. increases the angle subtended by the image of a near object
b. has an angular magnification which is traditionally defined as angle subtended by the image divided by
the angle subtended by the same object placed 25 cm from the eye
c. has an angular magnification equal to M/4 where M is the power of the lens in dioptres
d. is used to produce erect virtual image for the normal user
e. has a small field of vision

19. a.T b.T c.T d.T e.T

The magnifying lens increases the angle subtended by the image of a near object placed in the primary
focal plane of a plus lens. For such a magnifier, the magnifying power is traditionally defined as the
quotient of the angle subtended by the image divided by the angle subtended by the same object placed
25 cm from the eye. The magnifying power is calculated to be M/4 where M is the power of the lens in
dioptres.

20. Regarding tinted lenses:

a. the lenses always change colour with light
b. they work by either absorbing the light or reflecting the light
c. transmittance curve of a tinted lens measures the percentage of light transmission for each wavelength
d. the protective goggles used in laser room are made up of tinted lenses
e. lenses with solid tint have uniform light absorption throughout

20. a.F b.T c.T d.T e.F

Tinted lenses may be of fixed colour or photochromic (the colour changes with light). They work by
either absorbing the light or reflecting the light. Transmittance curve gives the performance of the lens.
Laser protective goggles are tinted lenses.
Light absorption in a lens with solid tint depends on the thickness of the lens; therefore, the absorption is
higher in area where the lens is thicker.

21. Photochromic lenses:

a. usually have a more rapid darkening process than lightening process
b. give different tints according to the wavelengths
c. tend to become darkened with repeated use
d. that made of glass usually employed organic photochromic compounds
e. tend to darken more rapidly if the environmental temperature is low

21. a.T b.T c.T d.F e.T

Photochromatic lenses change colour in the presence of light and the process of darkening is more rapid
than the process of lightening. The tint that develops depends on the wavelengths of the light. Silver
halide is used in glass and organic photochromic compounds are used in plastic. With constant use, the
lens eventually become darkened. Darkening tends to occur more rapidly in low temperature because
heat reduces the effect of light on photochromic lenses.

22. Regarding materials used in spectacle lenses

A. flint glass has a higher refractive index than crown glass
B. flint glass is sometimes used for achromatic lenses
C. plastic lenses are lighter than glass lenses
D. plastic (Perspex) lenses are more susceptible to scratching than glass lenses
E. plastic lenses warm up more rapidly than glass lenses

22 A = True B = True C = True D = True E = True

Flint glass has a high refractive index of 1.62, and is used for making achromatic lenses or bifocal lenses.
Plastic (Perspex) lenses are lighter and do not break or splinter easily. However, they can be scratched
easily, and can warp under heat or pressure. This can be remedied by the use of a thermosetting resin.
They also warm up more rapidly than glass lenses, and hence are less liable to condensation in cold
weather.

23 Convexo-concave lenses
A are also called menisci
B always act as convex lenses
C act as a concave lens if the radius of curvature from the convex surface is longer than the radius of
curvature of the concave surface
D have their optical centres midway between the two surfaces
E are often used as trial lenses

23 A = True B = False C = True D = False E = False

A convexo-concave lens has a concave surface on one side and convex surface on the other. It is also
called a meniscus. Its total refractive power is equal to the sum of the refractive power of the two
surfaces. Hence, it can either act as a concave or convex lens depending on which surface has the greater
refractive power. If the radius of curvature of the convex surface is longer than that at the concave
surface, the convex surface has a less refractive power than the concave surface. Hence the lens acts as a
concave lens. The optical centre is
outside the lens. Trial lenses are usually plano-convex or plano-concave lenses, with the convex or
concave surface nearest to the eye.

24 Both surfaces of a biconvex lens have radii of curvature of 5 cm. Assuming that the RI of the lens is
1.5
A the refractive power at one surface is more than 12D
B the refractive power of the lens is less than a similar lens with radii of curvature of 4 cm for both
surfaces
C the refractive power at one surface is the same if the lens is placed in water
D the refractive power of the lens is independent of the refractive index of the lens
E the refractive power of the lens is 20D

24 A = False B = False C = False D = False E = True

Applying the formula: Power of surface (in dioptres) = (n1 – n2) / r
Where n1 = RI of lens, n2 = RI of the medium (air) and r = radius of curvature of lens in m (+ve if
convex, -ve if concave)
Refractive power at one surface = (1.5 - 1)/0.05 = 10D.
Refractive power of the lens = 10 + 10D = 20D.
The refractive power of the lens is less if placed in water. The power of the each surface of the lens
increases as the radii of curvature decreases.
25. Regarding decentration of spectacle lenses
A. decentration of 5 mm of a 10D lens would cause a prismatic effect of 5∆
B. decentration of 1mm of a 10D lens would cause a prismatic effect of 10 ∆
C. decentration of 10 mm of a 5 D lens would cause a prismatic effect of 5 ∆
D. it sometimes serves useful purposes
E. it is more pronounced in high powered lenses

25 A=True B=False C=True D=True E=True

Decentration may occur either by shifting the whole lens to one side so that the optical axis and the
geometrical axis (i.e. the centre of the lens in the spectacle frame) don’t coincide, or by cutting out a
smaller lens from the periphery of a larger lens. The prismatic effect is given by the formula
Prismatic effect (in prism dioptre) = power of lens (in dioptres) x distance decentred (in cm)
The formula can be easily proved as follows:
Prismatic effect = Prismatic deviation (cm) / distance from lens (m)
= d/f
= dP where P is the power of the lens (since P =1/f)
In A, prismatic effect = 0.5 cm x 10D = 5∆.
In B, prismatic effect = 0.1 cm x 10D =1∆.
In C, prismatic effect = 1 cm x5D =5∆.
Decentration sometimes serves useful purposes, such as correction of convergence excess or deficit, or
when the subject’s activities require vision not in the primary position (e.g. when playing snooker)

26 A spectacle lens of +5DS/+5DC at 90° is decentred.

A Decentration of 0.5 cm horizontally would give a prismatic effect of 5 ∆.
B Decentration of 1 cm vertically would give a prismatic effect of 5 ∆.
C Decentration of 1 mm horizontally would give a prismatic effect of 1 ∆.
D Decentration would give rise to the same prismatic effect irrespective of the direction.
E The prismatic effect at 30° can be calculated from the above.

26 A = True B = True C = True D = False E = True

In the lens system of +5DS/+5DC at 90°, the power is 10D at 0° and 5D at 90°.
in A, prismatic effect = 0.5 x 10 = 5 ∆.
In B, prismatic effect = 1 x 5 = 5 ∆.
In C, prismatic effect = 0.1 x 10 = 1 ∆.
The prismatic effect would be greater in the horizontal than the vertical direction. The prismatic effect by
decentration of 1 cm at 30° to the horizontal can be calculated either graphically or by trigonometry/
Pythagoras' Theorem.

27 The following is/are true regarding the interpupillary distance.

A Determination for distance vision only is required.
B It is shorter for females than males.
C Facial asymmetry may cause inequalities of the two halves of the inter pupillary distance.
D Inaccuracies in measurement may result in prismatic effects.
E It differs amongst individuals.

27 A = False B = True C = True D = True E = True

The IPD varies according to the facial contour, and differs amongst Individuals. It is about 2 mm shorter
for females than males on average, and may be unequal in the two halves if there is significant facial
asymmetry. The interpupillary distance should be measured both for distant and near vision.

28. The interpupillary distance:

a. can be measured using the corneal reflex
b. can be measured by noting the distance between the nasal limbus of one eye and the temporal limbus
of the other
c. used in making spectacle is 1 mm less than the anatomical interpupillary distance
d. for a patient with accommodative esotropia is the distance between the two corneal reflexes without
spectacle correction
e. for a patient with intermittent exotropia is the distance between the two corneal reflexes when the two
eyes are in primary position

28. a.T b.T c.T d.F e.T

The interpupillary distance is important to avoid decentring the optical axis which can cause spectacle
intolerance. The distanceis shorter for reading than distant glasses. For a patient with accommodative
esotropia, it is important to have the eyes in primary position before measuring the interpupillary
distance. This can be achieved with either the correcting lenses in place or using cover test.
29 The following statements is/are true regarding relative prismatic effects when spectacle lenses are
decentred.
A They are particularly large in anisometropia.
B They can cause discomfort for vertical imbalance of more than 1 ∆.
C If large, they may be associated with diploplia.
D They can be reduced by using a smaller lens.
E They are the differences of the prismatic effect between the two eyes when not in their primary
positions.

29 A = True B = True C = True D = True E = True

The relative prismatic effect is the difference between the two eyes of the spectacle prismatic effect when
the eyes are not in the primary positions. Since the prismatic effect = power of lens x decentration. it is
particularly large in anisometropia (where the power of the lens differs considerably between the two
eyes). Using a smaller lens may reduce the amount of decentration. The decentration gives rise to blurred
vision, and a relative prismatic effect gives rise to diploplia. A vertical prismatic effect >1 ∆ would not be
tolerated.

30 Lens decentration. The following are true:

a Decentration of a lens is use of a non-axial portion of the lens to gain a prismatic effect.
b Decentration can cause a jack-in-the-box effect.
c Prismatic effect may be calculated using lens power in dioptres and decentration in centimetres.
d The prismatic effect of the downward decentration of a +12 dioptre lens by 3 mm is 3.6 base up.
e Upward decentration of a - 6 dioptre lens by 5 mm causes a 3 dioptre base out prismatic effect.

30 a True. Prismatic effect increases towards the periphery of a lens as the refracting angle increases
towards the lens edges and may cause ring scotomas and jack-in-the-box effects which are especially
troublesome with high refractive errors.
b True.
c True. Prismatic effect is calculated using the formula P = DF where P is the prism power in dioptres, D
is the decentration in centimeters and F is the lens power in dioptres (Prentice rule).
d False. The prismatic effect of the downward decentration of a +12 dioptre lens by 3 mm is 3.6 D base
down.
e False. Upward decentration of a - 6 dioptre lens by 5 mm causes a 3 D base down prismatic effect.
31 Measurement of interpupillary distance:
a Is less important for high-prescriptions.
b Is important in aphakic patients.
c May be done using corneal light reflexes.
d May be done using the distance between the nasal limbus of the Lt eye & the temporal limbus of the Rt
eye.
e Is approximately 1 mm more than the distance between the visual axes for distance vision.

31 a False. Decentration causes unwanted prismatic effects especially in high powered lenses.
h True. See above.
c True.
d True,
6 True. This is the actual measurement required for making spectacles.

32 In the design of best form lenses

A the most important aberration to eliminate is chromatic aberration
B the more concave surface should be placed closer to the eye
C the base curve is the steeper curve
D for convex lenses of higher refractive power than 80, no spherical lenses can eliminate oblique
astigmatism
E the base curve of a positive meniscus is the back surface

32 A=False B=True C=False D=True E=True

The aim of designing best form lenses is to eliminate troublesome optical aberrations. The most
important aberration to eliminate is oblique astigmatism.
Otherwise, the subject cannot see distinctly when the eyes move around. It has been found that there are
two forms of lenses where the astigmatic effect is eliminated for a range of power (+7D to -22D). The
Ostwald form has a shallow curvature, while the Wollaston form has a deep meniscus. The base curve is
the flatter curve, and the steeper surface is called the second surface. For a convex lens higher than 8D,
no spherical lens can eliminate oblique astigmatism, and an aspherical lens is needed.
To reduce oblique astigmatism, a more concave surface should be placed next to the eye, and a more
convex surface away from the eye. Hence, the base curve (flatter curve) of a positive meniscus is the
back surface.
33 Best form lenses;
a Reduce spherical aberration.
b Include meniscus and periscopic lenses.
c Reduce chromatic aberrations.
d The base curve of a positive lens is positive.
e The concave surface is always placed next to the eye.

33 a True. A best form lens minimises oblique astigmatism and spherical aberration.
b True. According to its base curve, a best form lens may be called a "meniscus lens" (base curve of 6D)
or a periscopic lens (base curve of 1.25 D).
c False. They do not eliminate chromatic aberration.
d False. A positive best form lens has a negative base curve and vice versa.
e True.

34. Best form lenses is used to reduce:

a. chromatic aberration
b. oblique astigmatism
c. spherical aberration
d. coma
e. glare

34. a.F b.T c.T d.F e.F

Best form lenses are lenses that have been made to reduce both spherical and oblique aberrations.

35 The following about best form lenses for astigmatic lenses is/are true.
A They are simpler to produce than those for spherical lenses.
B They are produced mainly by bending the lens.
C The ideal lenses with no aberration are often unachievable.
D They often suffer from troublesome reflection from bent surfaces.
E Computers may assist in the design.

35 A = False B = True C = True D = True E = True

Best form lenses for astigmatic lenses are considerably more complicated than spherical lenses, and often
the ideal lens is unachievable. As bending of the lens is the main variable, equality of effective powers of
the lens over its whole area cannot be achieved, and a compromise has to be made. Computers help in the
design. Reflection from the bent lens is often a problem.

36. The following are true about the cylindrical lens:

a. it has two meridian of curvature
b. it has no power along its axis
c. it can be used to measure phoria
d. it causes meridian magnification or minification at 90o to its axis
e. it forms a focal line parallel to its axis

36. a.F b.T c.T d.T e.T

A cylindrical lens has one plane surface and the other with curve surface. It has no power along its axis.
Its power is 90 degrees to the axis and the lens forms a focal line parallel to its axis. It is used in Maddox
rod for the measurement of phoria.

37. The following are true about the spherical equivalent:

a. it is located at the circle of least confusion in the conoid of Sturm
b. it is midway between the dioptric powers of the two cylindrical lenses that make up the astigmatic lens
c. it can be used to calculate if the eye is essentially emmetropic, myopic or hypermetropic
d. it is used to choose intraocular lens during biometry
e. it is calculated by adding the spherical power to half the cylindrical power

37. a.T b.F c.T d.T e.T

The CLC of the conoid of Sturm is located at the focal point of the spherical equivalent lens. However,
the spherical equivalent is not midway between the dioptric powers of the two cylindrical lenses that
make up the astigmatic lens.
The spherical equivalent of a sphero-cylindrical lens can be calculated as follows:
Spherical equivalent = sphere + (cylinder/2)
It can be used to find out if an eye is emmetropic,hypermetropic or myopic.
It is used in biometry to choose the intraocular lens.
38 In the conoid of Sturm produced by a lens system of +5DS/+5DC x 30°
A the interval of Sturm is 20 cm
B the circle of least diffusion is 15 cm from the lens
C the location of the circle of least diffusion is unchanged by the addition of +1DS lens
D the location of the circle of least diffusion is unchanged by the addition of +2DS/-4DC X 120°
E the location of the circle of least diffusion is unchanged by the addition of -1DS/+2DCx30"

38 A = False B = False C = False D = True E = True

The powers at the focal lines are 5D and 10D. They are 1/5 m = 20 cm and 1/10 m = 10 cm away from
the lens. Hence, the conoid of Sturm is (20 - 10) cm = 10 cm.
At the circle of least diffusion, it has a dioptrical power of (5 + 10)/2 = 7.5D.
Hence, it is (1/7.5) m = 13.3 cm away from the lens.
Addition of +1DS would cause the power at the focal lines to increase to 6D and 11D. At the CLC, it
would have a dioptric power of (6 +11)/2 = 8.5D. The circle of least diffusion would be (1/8.5) m = 11.8
cm away from the lens.
Addition of -1DC x 120o would increase the power at the focal lines to be 6D and 10D. Hence, the power
at the circle of least diffusion would be (6 + 10)/2 = 8D. It would be 12.5 cm away from the lens. In
general, addition of a positive cylindrical lens would move that focal line closer to the lens, and addition
of a negative cylindrical lens would move that focal line away from the lens.
Addition of -1DS/+2DC x 30° would change the power at the focal lines to be 4D and 11D. At the circle
of least diffusion, it would have a power of (4 + 11)/2 = 7.5D. Hence, it is at the same distance of 13.3
cm away from the lens.
Addition of +2DS/-4DC x 120''is the equivalent of addition of -2DS/+4DC x30o. Using similar
calculations, it can be shown that the position of the circle of least diffusion is unchanged.

39 In the conoid of Sturm produced by a lens system of -4DS/-2DC x 40°

A the circle of least diffusion is 33 cm from the lens
B addition of +1DS would move the proximal focal line 8.3 cm closer to the lens
C addition of +1 DS would move the proximal focal line a longer distance than the distal focal line
D addition of -1 DS would move the proximal focal line a longer distance than the distal focal line
E addition of -1 DC x 40® will move the distal focal line away from the lens

39 A = True B = False C = False D = False E = True

The power at the focal lines are 4D and 2D. At the circle of least diffusion, the power is (4 + 2)/2 = 3D.
Hence, the circle of least diffusion is 1/3 m = 33 cm away from the lens.
Addition of +1DS increases the power at the proximal focal line to (4 + 1) =5D. Hence, it is 1/5 = 20 cm
away from the lens. The proximal focal line has moved (25 - 20) cm = 5 cm closer to the lens.
Similarly, addition of +1DS increases the power at the distal focal line to 3D. It is 1/3 m = 33.3 cm away
from the lens. Hence, it moves (50 - 33.3) cm = 16.7 cm closer to the lens. The proximal focal line moves
a shorter distance than the distal focal line.
Addition of -1 DS would produce a lens system of +3DS/-2DC x 40°. The powers at the focal lines are
3D and 1D. The proximal and distal focal lines are 33.3 cm and 100 cm away from the lens respectively.
Hence, the proximal focal line is moved (33.3 - 25) cm = 8.3 cm, and the distal focal point (100 - 50) =
50 cm away from the lens.
Addition of -1DC x 40° would produce a lens system of +4DS/-3DC x 40°. The distal focal line would
have a power of ID, and is 1 m away from the lens. Hence, it has moved 100 - 50 = 50 cm away from the
lens.

40. The following are true about the conoid of Sturm:

a. it is the three-dimensional image form by a spherocylindrical surface
b. images at the end of the conoid are lines
c. images at the centre of the conoid are circle
d. the circle of least confusion is within the conoid of Sturm
e. the length of the conoid of Sturm increases if the differences between the two foci of a
spherocylindrical surface increases

40. a.T b.T c.T d.T e.T

41 Regarding Sturm's conoid with greatest and least curvature in the horizontal and vertical meridian
respectively
A the circle of least diffusion represents the point when the subject sees the object most clearly
B the focal interval of Sturm is the distance between the refracting surface and the focus for the vertical
ray
C the circle of least diffusion always lies between the two foci for vertical and horizontal rays
D there may be more than one circle of least diffusion assuming that the vertical and horizontal foci are
different
E it can be accurately represented in the plane of a piece of paper

41 A = True B = False C = True D = False E = False

Sturm's conoid is a ray diagram representation of a regular astigmatic refracting surface (such as the
astigmatic eye) with the horizontal and vertical meridians having different foci. The distance between the
horizontal and vertical foci is known as the interval of Sturm. The circle of least diffusion occurs when
the horizontal rays are diverging as much as the vertical rays are converging. Hence, it is always between
the two foci, and there is only one circle of least diffusion. The circle of least diffusion represents the
point at which the subject sees the object most clearly.

42 In the conoid of Sturm produced by a lens system of +3DS/-I-2DC x 80°

A the interval of Sturm is 13.3 cm
B the circle of least diffusion is 25 cm from the lens
C addition of +1DS to the system will not alter the interval of Sturm
D addition of -0.5DS to the system will increase the interval of Sturm
E addition of -1DC x 80'' will move the distal focal line further away

42 A = True B = True C = False D = True E = False

The interval of Sturm is the distance between the two focal lines. In a lens system of +3DS/+2DC x 80°,
the two focal lines have dioptrical power of 3D and 5D. Hence, they are 1/3 m = 33.3 cm and 1/5 m = 20
cm away from the lens. The interval of Sturm is 33.3 - 20 = 13.3 cm. The circle of least diffusion is
midway dioptrically between the two focal lines. Hence, the power at the CLC is (3 + 5)/2 = 4D. It is 1/4
= 0.25 m = 25 cm away from the lens.
Addition of 1 DS to the system will result in a lens system of +4DS/+2 DC x 80°. The power at the focal
points are 4D and 6D. Hence, they are 1/4 = 0.25 m and 1/6 = 0.167 m away from the lens. The interval
of Sturm is 25 - 16.7 cm = 8.3 cm.
Similarly, addition of -0.5 DS to the system will result in the powers at the focal lines being 2.5D and
4.5D. The focal lines are 1/2.5 m = 40 cm and 1/4.5 m = 22.2 cm away from the lens. The interval of
Sturm is (40 - 22.2) cm = 17.8 cm.
Addition of -1 DC x 80° will result in a lens system of +3DS/+1 DC x 80°. The distal focal line has a
power of 4D, and hence is 25 cm away.
43 In the process of neutralization of a lens with another lens
A the lenses should be held with their optical centres opposite each other
B they should be separated by at least 0.5 cm
C a prism is sometimes required
D the spherical/cylindrical component should be neutralized before the prismatic component
E a constant displacement without relative movement of the arms of the cross denotes a prismatic effect

43 A = True B = False C = True D = True E = True

In the neutralisation of the lenses, the lenses should be held close together with their optical centres
opposite each other. Otherwise, the convex lens would require a stronger concave lens to neutralise. The
spherical and cylindrical components should be neutralised before the prismatic component. A positive
spherical lens causes 'against movement', while a negative spherical lens causes 'with movement'. A
prismatic lens causes constant displacement without relative movement of the cross.

44 In identification of the type of lenses by comparing the visual image of a cross viewed through the
lens
A a convex lens causes distortion of the cross
B a convex lens causes a 'with movement'
C a concave lens causes an 'against movement'
D an astigmatic lens causes distortion of the cross
E a rotation of a strong convex lens causes scissoring of the cross

44 A=False B=False C=False D=True E=False

When one observes a cross through a concave lens, a 'with movement' is seen. An 'against movement' is
observed through a convex lens. In both cases, no distortion is observed.
When an astigmatic lens is used, there is distortion. Rotation of the lens causes a' scissoring' effect with
the images of the two arms of the cross rotating in different directions.
When a prismatic lens is used, there is constant displacement of the cross with no distortion of the cross.

45 The Geneva lens measure

A measures the radius of curvature of a lens
B gives a reading of the focal length of the lens
C gives a reliable and valid reading of the overall power of the lens irrespective of the RI of the lens
D gives a reliable and valid reading of the overall power of the lens irrespective of the thickness of the
lens
E gives a reading on the dial of the instrument

45 A = True B = False C = False D = False E = True

The Geneva lens measure estimates the refractive power of a lens by measuring the radius of curvature of
a lens. It assumes the refractive index of the lens to be 1.52 (that of crown glass), and converts the
reading into refractive power in D. The reading is displaced on the dial of the instrument. To calculate the
total refractive power of a lens, readings at both surfaces of the lens are taken, and the refractive powers
are added together. This assumes that the thickness of the lens is negligible.

46 The Geneva lens measurer

a Measures the surface, powers of a lens.
b Uses the principle that the total power of a thin lens equals the sum of its surface powers.
c Is calibrated for flint glass.
d Consists of a focusing system and an observation system.
e Is the most commonly used method of estimating lens power.

46 a True. It measures the surface curvature of lenses to give their power

b True.
c False. It is calibrated for crown glass.
d False. This is the focimeter.
e False.

47. The following are true about the identity of an unknown lens when viewed through a cross made up
of two lines crossed at 90:
a. there is no distortion of the cross if the lens is spherical
b. an astigmatic lens always causes distortion of the cross
c. 'scissors' movement of the cross when the lens is rotated suggests the lens is astigmatic
d. if the cross moved in opposite direction to the lens, the lens is likely to be concave
e. displacement of the line on cross suggests the presence of prism within the lens

47. a.T b.F c.T d.F e.T

If the axis of the astigmatic lens coincide with the cross lines, there is no distortion. However, if the lens
is rotated against the cross, scissors movement of the cross always occurs. If the cross moved in opposite
direction to the lens, the lens is convex. A prism has no optical centre and therefore one line of the cross
is always displaced regardless of the lens position.

48. Regarding the Geneva lens measure:

a. it can only be used to measure crown glass
b. it measures the base curve of a lens
c. it makes use of the principle that the total power of a thin lens is equal to the sum of its surface power
d. it can be used to measure the thickness of a lens
e. it can be used to measure the diameter of a lens

48. a.F b.T c.T d.T e.T

The Geneva lens measure is calibrated for crown glass but can be used for other materials with a
correction factor. It measures the base curve of lens and makes use of the principle that the total power of
a thin lens is equal to the sum of its surface power. It can be used for lens diameter or thickness
measurement.

49 A prescription of +3.50 DS/+ 2.50 DC x 60 is equivalent to:

a +3.50DS/-2.50DC x 60 .
b +3.50 DS/-2.50 DC x 30
c -3.50DS/-2.50DC x 120
d +6.00 DS/-2.50 DC x 150
e +1.00DS/-2.50DC x 120
49 d is correct.

50 A prescription of + 1.00 DS/ - 3.00 DC x 90 is equivalent to:

a +4.00DS/-3.00DC x 90
b -2.00DS/+3.00DC x 180
c -2.00 DS/ +3.00 DC x 90
d +4.00DS/ + 3.00DC x 180
e -2.00DS/-3.00 DC x 180
50 b is correct. a is the toric transposition to a - 6.00 base curve.
51 A prescription of - 4.00 DS/ + 1.00 DC x 95 is equivalent to:
a -5.00 DS/-1.00 DC X 85
b -3.00DS/-l.00 DC X 95
c -5.00DS/-1.00DC X 5
d -3.00DS/-1.00DC X 5
e -3.00 DS/+1.00 DC x 5
51 d is correct.

52. the toric transposition of + 2.00 DS/ +1.00 DC X 90 to the base curve +6 is:
+ 9.00 DS
a
−6.00 DC X 90/−7.00DC X180
−4.00 DS
b
+6.00 DC X 180 /+7.00DC X 90
+7.00 DS
c −6.00 DC X 90/−7.00DC X180
+4.00 DS
d −6.00 DC X 90/−7.00DC X180
+7.00 DS
e −6.00 DC X 180 /+7.00DC X 90

52 b is correct.

53 The toric transposition of + 1.00DS/ + 3.00 DC X90 to the base curve – 6.00 is:
+ 6.00 DC X 180/+9.00DC X 90
a − 13.00 DS
+ 6.00 DS
b −5.00 DC X 90/−8.00DC X180
+ 7.00 DC X 180/+10.00DC X90
c −6.00 DS
+ 6.00 DC X 180/+9.00DC X90
d −5.00 DS
+ 6.00 DS
e −2.00 DC X 90/−5.00DC X180

53 d is correct.
c is correct for a sphere curve of -6.
e is correct for a sphere curve of +6.

54 A prescription of + 3.00 DS/ + 1.00 DC x 20 is equivalent to:

a + 4.00DS/-1.00DC x 70
b +2.00DS/+2.00DC x 20
c +5.00DS/-1.00DC X 20
d +4.00DS/-1.00DC x 110
e +4.00DS/-1.00DC x 20
54 d is correct.

55 A prescription of -1.00 DS/ + 0.50 DC x 85 is equivalent to:

a +1.00DS/-0.50DC x 175
b - 0.50 DS/ +0.50 DC x 85
c -0.50DS/-0.50DC. X 175
d -0.50DS/-0.50DC x 5
e -1.00DS/-0.50DC x 5
55 c is correct.

56 -2.25 DS/+ 3.00 DC x 140 is equivalent to:

a + 0.75DS/-3.00DC x 50
b + 0.75 DS/-3.00 DC x 40
c + 3.00DS/-2.25 DC x 40
d + 3.00DS/-2.25DC x 50 •
e + 0.75 DS/-3.00 DC x 140
56 a is correct.

57 The prescription -1.00DS/-1.00DC x 180 is equivalent to:

a -2.00 DS
b -2.00DS/-1.00DC x 90
c -2.00 DS/+1.00 DC X 90
d -2.00 DS/+1.00 DC x 180
e - 1.00 DS/ +2.00 DC x 90
57 c is correct.

58 The prescription -1.00DS/+ 1.00 DC x 90 is equivalent to:

a + 1.00DS/-1.00DC x 90
b + 1.00 DS/-1.00 DC X 180
c Plano/-1.00DC x 180
d -2.00DS/ + 3.00DC x 180
e + 2.00 DS/-3.00 DC x 180
58 c is correct.

59 The toric transposition of +3.00DS/+ 1.00 DC x 20 to the base curve -2.00D is:
+5.00 DS
a −2.00 DC X 10/+3.00DC X 110
−6.00 DS
b −2.00 DC X 20/+1.00DC X 20
+6.00 DS
c
−2.00 DC X 20/−3.00DC X 110
+3.00 DS
d −2.00 DC X 20/+1.00DC X 110
+3.00 DS
e −2.00 DC X 110/+1.00DC X 20

59 c is correct.

60 The toric transposition of the prescription - 1.00 DS/ - 0.50 DC x 80 to the base curve +2.00D is:
−3.50 DS
a +2.00 DC X 80/+2.50DC X 70
−3.50 DS
b +2.50 DC X 80/+2.00DC X 70
−3.50 DS
c +2.00 DC X 80/−0.50DC X 10
−3.50 DS
d −2.00 DC X 170/+2.50DC X 170
+1.00 DS
e +2.00 DC X 80/+2.50DC X 170

60 a is correct.

61 The toric transposition of the prescription -1.00DS/+1.00 DC X 90 to the base curve -2.00 D is:
−1.00 DS
a −2.00 DC X 180/+1.00DC X 90
−1.00 DS
b −2.00 DC X 90/+1.00DC X180
+2.00 DS
c −2.00 DC X 90/+1.00DC X 180
+2.00 DS
d −2.00 DC X 90/−3.00DC X 180
+1.00 DS
e −2.00 DC X 90/+3.00DC X 180
61 d is correct.

62 The toric transposition of the prescription - 1.00 DS/ -1.00 DC X 180 to the base curve +2.00D is
+0.00
a +2.00 DC X 180/+3.00DC X 90
+4.00 DS
b +2.00 DC X 180/−1.00DC X 90
−4.00 DS
c +2.00 DC X 180/−1.00DC X 90
−4.00 DS
d +2.00 DC X 180/−1.00DC X 90
+1.00 DS
e +2.00 DC X 180/+3.00DC X 90

62 c is correct.

63 The toric transposition of the prescription -0.25 DS/ +3.00 DC x140 to the base curve -1.00 D is:
+1.75 DS
a −1.00 DC X 140/−4.00DC X 50
− 3.25DS
b −1.00 DC X 140/−4.00DC X 50
−3.25DS
c −1.00 DC X 140/+4.00DC X 50
−1.75 DS
d −1.00 DC X 140/+4.00DC X 50
−1.75 DS
e −1.00 DC X 140/−4.00DC X 50

63 a is correct.

64. The following transpositions are correct:

a. PL / -2.00 X 180 = -2.00 / +2.00 X 90
b. +2.00 / -0.50 X 60 = +2.50 / +0.50 X 150
c. -1.25 / +0.75 X 4 = -0.50 / -0.75 X 86
d. +7.00 / -2.00 X 78 = +5.00 / +2.00 X 168
e. -0.25 /-3.00 X 50 = -3.25 / +3.00 X 140

64. a.T b.F c.F d.T e.T

To transpose an astigmatic lens, first add the spherical and the cylindrical power and then alter the sign of
the cylinder power and finally add 90 degrees to the existing axis. If the axis is more than 180 degrees,
takes 180 degrees from the total degrees to get the new axis.
Therefore question b should be +1.50 / +0.50 X 150 and c should be -0.50 / -0.75 X 94.

65. When transposing +3.00/-1.00X 90 to the base curve -5.00, the correct answer should be:
a. +8.00 DS/-5.00DC axis 180/-6.00DC axis 90
b. +8.00 DS/-5.00DC axis 180/-6.00DC axis 180
c. +8.00 DS/ -5.00DC axis 90/-6.00DC axis 180
d. -2.00DS/ -5.00DC axis 90/-6.00 DC axis 90
e. -2.00DS/ -5.00DC axis 180/-6.00DC axis 90

65. a.T b.F c.F d.F e.F

The steps for toric transposition is as follow:
i. Make sure the cylinder has the same sign as the base curve
ii. Obtain the required power of the spherical surface by subtracting the base curve power from the
spherical power. Here the result is +3-(-5) = +8.00DS
iii. Specify the axis of the base curve and this axis is 90 degrees to that of the required cylinder. The
result in this case is: -5.00DC axis 180.
iv. Finally add the required cylinder to the base curve power with its axis. The result is
-5 (-1.00) = -6.00DC axis 90.

66 The following lenses are equivalent

A +30S/+20C at 60° and +50S/-20C at 60°
B -30S/+2.50C at 140° and -0.50S/-2.50C at 50°
C -40S1+20C at 30° and -20S/+20C at 150°
D -30S/-1 DC at 80° and -40S/+ 1DC at 170°
E +20S/-1 DC at 90° and +20S/+ 1DC at 0°

66 A = False B = True C = False D = True E = False

The general formula for transposing lens is: X DS/YDC at r degrees is equivalent to
(X + Y) DS/-YDC at (r+ 90)° if r is less than 90°
(X + Y) DS/-YDC at (r- 90)o if r is between 90 to 180°
In A, the correct transposition of +3DS/+2DC at 60° is +5DS/-2DC at 150°.
In C, the correct transposition of -4DS/+2DC at 30° is -2DS/-2DC at 120°.
In E, the correct transposition of +2DS/-1DC at 90° is +1DS/+1DC at 90°.
67 The following lenses are equivalent
A +5DS/-2DC X 20° and +3DS/-2DC x 110o
B -6DS/+3DC X 50° and -3DS/-3DC x 140o
C +8DS/+2DC X 45° and +10DS/-2DC x 45°
D -4DS/-3DC X 35° and -7DS/+3DC x 125°
E +9DS/+1DC x 10° and +9DS/-1DC x 100°

67 A = False B = True C = False D = True E = False

The general formula for transposing lenses
X DS/Y DC at axis r degrees
is (X+Y) DS/-Y DC at axis (r+ 90)° if r ˂ 90°, or (X+ Y) DS/-Y DC at axis (r- 90)° if r > 90°.
In A, the transposition of +5DS/-2DC x 20° is +3DS/+2DC x 110°
In C, the transposition of +8DS/+2DC x 45° is +10DS/-2DC x 135°
In E, the transposition of +9DS/+1DC x 10° is +10DS/-1DC x 100°