3. Adjectives (CLC Stage 3) Adjectives describe nouns. eg. the happy slave, the angry mother, the terrified boy, the beautiful woman, a lot of money. Most Latin adjectives come after their noun, unlike English but like French. 9. servus laetus, mater irata, puer perterritus, femina pulchra, amicus meus, villa tua happy slave, angry mother, terrified boy, beautiful woman, my friend, your villa However, numbers and adjectives to do with size or quantity (e.g. magnus = big, Parvus = small, multus = a lot of, omnis = all, ingens = huge) come before their noun. 9. magnus servus, parva puella, multa pecunia, omnis cibus, ingens canis, unus nuntius big slave, small girl, alot of money, all the food, huge dog, — one messenger Also as in French, Latin adjectives have to agree with (i.e. match up with) their noun, according to its gender (Masculine, Feminine or Neuter) and, as you will see later, its number (i.e. whether it is Singular or Plural). In Latin they also have to agree with the case (e.g. Nom or Acc) of the noun. @.g. servus laetus ridet. = The happy slave is laughing. (Masculine Noun + Adjective) ancilla laeta ridet. = The happy slave-girl is laughing. (Feminine Noun + Adjective) filius servum laetum audit. The son hears the happy slave. (Mase. Noun + Adj.) The son hears the happy slave-gir. (Fem. Nour-FAdj) he girl hears the happy father, (Mase. Noun + Adj.) he girl hears the happy mother, (Fem. Noun + Adj.) filius ancillam laetam audit. puella patrem laetum audit. puella matrem laetam audit. Most adjectives (eg. laectus) have Masculine endings like Declension 2M (dominus) nouns and Feminine endings like Declension 4 (puella) nouns [see p.8]. In the Vocabulary booklet, these adjectives end in -us (their Masculine form). A few adjectives ending in -er (eg. pulcher) have most endings like the -us ones. Most other adjectives (e.g. fortis) have endings similar to Declension 3. These adjectives have the same endings for both Masculine and Feminine. laetus laetum | magnus magnum | Graecus Graecum meus = meum laeta laetam | magna magnam|Graeca Graecam | mea meam happy | big Greek my Masc. | pulcher — pulchrum | miser miserum | sacer Sacrum |noster nostrum Fem, | pulchra pulchram | misera miseram|sacra sacram nostra —_nostram beautiful wretched Sacred our M/F | fortis fortem | tristis tristem ingens ingentem |ferox _ ferocem brave sad huge fierce “1 Eston 1985 Book 1 - 16 ©P.SMuray-Pearce 10.08.073 Prepositions; Declensions 2M-r+2N (CLC Stage 3) Prepositions are words like in, on, to, from, near, with. They are always linked with a noun and usually tell you about where the noun is or is going eg inthe garden, to the city, out of the study, along the road, with a friend, after dinner. In Latin, the noun (and adjective, if there is one) after a preposition has to have a special ending. For most prepositions, this is the Accusative ending, which is also used for the Object of a sentence (see p.8) :- e.g. ad villam = to the house, in hortum = into the garden, per urbem = through the city, prope magnam navem = near the big ship, post cenam bonam = after a good dinner For some prepositions, it is an ending called the Ablative :- e.g. e villa = out of the house, in horto = in the garden, de nave = down from the ship, cum sene irato = with the angry old man The main (Singular) Ablative endings are:- -a (Decl.1), -o (Decl.2), -e (Decl.3). In the Vocabulary booklet, +Acc or +Abl after a preposition shows which ending is used. Note that the Latin preposition in can be followed by either ending but that it has a different English meaning for each :- in +Acc = into / onto, in +Abl = in/ on. A preposition with its noun (and adjective) is called a Prepositional Phrase. So far you have learnt (see p.8) that:- -a nouns belong to Declension 1 -us nouns belong to Declension 2 other nouns belong to Declension 3 There are, however, a few exceptions to this basic rule. ¢ Most nouns in Declension 2 are Masculine and so, strictly speaking, belong to Declension 2M. However, some nouns in Declension 2 are Neuter (see p.8) and so belong to Declension 2N. All of these end in -um e.g. vinum, forum, triclinium. These Neuter nouns have the same -um ending for the Nom and Acc cases. ¢ Most nouns ending with —r belong to Decl. 3 (¢.g. pater, mater, mercator, clamor). However a few belong to Decl. 2M; the most important are as below. Peers m b ic Nom puer vir magister liber ager Acc puerum virum magistrum _| librum agrum Note that magister, liber, and ager drop an -e- in the Accusative case. 1° Elion 1985 Book 1 - 18 (© P.S Muray-Pearce 10.03.073 Prepositions; Declensions 2M -r + 2N (CLC Stage 3) Exercise 3F V: 1-3, 17 3 marks each Translate each Latin sentence into good English. « Leave a blank line between each of your answers. eg. @. coquus e culina discedit et ad triclinium venit. A. The cook goes away from the kitchen and comes to the dining-room. 1. mercator ad forum ambulat. 6. Quintus cum amico ambulat. 2. filius per portam currit. 7. nauta de nave currit. 3. servus post ianuam stat. 8. puellae villa non discedit. 4. femina prope tabernam habitat. 9. Cerberus ex impluvio venit. 5. canis in hortum currit. 10. canis in horto currit. Vocab cum +Abl with de +Abl down from / about per +Acc through / along post + Acc after / behind prope +Acc near Extension : Translate into Latin, making sure you use the correct word order. 11. The boy runs to the house. 14. Grumio is walking along the road. 12. Caecilius comes out of the study. 15. The sailor is standing on the ship. 13. The shop is near the forum. LL I) is || 4. prope impluvium [ | stat 7 femina \ trans viam ambulat. Exercise 3G V: 1-3, 17 2 marks each Write each of the following nouns followed by :- a) which declension and gender the noun belongs to b) the noun with its Acc / Object ending « Do not leave a blank line between each of your answers. eg. Question: ancilla Answer: a) 1F b) ancillam 1. puella 6. senex 11, mercator 16. atrium 2. cibus 7. amicus 12. nauta 17. canis 3. vinum 8. puer 13. tablinum 18. cena 4. pater 9. poeta 14. pecunia 19. hortus 5. mater 10. cubiculum 15. navis 20. fur ‘weaiton 1965 Book 1 - 19 ©PSNuray Pearce 1.03.04 Verbs - Present Tense (CLC Stage 4) All the Latin verbs you have seen so far have ended in -t. Often this -t has no special meaning, but it can mean he, she, or it (see p.10). There are altogether 6 key personal endings for Latin verbs, as follows :- | English Latin Singular ego porto 1 amcarrying 1 cary [je porte tu portas you are carrying you carry | tu portes ile fila portat s/he is carrying | s/he carries | il/elle porte nos portamus nous —_portons ‘vos portatis ili/illae portant Plural we are carrying | we carry you are carrying | you carry they are carrying ; they carry iis felles portent vous _portez Notice how Latin and French endings work in a similar way. In Latin, unlike English and French, pronouns (ego, tu, ille, etc.) were mostly nc written before a verb because the ending of the verb made the meaning clear : e.g. cibum porto. vinum portas. aquam portat. lam carrying the food. You are carrying the wine. He is carrying the water. ——” The pronouns were written only if you wanted to emphasize thert- e.g. tu aquam bibis sed ego vinum bibo. You are drinking water but | am drinking wine. _(trying to boast or sneer) Note that there are two ways of saying you, one singular and one plural. Almost all Latin verbs are regular (unlike English and French). At this stage, you only need to know one irregular verb :- | French je suis u es il/elle est est sumus Rous sommes vous étes vos estis ili/ilae sunt iis/elles sont e.g. dominus sum. servus es. ancilla est. 1am the master. You are a slave. She is a slave-girl. ‘Eton 1985 Book 1 - 20 ‘© PS Muray Pearce 10.0Pa 4 Verbs - Present Tense (CLC Stage 4) Exercise 4A V: 1-4, 17 4 mark each Write down and translate each verb. Take special care over the ending. © Do not leave a blank line between each of your answers. eg. Question: laboramus Answer : we are working (or we work ) 1. scribo 5. capitis 9. habes 413. curritis 2. rident 6. tradimus 10. manemus 14. venio 3. facis 7. respondetis 11. discedunt 15. absunt 4. festinamus 8. ruo 12. ducis Extension ; Translate these verbs into Latin. 16. they see 18. you (s) are holding 20. |say 17. we are preparing 19. you (p) are listening Exercise 4C V: 1-4, 17 3 marks each Translate each Latin sentence into good English. « Leave a blank line between each of your answers. eg. Q. vinumintriclinio bibimus. ae ‘A. Weare drinking wine in the dining-room. (or We drink wine in the dining-room. ) eg. Q. servuses. in horto laboras. A. You are aslave. You work in the garden. ( or You are working in the garden. ) 4. cenam bonam paras. 8. iuvenem vocas. 2. in magna urbe habitamus. 9. per viam currunt. 3. in tablino non sunt 10. multam pecuniam habes. 4. turbam prope forum video. 41. nuntium in foro auditis. 5. quoque scribitis. 12. in nave sumus. 6. agricolam spectant. 413. amicum tuum non exspecto. 7. puer Britannus sum. ifyouareatoy) 14. senem non intellegimus. puella Britannasum. (ryuaeaoi) 15, prope ianuam sto. Vocab: bonus, bona good Britannus, Britanna British Extension : Translate into Latin, making sure you use the correct word order. 146. They are hurrying towards the garden 17. You (p) greet the sailor. 18. Weare listening to the poet. 19. You (s) are staying in the house today. 20. 1am rushing through the city. 1 Eaton 1999 Book 1 - 21 ©P.S.Murray Pearce 10.03.07© 4 (S)VOR (CLC Stage 4) Exercise 4B Vs 1-4, 17 3 marks each Identify the parts of each sentence by writing the correct letter above each word, S - Subject V- Verb O - Object R - Rest All sentences have a Verb. All sentences have a Subject but it is sometimes the ending of the Verb. If the Subject is the verb ending, underline the ending and write S above it. All of these sentences have either an Object or Rest or both. + Next, translate the sentence into English in the correct SVOR order. + Finally, highlight the Object (if there is one) in both Latin and English. Write the Latin Object ending in the space provided (if there is an Object). Jen [A oO R vu 5 ervum in tablino _exspectamus. 5B e wait for the slave in the study. [hot The slave waits in the study.) de a i canem in horto spectamu: 2; rc Ca am bonam in culina parat. villa hodie manetis. 4 5. 6. 18 Eston 1905 Book 1 - 22 ©P.S Muay Pearce 10.08.074 (Subject) Verb Object Rest (CLC Stage 4) ro salutes. |poetam in fo cibum in cubiculo consumo. |agricolam in taberna vident. Ein 1995 Book 1 - 23 © P.SMuray Pearce 10.03.4 Verbs - Questions and Orders (CLC Stage 4) [in English, to make a question we have to invert (change round) the verb :- €.g. Where are they?, When is she going?, What do I say?, Are you listening? In Latin, if there is a question-word (e.g. ubi, cur, quis, quid), this goes at the Start of the sentence and the other words usually stay in the normal Latin order. €@g. quid bibis? quis cibum portat? cur puella festinat? What are you drinking? Who is carrying the food? Why s the gil hurrying? If there is no question-word, -ne is added to the first noun or verb in the sentence (the verb can also move for emphasis from the end to the start - see last example). e.g. bibisne? cibumne portat? puellane festinat? (orfestinatne pula?) Are you drinking? |s s/he carrying the food? Is the irl hurrying? (ors the git hurving?) ee With questions, you may find it easier to work out the basic ‘Sentence first and then convert it to a question.) When we give an order, we use a form of the verb called the Imperative. We use a Positive Imperative to tell someone to do something. We use a Negative Imperative to tell someone Not to do something. fen c er | English Positive Singular | porta! area aa Plural portate ! Negative Singular ae -.. portare ! do not carry .. | Plural holite ... portare! @g. cibum porta! me audite! noli ridere! nolite in via currere! Carry the food! Listen tome! Do not laugh! Do not run in the street! If you are addressing someone, in English we show this by putting a comma before or after the name or noun eg. Marcus, what are you doing? Listen, boy! In Latin, the name or noun has an ending called the Vocative. This is usually exactly the same as the Nominative (see p.8). However, nouns with a Nominative ending in -us have a Vocative ending in -e and those with a Nominative ending in -ius have no Vocative ending. @g. salve, Metellal — Clemens, quid facis? audi, Quinte! — Caecili, festina! Hello, Metellal — Clemens, what are you doing? —_Listen, Quintus! Caecilius, hurry! salve, ancilla! iuvenis, quid facis? audi, domine! fii, festina! Hello, slave-girll Young man, what are you doing? Listen, master! Son, hurry! 1 Een 1005 Book 1 - 24 (©P.SMuray- Pearce 10.03.074 Verbs — Questions and Orders (CLC Stage 4) Exercise 4D Vi 1-4, 17 3 marks each Translate each Latin sentence into good English. « Leave a blank line between each of your answers. eg. Q,. quid Quintus facit? dormitne? A. What is Quintus doing? Is he sleeping? 1. cur rides, Melissa? 11. parasne cenam, Grumio? 2. ubi Caecilius habitat? 12. Grumione cenam parat? 3. quis abest? 13. ambulasne ad forum, Quinte? 4. cur ad forum festinatis? 14. Quintusne ad forum ambulat? 5. quid spectas, serve? 15. esne iratus, domine? 6. ubi laborant? 16. iuvenisne in tablino scribit? 7. quis ad villam venit? 17. sumusne in foro? 8. ubi es, mater? 18. puellane in horto currit? 9. quid facitis? 19. disceduntne ex urbe? 10. cur prope navem exspectamus? 20. _festinatisne ad villam? Extension : Translate into Latin, making sure you use the correct word order. 21. Whois singing? 24. Are they watching the ship? 22. Is the boy walking to the forum? 25. Where do you (p) li 23. Why are you shouting, Marcus? Exercise 4E Vi 1-4, 17 2 marks each Translate each Latin sentence into good English. « Leave a blank line between each of your answers. eg. Q. laborate, ancillae! serve, noli dormire! A. Work, slave-girls! Slave, do not sleep! 1. responde! 6. nuntium audite! 2. cantate! 7. Helena, noli in horto sedere! 3. nolite clamare! 8. Marce, navem specta! 4. cibum consume, fili! 9. _nolite vinum bibere! 5. nolie villa discedere, serve! 10. pecuniam tuam trade, femina! Extension : Translate into Latin, making sure you use the correct word order. 11. Hurry (p) to the forum! 14. Donotsing (p)! 12. Quintus, remain in the atrium! 15. Do not enter the house, slave-girl! 13. Call the poet, Caelia! ‘Eton 1805 Book 1 - 25 OP SMuray-Pearce 10.0