Written as per the latest HSC syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board

of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

A collection of
Board
1996
to

Questions with Solutions

2020

Physics  Chemistry  Mathematics & Statistics (Part I & II)  Biology

STD. XII Sci.

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Chapterwise compilation of relevant board questions
with solutions from 1996 to 2020

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Salient Features
• Subjects covered: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics & Statistics (Part I & II) and Biology
• Covers questions from previous curriculum which fall under the latest syllabus from 1996 to 2020.
• Chapter wise and Subtopic wise segregation of Theory questions and Numericals.
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• Questions that belong to reduced syllabus 2021-22 have been marked.

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• Detailed solutions are provided to difficult MCQs

• Important Inclusion: Log calculations for selective numericals.
• Answers and precise solutions provided to the questions as per latest edition of the textbook.
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Printed at: Repro India Ltd., Mumbai

© Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.

Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022 P.O. No. 3959

TEID: 2642
 PREFACE
‘Target’s: Std. XII Sci. Board Questions with Solutions’ is a compilation of all the relevant questions
(MCQs + Theory Questions + Numericals) that have been asked in the previous year’s HSC Maharashtra Board
Papers of science stream for Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics & Statistics (Part I & II) and Biology. The objective of
this book is to offer students quick access to previous year’s relevant board questions along with their answers.

The chapter wise and subtopic wise (for Theory Questions & Numericals) segregation of questions enable students
gauge the weightage given and type of questions preferred for a chapter. Flow of questions is set year wise with
questions from the most recent examination placed last in a subtopic. Only those questions from previous years which
fall under the latest syllabus prescribed by Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education

t
are included. Questions belonging to reduced syllabus of 2021-22 have been marked as R keep students focussed on

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their preparation for the Board Examination. The solutions are precise and supplied with suitable diagrams and
graphs. Detailed solutions are provided to difficult MCQs. Log calculations are included for selective numericals to
aid students.

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Constructive criticism and feedback for improving the book are always appreciated. Please write to us on:
mail@targetpublications.org
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Best of luck to all the aspirants!
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Yours faithfully,
Publisher
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Edition: First
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Disclaimer
This reference book is transformative work based on textbook Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics & Statistics (Part I & II) and Biology; Reprint: 2021
published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book
which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students
to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research,
Pune. Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers
shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of
any third party on the point of view expressed in the reference book.
© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for
the benefit of students.
 CONTENT

Chapter No. Units Page No.

Physics
1 Rotational Dynamics 1
2 Mechanical Properties of Fluids 14
3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 21
4 Thermodynamics 26
5 Oscillations 27
6 Superposition of Waves 37
7 Wave Optics 51
8 Electrostatics 68

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9 Current Electricity 75

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10 Magnetic Fields due to Electric Current 83
11 Magnetic Materials 88
12 Electromagnetic Induction 93
13 AC Circuits 97

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14 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 101
15 Structure of Atoms and Nuclei 109
16 Semiconductor Devices 118
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Chemistry
1 Solid State 122
2 Solutions 129
3 Ionic Equilibria 136
4 Chemical Thermodynamics 137
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5 Electrochemistry 150
6 Chemical Kinetics 161
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7 Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18 172

8 Transition and Inner Transition Elements 176
9 Coordination Compounds 180
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10 Halogen Derivatives 185

11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 190
12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 195
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13 Amines 204
14 Biomolecules 209
15 Introduction to Polymer Chemistry 213
16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry 217
Mathematics & Statistics Part - I
1 Mathematical Logic 218
2 Matrices 225
3 Trigonometric Functions 234
4 Pair of Straight Lines 246
5 Vectors 252
6 Line and Plane 266
7 Linear Programming 280
Chapter No. Units Page No.
Mathematics & Statistics Part - II
1 Differentiation 288
2 Applications of Derivatives 297
3 Indefinite Integration 305
4 Definite Integration 315
5 Application of Definite Integration 321
6 Differential Equations 327
7 Probability Distributions 336
8 Binomial Distribution 343

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Biology

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1 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants 349
2 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals 356
3 Inheritance and Variation 369
4 Molecular Basis of Inheritance 377

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5 Origin and Evolution of Life 383
6 Plant Water Relations 388
7 Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition 389
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8 Respiration and Circulation 390
9 Control and Coordination 395
10 Human Health and Diseases 402
11 Enhancement of Food Production 407
12 Biotechnology 415
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13 Organisms and Population 420

14 Ecosystem and Energy Flow 422
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15 Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues 425

Note: Questions belonging to the reduced syllabus for year 2021-22 are represented with mark
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 
Physics
Chapter 01: Rotational Dynamics

01 Rotational Dynamics

7. A body of moment of inertia 5 kgm2 rotating

Multiple Choice Questions with an angular velocity 6 rad/s has the same
kinetic energy as a mass of 20 kg moving with a
1. The moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod of velocity of _______.
mass M and length L, about an axis passing [Mar 16]
through a point, midway between the centre and (A) 5 m/s (B) 4 m/s
one end, perpendicular to its length is [Mar 13] (C) 3 m/s (D) 2 m/s
48 7

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(A) ML2 (B) ML2 8. The difference in tensions in the string at
7 48
lowest and highest points in the path of the

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1 1
(C) ML2 (D) ML2 particle of mass ‘m’ performing vertical
48 16
circular motion is
2. If ‘L’ is the angular momentum and ‘I’ is the [July 16]
L2 (A) 2 mg (B) 4 mg
moment of inertia of a rotating body, then
2I (C) 6 mg (D) 8 mg

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represents its [Oct 13] 9. The body is rotating with uniform angular
(A) rotational P.E. (B) total energy velocity (ω) having rotational kinetic energy
(C) rotational K.E. (D) translational K.E. (E). Its angular momentum (L) is: [July 16]
3. A thin wire of length L and uniform linear mass
Co
2E E2
(A) (B)
density  is bent into a circular coil. Moment of ω ω
inertia of the coil about tangential axis in its E E
plane is _______. [Oct 14] (C) (D)
ω2 2ω
2
3L 8 2
(A) (B) 10. When the angular acceleration of a rotating
8 2 3L3
body is zero, which physical quantity will be
3L3 8
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(C) (D) equal to zero? [Mar 17]

8 2 3L2 (A) Angular momentum
4. The period of a conical pendulum in terms of its (B) Moment of inertia
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length (l), semivertical angle (θ) and (C) Torque

acceleration due to gravity (g) is: [Mar 15] (D) Radius of gyration
1 l cos  1 l sin  11. A body of mass ‘m’ performs uniform circular
(A) (B)
m

2 g 2 g motion along a circular path of radius ‘r’ with

velocity ‘v’. If its angular momentum is L, then
l cos  l tan  the centripetal force acting on it is _______.
(C) 4 (D) 4
4g g [July 17]
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5. The kinetic energy of a rotating body depends mL2 L2

(A) (B)
upon [Mar 15] r3 mr
(A) distribution of mass only. L2 L2
(C) (D)
(B) angular speed only. mr 2 mr 3
(C) distribution of mass and angular speed.
(D) angular acceleration only.
R 12. If a rigid body of radius ‘R’ starts from rest and
rolls down an inclined plane of inclination ‘θ’
6. A particle rotates in U.C.M. with tangential then linear acceleration of body rolling down
velocity ‘v’ along a horizontal circle of diameter the plane is _______. [July 17]
‘D’. Total angular displacement of the particle g sin   K
in time ‘t’ is _______. [Mar 16] (A) (B) g sin   1  
K  R
1
v R
(A) vt (B)  t
D g sin   K2 
(C) (D) g sin   1  2 
vt 2vt K2  R 
(C) (D) 1 2
2D D R

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 
Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions with Solutions
(Physics)
13. A particle of mass m performs vertical motion M.I. of coil through any tangent in the plane of
in a circle of radius r. Its potential energy at the 3 3 L
2
3L3
highest point is _______. the coil = MR2 = (L)    =
2 2  2  82
(g is acceleration due to gravity) [Mar 18]
(A) 2 mgr (B) mgr s
6. =
(C) 0 (D) 3 mgr r
14. A thin ring has mass 0.25 kg and radius 0.5 m. D
s = vt and r =
Its moment of inertia about an axis passing 2
through its centre and perpendicular to its plane 2vt
 =
is _______. [Mar 18] D
(A) 0.0625 kg m2 (B) 0.625 kg m2
(C) 6.25 kg m2 (D) 62.5 kg m2 7. K.E1 = K.E2
1 2 1
15. The dimensions of angular momentum are  I11  mv 2

t
2 2
_______. [July 18]
5  36 20v2
(A) [L–2 M1 T–1] (B) [L2 M1 T–1]

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 
2 2
(C) [L1 M2 T1] (D) [L2 M2 T–2] 2
 90 = 10 v
16. In rotational motion of a rigid body, all particles  v = 3 m/s
move with _______. [Mar 20]
(A) same linear velocity and same angular 9. =
E
1
I 2

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velocity 2
(B) same linear velocity and different angular  2E = (I)
velocity 2E
(C) different linear velocities and same  =L

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angular velocities
(D) different linear velocities and different mv 2
angular velocities 11. FCP =
r
Answers: Multiplying and dividing the equation by mr2,
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (C) we get,
5. (C) 6. (D) 7. (C) 8. (C) m2 v2 r 2
FCP =
9. (A) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (C) mr 3
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13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (B) 16. (C) L2

 FCP = ….( L = mvr)
Solution: mr 3
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1.
IO IC 13. P.E. = mgh
At highest point, h = 2r
 P.E. = 2 mgr
m

14. Ic = MR2 = 0.25  0.52 = 0.0625 kgm2

L/4 L/4 L/2
Theory Questions
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1.2 Characteristics of Circular Motion

From parallel axis theorem,
2 2 2 1. Explain the concept of centripetal force.
ML2 L ML ML
IO = IC + Mh2 = M  =  [Mar 17]
12 4 12 16 Ans: Centripetal force:
7ML2 i. The force providing centripetal or radial
=
48 acceleration is called as centripetal or radial force.

M FCPF = –m2 r
3. Linear density  =
L where, r = radius of circular path.
 M
= L mv 2
ii. In magnitude, FCPF = mr2 = = mv
Wire of length L is bent into a coil of radius R r
L iii. The direction of this force is along the radius
 =
R
2 and towards centre (centre seeking).
22
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 
Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions with Solutions
Chemistry
(Chemistry)

01 Solid State

Multiple Choice Questions Theory Questions

1. In body centred cubic structure, the space 1.2 Types of solids

occupied is about _______. [Mar 13]
(A) 68 % (B) 53 % (C) 38 % (D) 32 % R 1. Distinguish between crystalline solids and
amorphous solids. [Mar 13, 14, 17, 19]
R 2. To prepare n-type semiconductor, the impurity

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Ans:
to be added to silicon should have the following

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number of valence electrons: [Mar 14] Crystalline solids Amorphous solids
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 i. The constituent The constituent
3. The major binding force in diamond is _______. particles are arranged particles are
[Oct 14] in a regular and arranged randomly.
(A) covalent bond periodic manner.

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(B) ionic bond ii. They have sharp and They do not have
(C) metallic bond characteristic melting sharp melting point.
(D) coordinate covalent bond point. They gradually
soften over a range
R 4. p-type semi-conductors are made by mixing of temperature.
Co
silicon with impurities of _______. [Mar 15] iii. They are anisotropic, They are isotropic,
(A) germanium (B) boron i.e., have different i.e., have same
(C) arsenic (D) antimony physical properties in physical properties
5. An ionic compound crystallises in FCC type different direction. in all directions.
structure with ‘A’ ions at the centre of each face iv. They have long range They have only
and ‘B’ ions occupying corners of the cube. The order. short range order.
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formula of compound is _______. [Mar 17] e.g. Ice, NaCl, etc. Glass, rubber,
(A) AB4 (B) A3B (C) AB (D) AB3 plastics, etc.
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6. Number of types of orthorhombic unit cell is 1.3 Classification of crystalline solids

________. [July 18]
(A) 7 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 2 1. Classify the following molecular solids into
different types:
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7. The number of atoms per unit cell of body i. HCl ii. CO2
centred cube is: [Mar 20]
iii. Solid ice iv. SO2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6
[July 18]
Answers:
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Ans:
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (B) i. HCl - Polar molecular solid
5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (B) ii. CO2 - Non-polar molecular solid
Solution: iii. Solid ice - Hydrogen bonded molecular solid
5. As ‘A’ ions are present at the face centres of iv. SO2 - Polar molecular solid
the 6 faces of the cube, the number of ions of 2. Classify the following solids into different
1 types: [Mar 20]
‘A’ in the unit cell =  6 = 3
2 i. Silver ii. P4
As ‘B’ is present at the 8 corners of the cube, iii. Diamond iv. NaCl
number of ions of B in the unit cell Ans:
1 i. Silver  Metallic solid
= 8=1
8 ii. P4 – Molecular solid
 Ratio of atoms A : B = 3 : 1. iii. Diamond  Covalent network solid
The formula of the compound is A3B. iv. NaCl  Ionic solid
122
 

Chapter 01: Solid State

1.5 Cubic system Step 2: Volume of sphere:
Volume of a sphere = (4/3π)(r3).
1. A face centred cube (fcc) consists of how Substitution for r from equation (1) gives:
many atoms? Explain. [July 16] Volume of one particle = (4/3π) (a/2)3
OR a 3
Calculate the number of atoms in a unit cell = …(2)
6
of a metal crystallising in face centred cubic
Step 3: Total volume of particles:
structure. [July 17]
Because simple cubic unit cell contains only one
Ans:
particle, volume occupied by particle in unit cell
i. A face-centred cubic (fcc) unit cell has particles
a 3
(atoms) at the eight corners plus particles =
6
(atoms) at the centre of its six faces.
ii. Each particle present at the corner of a given Step 4: Packing efficiency:
Packing efficiency

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unit cell is shared with seven other neighbouring
unit cells. As a result, its contribution to the Volume occupied by particles in unit cell
=  100

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1 Total volume of unit cell
given unit cell is only . a 3 / 6  
8 =  100 =
Thus, the number of atoms present at corners a3 6
1 100  3.142
per unit cell = 8 corner atoms  atom per unit = = 52.36 %
8 6

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cell = 1 Thus, in simple cubic lattice, 52.36 % of total
iii. Each particle at the centre of the six faces is space is occupied by particles.
shared with one neighbouring cube. Thus, 1/2 of 2. Give the relation between radius of atom and
each face particle belongs to the given unit cell.
Co
edge length in body centered cubic crystal.
Thus, the number of atoms present at faces per [July 19]
1 Ans: The relation between radius of atom and edge
unit cell = 6 atoms at the faces  atom per
2 length in body centered cubic crystal is:
unit cell = 3
3
Therefore, the total number of atoms per unit r= a
4
cell = 1 + 3 = 4
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Thus, fcc unit cell has total of 4 atoms per unit 1.8 Crystal defects or imperfections
cell.
1. What are Schottky defect and Frenkel
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1.6 Packing of particles in crystal lattice defect? [Oct 13]

Ans:
1. What is the ratio of octahedral holes to the
number of anions in hexagonal closed packed i. Schottky defect:
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structure? [Mar 19] a. Schottky defect is formed in an ionic solid,

when equal number of cations and anions are
Ans: The ratio of octahedral holes to the number of
missing from their regular positions in the
anions in hexagonal closed packed structure is
crystal lattice thereby creating vacancies. Such a
1:1.
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paired cation-anion vacancy defect is a Schottky

1.7 Packing efficiency defect.
b. This defect is found in ionic crystals such as
1. Calculate the percentage efficiency of NaCl, AgBr and KCl.
packing in case of simple cubic cell. [Mar 17] ii. Frenkel defect:
Ans: Packing efficiency of metal crystal in simple a. Frenkel defect arises when an ion of an ionic
cubic lattice: compound is missing from its regular lattice site
Step 1: Radius of sphere: and occupies interstitial position between lattice
In simple cubic unit cell, particles (spheres) are points. The cations are usually smaller than
at the corners and touch each other along the anions. Therefore, the cations occupy interstitial
edge. sites. Frenkel defect can be regarded as the
a combination of vacancy defect and interstitial
Thus, a = 2r or r = ….(1) defect.
2
where, ‘r’ is the radius of atom and ‘a’ is the b. This defect is found in ionic crystals like ZnS,
length of unit cell edge. AgCl, AgBr, AgI and CaF2.

123
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 Mathematics & Statistics Part- I

01 Mathematical Logic

Multiple Choice Questions
1. If A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, then which of the
following is not true?
(A) ∃ x ∈ A such that x + 3 = 8
(B) ∃ x ∈ A such that x + 2 < 5
Solution:
i. Let p : A triangle is equilateral
q : A triangle is equiangular
 Symbolic form of the given statement is p  q.
[Oct 13]
ii. Let p : Price increases
q : Demand falls
 Symbolic form of the given statement is p ˄ q.

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(C) ∃ x ∈ A such that x + 2 < 9
(D) ∀ x ∈ A such that x + 6 ≥ 9 2. If p : It is a day time, q : It is warm, write

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the compound statements in verbal form
2. If p ˄ q = F, p → q = F, then the truth values of denoted by–
p and q are : [Oct 15] i. p ˄ ~q ii. ~p → q
(A) T, T (B) T, F iii. q↔p
(C) F, T (D) F, F [Oct 14]

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3. The negation of p ˄ (q → r) is [Mar 16] Solution:
(A) p ˅ (~ q ˅ r) (B) ~ p ˄ (q → r) We have
(C) ~ p ˄ (~ q → ~ r) (D) ~ p ˅ (q ˄ ~ r) p : It is day time
q : It is warm
4. Inverse of the statement pattern ~p : It is not daytime
Co

(p ˅ q) → (p ˄ q) is [July 16] ~q : It is not warm
(A) (p ˄ q) → (p ˅ q)  Verbal forms of the given statements are
(B) ~(p ˅ q) → (p ˄ q) i. It is daytime but it is not warm.
(C) (~p ˅ ~q) → (~p ˄ ~q) ii. If it is not daytime, then it is warm.
(D) (~p ˄ ~q) → (~p ˅ ~q) iii. It is warm if and only if it is daytime.
Answers: 3. Write truth value of the following statement:
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1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5 is an irrational number but 3 + 5 is a

Hints: complex number. [Oct 14]
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1. Consider option (D) Solution:

For x = 2  A, we have x + 6 = 8 < 9 Let p: 5 is irrational.
i.e., x = 2 does not satisfy the condition x + 6  9 q: 3 + 5 is a complex number.
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 The symbolic form of the given statement is p  q

2. p → q = F  p ≡ T and q ≡ F
The truth values of both p and q are T.
3. ~[p  (q  r)]  Truth value of p  q is T.
≡ ~p  ~(q  r) …[De-Morgan’s Law] 4. If p, q, r are the statements with truth values
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≡ ~p  (q  ~r) …[Negation of implication] T, F, T, respectively then find the truth value

4. Inverse of (p  q)  (p  q) is of (r ˄ q) ↔ ~ p. [July 16]
~(p  q)  ~(p  q) Solution:
≡ (~p  ~q)  (~p  ~q) (r  q)  p  (T  F)  T
 (T  F)  F
Questions  FF
T
Based on Exercise 1.1 Hence, the truth value is ‘T’.
5. Write the truth values of the following
1. Write down the following statements in
statements:
symbolic form:
i. A triangle is equilateral if and only if it is i. 2 is a rational number and 2 is an
equiangular. irrational number.
ii. Price increases and demand falls. ii. 2 + 3 = 5 or 2 + 3 = 5
[Mar 13] [Mar 19]
218
 

Chapter 01: Mathematical Logic

Solution: 3. Using truth table, prove that :
i. Let p : 2 is a rational number p ˄ q ≡ ~(p → ~q) [Mar 08]
q : 2 is an irrational number Solution:
 Symbolic form of the given statement is p ˄ q 1 2 3 4 5 6
The truth values of both p and q are T. p q pq ~q p  ~q ~ (p  ~q)
 Truth value of p ˄ q is T. T T T F F T
T F F T T F
ii. Let p : 2 + 3 = 5 F T F F T F
q: 2+ 3= 5 F F F T T F
 Symbolic form of the given statement is p  q In the above truth table, the entries in the
The truth value of p is T and the truth value of q columns 3 and 6 are identical.
is F.  (p  q)  ~ (p  ~q)
 Truth value of p  q is T. 4. Using truth table examine whether the

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6. Write the truth values of the following following statement pattern is tautology,
contradiction or contingency.

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statements:
i. Two is the only even prime number. (p ˄ ~ q) ↔ (p → q) [Mar 13]
Solution:
ii. cos (2) = cos2  – sin2  , for all   R
(p ˄ ~ q) ↔ (p → q)
[July 19]
Solution: 1 2 3 4 5 6
(p  ~ q) 

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i. The truth value of this statement is T. p q ~q p  ~q p  q
(p  q)
ii. The truth value of this statement is T T T F F T F
Based on Exercise 1.2 T F T T F F
F T F F T F
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1. Using truth table, prove that : F F T F T F
~(p  q) ≡ ~p  ~q [Mar 96; Feb 20] In the above truth table, all the entries in the last
Solution: column are F.
5  (p  ~q)  (p  q) is a contradiction.
1 2 3 4 6 7
5. Using truth table, prove that
p q ~p ~q p  q ~(p  q) ~p  ~q
~p ˄ q ≡ (p ˅ q) ˄ ~ p [Oct 13, Mar 14]
T T F F T F F
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Solution:
T F F T T F F 1 2 3 4 5 6
F T T F T F F p q ~p ~p  q p  q (p ˅ q) ˄ ~ p
pl

F F T T F T T T T F F T F
T F F F T F
In the above truth table, the entries in the F T T T T T
columns 6 and 7 are identical. F F T F F F
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 ~(p  q) ≡ ~p  ~q In the above truth table, the entries in the

2. Using truth table, prove that : columns 4 and 6 are identical.
p ↔ q ≡ (p → q) ˄ (q → p)  ~p ˄ q ≡ (p ˅ q) ˄ ~ p
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[Mar 98, Oct 00, 01, 04] 6. Using truth table, prove the following logical
Solution: equivalence (p ˄ q) → r ≡ p → (q → r).
The truth table is as shown: [Oct 14]
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(p → q) ˄ p
p q p↔q p→q q→p p q r p  q q  r (p  q)  r
(q → p) (q  r)
T T T T T T T T T T T T T
T F F F T F T T F T F F F
F T F T F F T F T F T T T
F F T T T T T F F F T T T
F T T F T T T
In the above truth table, the entries in the F T F F F T T
columns 3 and 6 are identical. F F T F T T T
 p ↔ q ≡ (p → q) ˄ (q → p) F F F F T T T
219
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 Mathematics & Statistics Part- II

01 Differentiation

Multiple Choice Questions Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

dy d x 
dy
=  
1. y
If x = e , thenx–y
= _____ [Oct 13] dx dx  1  log x 
dx d d
1 x log x dy (1  log x)  x   x (1  log x)
(A) (B)  = d x d x
1  log x 
2
1  log x dx (1  log x) 2

t
1  log x 1 x 1
(C) (D) 1  log x  . 1  x.
1  log x 1  log x = x = 1  log x  1

en
(1  log x) 2 (1  log x) 2
dy dy log x
2. If y = 1 – cos θ, x = 1 – sin θ, then at  =
dx dx (1  log x) 2
π
θ= is [Mar 14] 2. y = 1 – cos 
4

nt
dy
(A) –1 (B) 1  = – (–sin ) = sin 
dθ
1 1
(C) (D) x = 1 – sin 
2 2 dx
 = – cos 
Co
x+ y 2 d y 2 dθ
3. If sec   = a , then = _______. dy
x y dx 2
dy dθ sin θ
[Oct 14]  =  = – tan 
dx d x  cos θ
y dθ
(A) y (B) x (C) (D) 0
x  dy  π
   π   – tan   = –1
 x 1  dx  θ   4
–1  x + x 
e

sec–1 
4
4. If y =  + sin   , then


 x + x   x 1 x y 2
3. sec   =a
dy
pl

= _______. [Oct 15] x y

dx x y
1  = sec1 (a2) = b (say)
(A) x (B) (C) 1 (D) 0 x y
x  x + y = bx  by
m

5. 3
Derivative of tan θ with respect to sec θ at 3  (1 + b) y = (b  1) x
b 1
θ=
π
is _______. [Mar 17]  y =  x
 b 1
3
Sa

3 3 1 3 b 1 y
(A) (B) (C) (D) –  y = cx, where c = = …(i)
2 2 2 2 b 1 x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Answers: dy
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (D) =c
dx
5. (B) dy y
 = ...(ii)[From (i)]
Hints: dx x
1. xy = e x  y dy
d2 y x  y. 1
Taking log on both sides, we get = dx 2
dx 2 x
y log x = (x  y) log e = x  y
 y
 y log x + y = x x   y
= x …[From (ii)]
 y(1 + log x) = x x2
x y y
 y= = 2 =0
(1  log x ) x
288
 

Chapter 01: Differentiation

 x 1   x+ x  u du
4. y = sec1   + sin
1
  Also, lim = exists and is finite.
x  0 x dx
 x + x   x 1 
From (i), we get
1  x+ x  1  x+ x  y dy du
 y = cos   + sin   lim =  …(ii)
 x 1   x 1  x 0 x du dx
  1  Here, R.H.S. of (ii) exists and is finite.
…  sec –1 x  cos –1    Hence, L.H.S. of (ii) should also exists and be
  x 
finite.
π  π y dy
= …  sin –1 x  cos –1 x    lim = exists and is finite.
2  2 x 0 x dx
dy d   Equation (ii) becomes
 =   =0
dx dx  2  dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
5. Let u = tan3  and v = sec3 

t
du dy
 = 3 tan2  sec2  and 2. If y = sec x , then find . [July 16]

en
dθ dx
dv Solution:
= 3sec2  sec  tan  = 3sec3  tan 
dθ y = sec x
du 3tan 2  sec 2  tan  Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
 = = dy d d
dv 3sec3  tan  sec  = sec x   = (sec x tan x ) .
( x)

nt
dx dx dx

tan 1
 du  3 = 3 = (sec x tan x ) .
     =  2 x
 dv    sec 2
 3
3 dy sec x tan x
=
Co

dx 2 x
Questions
dy
3. If y = tan2 (log x3), find . [Mar 18]
Based on Exercise 1.1 dx
Solution:
1. If y = f(u) is a differentiable function of u and y = tan2 (log x3)
u = g(x) is a differentiable function of x, then Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
e

prove that y = f[g(x)] is a differentiable dy d

=  tan 2  log x3  
function of x and
dy
=
dy du
  dx dx  
pl

dx du dx d
[Mar 96, 98, 04, 14; Oct 98, 99, 03, 15; July 18] = 2tan (log x3). [tan (log x3)]
dx
Proof: d
Let x be a small increment in the value of x. = 2 tan (log x3 ).sec2 (log x3 ). (log x3 )
dx
m

Since u is a function of x, there should be a

1 d
corresponding increment u in the value of u. = 2tan (log x3).sec2 (log x3).  3  .  x3 
Also y is a function of u.  x  dx
 there should be a corresponding increment y in 1
= 2tan (log x3).sec2(log x3).  3  .3x 2
Sa

the value of y. x 
y y u dy 6 tan (log x3 ).sec 2 (log x 3 )
Consider, =   =
x u x dx x
Taking lim on both sides, we get
x  0 4. Differentiate sin(x2 + x) w.r.t. x. [Feb 20]
y y u Solution:
lim = lim  lim
x 0 x x  0 u x  0 x Let y = sin (x2 + x)
As x  0, u  0 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
…[u is a continuous function of x] dy d
= [sin (x2 + x)]
y y u dx dx
 lim = lim  lim ….(i) d
x 0 x u  0 u x  0 x
= cos (x2 + x)  (x2 + x)
y is a differentiable function of u and u is a dx
differentiable function of x. = cos (x2 + x)  (2x + 1)
y dy dy
 lim = exists and is finite.  = (2x + 1) cos (x2 + x)
u 0 u du dx

289
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 Biology

01 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants

12. How many meiotic and mitotic divisions are

Multiple
Multiple Choice
Choice Questions
Questions required for the formation of male gametophyte
from pollen mother cell? [Mar 20]
1. How many meiotic divisions are required for the (A) 2 meiotic and 1 mitotic
formation of 100 seeds? [Oct 13] (B) 1 meiotic and 1 mitotic
(A) 25 (B) 50 (C) 100 (D) 125 (C) 1 meiotic and 2 mitotic
2. During fertilization, male gametes are carried by (D) 2 meiotic and 2 mitotic

t
pollen tube. This is called [Oct 13] Answers:
(A) Syngamy (B) Mesogamy

en
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B)
(C) Polygamy (D) Siphonogamy 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (A) 8. (C)
3. For formation of 50 seeds, how many minimum 9. (C) 10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (A)
meiotic divisions are necessary? [Mar 14]
Solutions:
(A) 25 (B) 50 (C) 75 (D) 63
1. For formation of 100 seeds, 100 male gametes

nt
4. In bisexual flowers, maturation of gynoecium and 100 female gametes are required.
before androecium is known as ______. For formation of 100 male gametes, the number
[Mar 14] of meiotic divisions required will be 25.
(A) protandry (B) protogyny (1 Microspore mother cell → 4
meiosis
Co
(C) gynandry (D) dicliny microspores)
5. If the number of chromosomes in an endosperm For formation of 100 female gametes, the number
cell is 27, what will be the chromosome number of meiotic divisions required will be 100.
in the definitive nucleus? [Mar 15] (1 Megaspore mother cell
meiosis
 → 4
(A) 9 (B) 18 (C) 27 (D) 36 3 degenerate
megaspores → 1 functional
6. Lever mechanism of pollination is observed in megaspore)
e

_______. [Mar 15] Therefore, for the formation of 100 seeds 125
(A) Salvia (B) Jasmine meiotic cell divisions are expected.
pl

(C) Bougainvillea (D) Butea

3. For formation of 50 seeds, 50 male gametes and
R 7. Vegetative propagation takes place with the help 50 female gametes are required.
of leaves in _______ plant. [Oct 15] For formation of 50 male gametes, the number
(A) Kalanchoe (B) Oxalis of meiotic divisions required will be 12.5 i.e. 13.
m

(C) Cynodon (D) Dahlia meiosis

(1 Microspore mother cell → 4
8. How many meiotic divisions will be needed to microspores)
produce 44 female gametophytes in For formation of 50 female gametes, the number
Sa

angiosperms? [Oct 15] of meiotic divisions required will be 50.

(A) 11 (B) 22 (C) 44 (D) 66 meiosis
(1 Megaspore mother cell  → 4
9. Endosperm of angiosperm is _______. megaspores
3 degenerate
→ 1 functional
[July 16] megaspore)
(A) haploid (B) diploid Therefore, for the formation of 50 seeds 63
(C) triploid (D) tetraploid meiotic cell divisions are expected.
10. A versatile anther is an adaptation for _______ 5. The endosperm is triploid (3n), whereas the
type of pollination. [July 18] definitive nucleus is diploid (2n).
(A) anemophilous (B) entomophilous
(C) hydrophilous (D) ornithophilous 8. For formation of 44 female gametes, the number
of meiotic divisions required will be 44.
11. During double fertilization second male gamete meiosis
fuses with _______. [Mar 19] (1 Megaspore mother cell  → 4
3 degenerate
(A) antipodal cell (B) egg cell megaspores  →1 functional
(C) secondary nucleus (D) synergids megaspore)
349
 
Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions with Solutions
(Biology)
ns b. Some of the common cuttings are:
Theory Questions
Stem cutting - e.g. Rose, Bougainvillea; leaf
cutting - e.g. Sansevieria; root cutting e.g.
1.1 Asexual Reproduction Blackberry.
R 1. What is vegetative reproduction? Describe ii. Budding:
any ‘three’ natural methods of vegetative a. Budding is also called bud grafting in which
reproduction with examples. [Oct 14] single bud is a scion.
Ans: b. A single bud is then inserted in the slit of the
stock.
i. Vegetative reproduction is a method of
c. Grafting is commonly done in plants like Apple,
reproduction in which plants reproduce
Rose, Pear, etc.
asexually through their vegetative parts.
ii. Natural methods of vegetative reproduction are 1.2 Sexual Reproduction
as follows:
1. Sketch and label T.S. of anther. [Mar 15]

t
a. Roots : Sweet potato, Asparagus, Dahlia
Ans:
b. Leaf: Bryophyllum, Kalanchoe, Begonia, etc.

en
c. Stem: Rhizome (Turmeric), Tubers (Potato), Connective
Epidermis
Bulbs (Onion), etc.
R2. Define vegetative propagation. [Mar 15] Middle
layers
Ans: Refer Subtopic 1.1: Q. No. 1(i)
Tapetum

nt
R 3. Label the parts (1) and (2) in budding of
yeast cell. [Oct 15]
(2)
Nucleus
Co
Sporogenous
tissue
Vacuole
(1) Endothecium
T. S. of Anther
Ans: The parts in budding of yeast cell are as follows:
1: Mother cell 2. Sketch and label the T.S. of undehisced
anther. [Oct 15]
e

2: Bud
Ans: Refer Subtopic 1.2: Q. No. 1
R 4.
What is ‘vegetative reproduction’? Explain
1.3 Microsporogenesis
pl

‘any three’natural methods of vegetative

reproduction. [July 18] 1. Explain the structure of male gametophyte of
Ans: Refer Subtopic 1.1: Q. No. 1 angiosperms with the help of a suitable
diagram. [Mar 13]
5. Define stock and scion. [July 18]
m

R
Ans:
Ans:
i. The part of the rooted plant on which grafting is
done is called stock (root stock).
Sa

ii. The part which is inserted on the stock during

grafting is called scion (graft). Pollen
Male tube
R 6.
What is artificial method of vegetative gametes
propagation?
Describe: Tube nucleus
i. Cutting ii. Budding. Male Gametophyte
[Mar 20]
Ans: The process of growing plants by using artificial i. Pollen grain/microspore marks the beginning of
methods like cutting, grafting and tissue culture male gametophyte, thus it is the first cell of the
is known as artificial method of vegetative male gametophyte.
propagation. ii. It undergoes first mitotic division to produce
i. Cutting: bigger, naked vegetative cell and small, thin
a. The small piece of any vegetative part of a plant walled generative cell.
having one or more buds is used for iii. The vegetative cell is rich in food and having
propagation. irregular shaped nucleus.
350