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DC CIRCUITS
DISCUSSION

Electrical Circuits
- A system of conductors through which current of electricity flows upon the
application of electrical voltage.

DC Circuits
- Electrical circuits in which the applied source is DC. The common conductors in
electrical circuits are silver, copper and aluminum.
DISCUSSION

Direct Current
- Current which flows in one direction. One in which the energy transfer takes place
unidirectional, with changes in value from instant to instant that are either zero or so small
that they may be neglected

Alternating Current
- One in which direction alternates regularly and, unless otherwise, stated, changes
periodically in magnitude as well as direction.
DISCUSSION

OHM’S LAW
“The current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely
proportional to the resistance”
PROBLEM NO. 1

A certain factory takes 150 A at 110 V. It is supplied through a pair of feeders 75meters
long and 1.30cm^2 in cross section. What voltage must be maintained at the supply end
of the feeders? (use ρ = 1.78u ohms – cm)
Ans. 111.54 V
DISCUSSION

Electrical Power
Defined as the time rate at which work is done or the time rate of doing work. Hence,
electrical power is the time rate at which charged Q is forced to move by the applied
voltage E

JOULE’S LAW
“Electric Power is dissipated in a resistance whenever it carries an electric current. The
power dissipated is directly proportional to the square of electric current and resistance”
PROBLEM NO. 2

A DC source has voltage of 50 V and a load resistance of 2 ohms. What is the value of
the power dissipated?

Ans. 1250 W
DISCUSSION

Series Circuits
Components are connected end-to-end in a line to form a single path for electrons to
flow

Parallel Circuits
All components are connected across each other, forming exactly two sets of electrically
common points.
DISCUSSION

Voltage Division Theorem Current Division Theorem

DISCUSSION
Networks
Defined as the interconnection of components such as resistors and batteries forming
a complicated circuit.

• Branch – Defined as the part of the circuit or a certain network wherein an individual
current flows; it is between two nodes.
• Node – Point of connection between two or more branches
• Loop –Any closed path in the circuit

B=l+n-1
PROBLEM NO. 3

Given a circuit with 10 different elements, and 6 nodes. How many loops are there to be
expected in the given circuit?

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
PROBLEM NO. 4

A voltage divider consist of 2 130k ohm resistors on a 24V source. What will be the
output voltage if a load resistor of 3M ohm is connected to the output?
PROBLEM NO. 5

A certain voltage divider consist of two 12k ohm resistors in series. Which of the
following load resistors will have the most effect on the output voltage?

A. 18 kohm
B. 12 kohm
C. 6 kohm
D. 24 kohm
DISCUSSION
Kirchoff’s Law
KCL
In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the current meeting at a point (or
junction) is zero or incoming currents to a junction or point is equal to the outgoing current
from that junction or point.

KVL
The algebraic sum of the products of current and resistances in each of the conductors
in any closed path (or mesh) in a network plus the algebraic sum of the emfs in that path is
zero
DISCUSSION
MESH AND NODAL ANALYSIS
PROBLEM NO. 6
Find current i0

Ans. 5A
PROBLEM NO. 7

Find Voltage V1.

V1 = 7.71 V
PROBLEM NO. 8
Find the current on each branch

I1 = 0.3077 A
I2 = 0.169 A
DISCUSSION
Superposition Theorem
The total current in any part of a
linear circuit equals the algebraic sum of
the currents produced by each source
separately.
PROBLEM NO. 9 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
Find the current across 3 ohms using superposition theorem
DISCUSSION
Thevenin’s Theorem
A circuit simplification method which
replaces the whole circuit with a simplified
circuit that has a voltage source in series
with a resistor

Norton’s Theorem
A circuit simplification method that
involves replacing the whole circuit with a
current source in parallel with a resistor
and placing the load in parallel
PROBLEM NO. 10 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
Thevenin Voltage and Norton Current are sometimes called ___________ respectively.

A. Open-Load Voltage, Open Load Current

B. Open-Load Voltage, Shorted Load Current
C. Shorted-Load Voltage, Open-Load Current
D. Shorted-Load Voltage, Shorted-Load Current
PROBLEM NO. 11 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit representation
of the following circuit

Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 12 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
Solve For The Voltage Drop Across The 330
Ohm Resistor.
PROBLEM NO. 12 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
Solve For The Voltage Drop Across The 330
Ohm Resistor.
DISCUSSION
Source Transformation
Is the process of simplifying a circuit
solution, especially with mixed sources, by
transforming voltage sources into current
sources, and vice versa, using Thevenin’s
Theorem and Norton’s theorem respectively
DISCUSSION
Millman’s Theorem
is the method to simplify the solution of a
circuit. Specifically, Millman’s theorem is used to
compute the voltage at the ends of a circuit
made up of only branches in parallel .
PROBLEM NO. 13 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
Find the current and voltage across the load terminal using the
Millman’s Theorem

Ans. V =10V ; I = 1A
DISCUSSION
Compensation Theorem
In simple words, compensation theorem can be stated as – the resistance of any network can be replaced by a
voltage source, having the same voltage as the voltage drop across the resistance which is replaced.
DISCUSSION
Compensation Theorem
“Any network consisting of linear or bilateral impedances and independent sources, if a branch having current I and
impedance Z that increases by ∆Z, then the change of voltage and current in other branches of the network is same as
the voltage or current produced by an opposing voltage source of value I∆Z placed in that branch after replacing original
source by their internal impedances.”
PROBLEM NO. 14 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
Find the current passing through the branch AB using compensation
theorem when the 3Ω resistance is changed to 9Ω.
DISCUSSION
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
“The maximum power transferred to a load resistor occurs when it has a value equal to
the resistance of the network looking back from the load terminals with all the sources
of voltage replaced by their internal resistance.”
Under the condition of maximum power transfer, the efficiency is only 50%.
PROBLEM NO. 15 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
A DC source has an open circuit voltage of 30 V and an internal resistance of 1.5 ohms.
What is the value of the load resistance that gives maximum power dissipation?

A. 1.0 Ohm
B. 1.5 Ohm
C. 2.0 Ohm
D. 2.5 Ohm
PROBLEM NO. 16 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
A voltage divider circuit is initially without a load resistance. What happens to the
current drawn from the source when a load resistance is connected on the output?

A. It Decreases
B. It Increases
C. It Remains the same
D. Cut off
PROBLEM NO. 17 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
In the analysis of a transistor circuit, we generally use _________.

A. Norton’s
B. Thevenin’s
C. Reciprocity
D. Maximum Power Transfer
PROBLEM NO. 18 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
In the analysis of vacuum tube circuit, we can generally use ____ theorem.

A. Norton’s
B. Thevenin’s
C. Reciprocity
D. Maximum Power Transfer
PROBLEM NO. 19 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
Fig. 18.3(a) shows Norton’s equivalent circuit of a network whereas Fig. 18.3(b) shows its
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. The value of Vth is ________.

A. 1.5 V
B. 0.866 V
C. 3V
D. 6V
PROBLEM NO. 20 ELECTRICITY
MAGNETISM
The open-circuited voltage at terminals of load RL is 30 V Under the conditions of
maximum power transfer, the load voltage would be _________.

A. 30 V
B. 10 V
C. 5V
D. 15 V