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This paper proposes a new set of general and rational concepts beam or column, although the joints should have a nominal
useful in identifying and defining the ultimate behavior of joint shear strength margin of 0% to 50% against failure
two-dimensional reinforced concrete beam-column joints subjected based on current seismic provisions. The deficient story
to lateral load. It is based on a model that reflects observations shear strength was observed for column-to-beam flexural
of the crack pattern at failure and its compatible kinematic field
strength ratios less than 1.3 with column-to-beam depth
overlooked in previous research. The kinematic model, called a
nine-parameter model, is combined with nonlinear constitutive ratios of 1.0, or for column-to-beam flexural strength ratios
relations for concrete and steel. New concepts of ultimate moment less than 1.7 with column-to-beam depth ratios of 2.0. To
capacity and moment at balanced failure of beam-column joints date, this type of joint failure has not been identified and
are defined. The upper bound value of reinforcement precluding there has been no simple analytical model predicting such
joint failure before yielding of longitudinal reinforcement is also poor behavior of RC beam-column joints.
defined. In addition, this paper demonstrates how the concepts Paulay et al.2 have proposed a design concept to preclude
are used to derive a set of simple algebraic expressions that can shear failure of RC beam-column joints. They define joint
be applied to design, taking as an example the simplified case of shear at the flexural capacity of connecting beams, then a
a symmetric interior beam-column joint subjected to symmetric truss mechanism resisting joint shear is derived. The truss
couples transmitted through the four connected members without
mechanism is used to design sufficient shear capacity to keep
joint shear reinforcement or mid-layer longitudinal reinforcement
in the column. The factors affecting the moment capacity and the the beam-column joint elastic and decrease the nonlinear
upper bound value of reinforcement are identified by comparing deformation in the joint. A typical calculation using this
the mathematical prediction to the results of the example. model, however, shows that a rather large percentage of
joint horizontal hoop reinforcement is required, which is not
Keywords: balanced failure; beam-column joint; kinematic model; practical in construction.
reinforced concrete; ultimate moment capacity. Ichinose3 and Fujii and Morita4 have independently
proposed a similar truss mechanism with struts for resisting
INTRODUCTION joint shear. The contribution of each element is determined
Analytical tools for seismic design of a reinforced concrete considering the equilibrium of the joint shear force as well as
(RC) moment-resisting frame usually assume that the beam- axial forces and moments. The assumptions in these models
column joint does not fail and that integrity of the adjacent are not simple, and the validity and scope are not clear. In
members is maintained. In reality, some beam-column joints addition, the calculation procedure is too complicated for
with particular combinations of design parameters such as practical design.
dimensions, reinforcement ratios, and member end forces Cheung et al.5 have proposed a practical design method
may exhibit a concentration of damage at the beam-column as a revision to the original truss mechanism by Paulay et
joint. Recently, the author1 has demonstrated by a set of al.2 By adding the contribution of a variable strut to shear
tests that the current design concept supposing joint shear resistance, reflecting bond deterioration of the longitudinal
failure could be precluded by limiting joint shear input is bars passing through the joint, the required joint shear
incorrect. The author’s beam-column joint specimens with reinforcement can be reduced. Although the model is clear,
column-to-beam flexural strength ratios in the range of it still requires a large percentage of joint reinforcement and
1.0 to 2.0 exhibited joint failure, and the lateral strength of is adopted only in New Zealand.
the subassembledges were smaller than that predicted by Hwang and Lee,6 To et al.,7 and other researchers have
flexural theory of RC sections, even if the beam-column tried to apply a strut-and-tie model (STM) to the beam-
joints have some margin for joint shear capacity. column joint for predicting strength in design. However,
The test set1 consisted of 20 RC interior beam-column joint each model is applicable to only one particular configuration
subassemblages. The effects of the combination of design and reinforcing details and, as a result, such approaches are
parameters of joints on lateral capacity and post-yielding not widespread.
behavior were investigated. Three major parameters selected As discussed, prior analytical research dealing with
in the test were: 1) ratio of joint shear demand to joint shear mechanical modeling of RC beam-column joints commonly
capacity (0.55 to 1.50); 2) column-to-beam flexural strength employs models that consider equilibrium and the failure
ratio (0.72 to 2.24); and 3) column-to-beam depth ratio condition of the elements using a shear-transfer mechanism
(1.0 or 2.0). The lateral capacity was reached after yielding of
longitudinal reinforcement in beams and/or columns for all ACI Structural Journal, V. 109, No. 1, January-February 2012.
specimens. Joint deformation was the dominant component MS No. S-2009-378.R3 received October 4, 2010, and reviewed under Institute
publication policies. Copyright © 2012, American Concrete Institute. All rights
in the total story drift for all specimens. In eight specimens, reserved, including the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the
the maximum story shear was 5% to 30% less than the story copyright proprietors. Pertinent discussion including author’s closure, if any, will be
published in the November-December 2012 ACI Structural Journal if the discussion
shear calculated according to the flexural strength of the is received by July 1, 2012.
M ju = DTy g + (1 − g ) a −
( )
1 + a 2 Ty
(5)
1 T1
bDb3 fc′
j1 = D g − (2)
2 bDb3 fc′
where Ty is the resultant force of the longitudinal bars at
tensile yielding (= Σat fy); Σat f is the total sectional area of
tensile longitudinal reinforcement; and fy is the yield strength
1 T2
j2 = D (1 − g ) − (3) of tensile longitudinal reinforcement. As seen in Eq. (5),
2 bDb3 fc′ Mju is a quadratic equation of the stress gradient coefficient
a, the value of Mju is maximized when the value of a is
By denoting stress gradient coefficient a as the ratio of (1/2)(1 – g)(bDb3fc′/Ty). The value of Ty/bDb3fc′ and g of a
the tensile force T1 in the reinforcing bars passing through typical RC joint are approximately 0.1 and 0.7, respectively;
the joint on the diagonal line on the tensile side to the tensile therefore, the value of Mju is estimated to be maximized
force T2 on the compressive side, T1 can be replaced by T and at the value a of approximately 1.5. So, in this case, Mju
T2 by aT. Substituting Eq. (2) and (3) to Eq. (1) yields the gradually increases as the value of a increases from 0.0 to
following equation for the moment Mj 1.0. Hence, it is concluded that the moment capacity for
such typical beam-column joints gradually increases as the
stress gradient coefficient a increases. As can been seen, the
moment capacity of the beam-column joint is reflecting the
stress condition of compressive reinforcement.
M j = DT g + (1 − g ) a −
( )
1 + a 2 T
(4)
For simplicity, RC beam-column joints in moment-
resisting frames may be categorized into one of two typical
bDb3 fc′
types. A Type A joint shown in Fig. 11 is a beam-column
joint designed with two layers of longitudinal reinforcement
The stress gradient coefficient a is a variable that reflects in the beam and column sections for tension and the other
the location of the longitudinal reinforcement in the section. for compression. The joint has sufficient bond capability
If the longitudinal reinforcement distance ratio g is close along the longitudinal reinforcement and a stress gradient
to unity, the tensile stress at the closing crack, T2, is rela- coefficient a of approximately zero. A Type B joint has
tively small, whereas T1 is relatively large. The value of a longitudinal reinforcements located near the mid-depth of
2Ty
M ju = DTy 1 − Type B joint (7)
bDb3 fc′