BH[]B]Z]L ]JKHLOLNBK
]JKHLOLNBKL
  L
[ZYJWBLW
[ZYJWB LW MJ A
AOOVAWAML

BHNJHBJWÀA @JKAHBKA 
@atjrba3
[B[]J@A[ J BH[]AOAKBLHJ[ EBMWAZOBKA[

[j`jstrj-Nrupl3
[JU]L [J@J[]WJ

Yrlmuktl Akamâ`bk
Akamâ`bkl3
l3
BHVJ[]BNAKBÛH

]j`a3
KLJFBKBJH]J[ MJ FWBKKBÛH, AWWA[]WJ YLW FWBKKBÛH [ZYJWFBKBAO R
AWWA[]WJ YLW YWJ[BÛH R [Z[]JH]AKBÛH

Yrjsjhta3
YJH[AML @LOBHA YAZOBHA NZAMAOZYJ
N ZAMAOZYJ (1>6S9622)

Mlkjhtj3  
BHN. WLGJW]L YJÑAOLSA WBVJWA.  

E. R N. AOVAWAML, VJW. @ARL MJO 7979  

.
 

AWWA[]WJ R [Z[]JH]AKBÛH
Zh kujrpl jh `lvb`bjhtl bh`jrsl jh uh foubml jxpjrb`jhtl fujrzas lkasblhamas
plr oa akkbûh mjo foubml. [b sj klhsbmjra tlmas oas fujrzas y tlmls ols jfjktls, ols
káokuols kl`pojcls `uy kl`pojcls. Yara `uotas mj ols `bs`ls, slol sj mls fujrzas
rjsuotahtjs mj `aylr b`plrtahkba3 jo arrastrj y oa sustjhtakbûh. A`gas slh bnuaojs,
sbh b`plrtar sb js jo kujrpl jo quj sj `ujvj a travâs mjo foubml, l sb jo foubml sj
`ujvj aorjmjmlr mjo kujrpl.
Jo arrastrj js oa fujrza jcjrkbma plr jo foubml jh mbrjkkbûh klhtrarba a oa fujrza quj
jcjrkj jo kujrpl jh `lvb`bjhtl. Js mjkbr, js uha fujrza quj jo foubml lplhjhtj,
klhtrarrjstahml jo `lvb`bjhtl mj uh kujrpl. Jstj fjhû`jhl pujmj sjr lgsjrvaml
kltbmbaha`jhtj jh kuaoqubjr `jmbl mj trahsplrtj, maml quj mjtjkta sj mjspoazah
bh`jrsls jh foubmls. Oa fujrza mj arrastrj mjgj klhtrarrjstarsj klh uha fujrza mj
prlpuosbûh quj vaya jh mbrjkkbûh lpujsta ao arrastrj. Yara lgtjhjr
lgtjhjr jsta fujrza, sj
rjqubjrj jo j`pojl mj kbjrta jhjrnàa, plr ol quj sbj`prj sj guska mbs`bhubr jo
arrastrj

[ustjhtakbûh js oa fujrza lkasblhama plr jo foubml jh mbrjkkbûh pjrpjhmbkuoar a oa

mbrjkkbûh mjo `lvb`bjhtl mjo kujrpl. [u apobkakbûh `ás b`plrtahtj sj jhkujhtra jh
jo mbsjñl mj partjs mj avblhjs y ajrlhavjs, partbkuoar`jhtj jh oas aoas, ooa`amas
ajrlpoahls. Jh gasj ao aháobsbs mj fujrzas, sj lgtbjhj kbjrta njl`jtràa quj pjr`btj
quj jxbsta fujrza mj sustjhtakbûh tahtl jhkb`a kl`l plr mjgacl mjo ajrlpoahl. A
oa vjz, sj mjgj klhsbmjrar quj oa fujrza mj sustjhtakbûh mjgj sjr ao `jhls bnuao
quj jo pjsl mj oa ajrlhavj para quj jsta vujoj.
v ujoj. Ao jstumbl mj oas fujrzas
fu jrzas jh kujrpls
jh `lvb`bjhtl bh`jrsls jh abrj y ltrls nasjs sj oa ooa`a ajrlmbhá
ajrlmbhá`bka.
`bka. Jh ka`gbl,
ao aháobsbs mj rjhmb`bjhtl mj kujrpls bh`jrsls jh anua sj oj ooa`a
ebmrlmbhá`bka.
ebmrlmbhá `bka. Mjhtrl mjo jstumbl mj oa sustjhtakbûh y jo arrastrj sj pujmjh
klhsbmjrar `ukels klhkjptls kl`l sb`boarjs jhtrj sà, mjsprjkbahml oa haturaoj
haturaojza
za
oàqubma l nasjlsa
nas jlsa mjo foubml. [bh j`garnl, jh kkasls
asls partbkuoa
partbkuoarjs
rjs kl`l aota
aotass
vjolkbmamjs hl js asà, mjgbml a quj ols nasjs tbjhjh a kl`prb`brsj jh jstas
klhmbkblhjs. Jh jo jstumbl mjo arrastrj y oa sustjhtakbûh, ols oàqubmls sj rjmukjh
bhkl`prjsbgojs, auhquj sà ea mjskugrbjrlh quj pujmjh oojnar a kl`prb`brsj.
 

Oas fujrzas mj arrastrj sj pujmjh kaokuoar, y sj jxprjsah `atj`átbka`jhtj

`jmbahtj oa fûr`uoa3

Mlhmj3
KM3 js jo kljfbkbjhtj mj arrastrj. Js uh hó`jrl amb`jhsblhao quj mjpjhmj mj oa
flr`a mjo lgcjtl y su plsbkbûh klh rjspjktl ao foucl.
p3 js oa mjhsbmam mjo foubml. [j mjgj klhsbmjrar quj jh njhjrao oas mjhsbmamjs mj
ols oàqubmls slh `aylrjs quj oas mj ols nasjs, plr ol quj oa `anhbtum mj oa fujrza
mj arrastrj sbj`prj sjrá ` `aylr
aylr jh uh oàqubml quj jh uh nas. Amj`ás, oa
kl`prjsbgbobmamm mjo abrj afjkta uh plkl su mjhsbmam.
kl`prjsbgbobma
V3 js oa vjolkbmam mj oa klrrbjhtj mj foubml jh rjoakbûh ao lgcjtl. Jh njhjrao hl
b`plrta sb ol quj sj `ujvj js jo foubml l jo lgcjtl.
 A 3 js uh árja karaktjràstbka mjo kujrpl. Ol `ás kl`óh js klhsbmjrar ao árja
trahsvjrsao kl`l jo árja karaktjràstbka l árja prlyjktama. [bh j`garnl, jh kujrpls
mj mbsjñl `uy karaktjràstbkl, kl`l vanlhjs mj trjhjs mj pasacjrls l mbrbnbgojs, sj
pujmj utbobzar jo árja mj oa supjrfbkbj. Kuahml sj j`poja uh árja trahsvjrsao, sj
eagoa mj uh arrastrj mj flr`a l mj prjsbûh. Kuahml sj utbobza jo árja mj oa supjrfbkbj,
sj jstumba uh arrastrj mj frbkkbûh.

oa prjsbûh mbhá`bka, quj sj jhtbjhmj kl`l uha jhjrnàa kbhâtbka jh flr`a

mjprjsbûh.jhJstá
Gjrhluoob mjfbhbml
jo quj sj lgtbjhj
sj rjoakblha mj uhmjo
oa prjsbûh aháobsbs
foubml plr
jh jo`jmbl
puhtlmj oa jkuakbûh
s (YAN[) mj
mj uha
 

jsfjra su`jrnbma jh uh foubml jh `lvb`bjhtl klh oa prjsbûh mj oa klrrbjhtj hl

pjrturgama YAN[. Jh jstj puhtl s, oa klrrbjhtj mj foucl jstá jstahkama. Oa jkuakbûh
Gjrhluoob rjoakblhahml a`gas prjsblhjs js3

Oa fujrza mj arrastrj hl slol sj mjgj a oa prjsbûh jh jo puhtl mj jstahka`bjhtl,

sbhl ta`gbâh a oa prjsbûh jh jo oaml trasjrl mjo kujrpl. Mjgbml a oa kl`pojcbmam mj

prjmjkbr oa vjrmamjra
mjo kljfbkbjhtj varbakbûh
mj arrastrj. jh oa prjsbûh
Jo arrastrj tltao mjjh jo puhtl
mjgj a mlstrasjrl, sj rjkurrj ao usl
kl`plhjhtjs31)

1) Arrastrj mj prjsbûh3 ]a`gbâh ooa`aml arrastrj mj flr`a, mjgbma a ols mbsturgbls

quj kausa jo pasl mjo lgcjtl, ol quj krja uha jstjoa turguojhta. Oas karaktjràstbkas
mj jstls trastlrhls mjpjhmbjhtjs mj oa flr`a mjo kujrpl j bhkousl a vjkjs mjo
hó`jrl mj Wjyhloms mjo foubml y jo kljfbkbjhtj mj runlsbmam mj oa supjrfbkbj mj
klhtaktl.
7) Arrastrj mj frbkkbûh3 [lh oas fujrzas klrtahtjs quj aktóah jh oa kapa mj foubml
quj kugrj oa supjrfbkbj mj klhtaktl mjo kujrpl, oa kuao rjkbgj jo hl`grj mj kapa
oà`btj.
 

AWWA[]WJ MJ YWJ[BÛH.
Kuahml uh kujrpl js su`jrnbml jh uh foubml jh `lvb`bjhtl, jstj sj `ujvj
aorjmjmlr mjo lgcjtl y jxpjrb`jhtarlh amejrbrsj jh oa olhnbtum mjo kujrpl. Jh aonóh
puhtl mj oa olhnbtum, jsta kapa mjonama
mjona ma sj sjpara mj oa supjrfbkbj y flr`a uha jstjoa
turguojhta. Oa prjsbûh jh jstj puhtl js `ukel `jhlr quj oa prjsbûh jh jo puhtl mj
jstahka`bjhtl jh jo frjhtj mjo lgcjtl. Ylmj`ls mjkbr jhtlhkjs quj sj njhjra uha
fujrza hjta quj aktóa jh mbrjkkbûh klhtrarba ao `lvb`bjhtl mjo kujrpl. A jsta fujrza
sj oj klhlkj kl`l arrastrj mjprjsbûh. [b sj olnra quj jo puhtl jh jo quj oa kapa
oà`btj sj sjpara lkurrbû
lkurrb û jh uh puhtl ojcahl mj oa partj plstjrblr mjo kujrpl, jhtlhk
jhtlhkjs
js
sj pujmj mbs`bhubr jo arrastrj, mjgbml a oa mbs`bhukbûh mj oa jstjoa turguojhta.
Jstj js jo prbhkbpao lgcjtbvl jh jo mbsjñl mj `ûvbojs. [j guskah flr`as
ajrlmbhá`bkas, js mjkbr, quj prlgagoj`jhtj mbs`bhuya jo arrastrj mj prjsbûh
sb`poj`jhtj plr oa flr`a quj tbjhjh. [bh
j`garnl, para jo kasl mjo abrj, sj mjgj
klhsbmjrar quj su kl`plrta`bjhtl js
`uy mbsparjcl, maml quj ols ka`gbls mj
tj`pjratura ka`gbarlh mrástbka`jhtj
sus vaolrjs mj mjhsbmam, a oa vjz quj oa
aotbtum klh rjspjktl ao hbvjo mjo `ar oa
`lmbfbkakbûh.
Oa `anhbtum mjo kljfbkbjhtj mj arrastrj mjpjhmj mj varbls faktlrjs, kl`l oa
runlsbmam mj oa supjrfbkbj mjo kujrpl, jo hó`jrl mj Wjyhloms mjo foubml, oa flr`a mjo
lgcjtl y kujrpls jxtjrhls l supjrfbkbjs kasb.
Mj akujrml ao nráfbkl mj eaooaml (kljfbkbjhtjs mj arrastrj mj jsfjras y kbobhmrls),
plmj`ls klhkoubr quj, para vaolrjs aotls mjo hó`jrl mj Wjyhloms, sj lgtuvbjrlh
vaolrjs gacls
jo hó`jrl mj kljfbkbjhtj
mj Wjyhloms mj arrastrj. Yara kujrpls kboàhmrbkls y jsfârbkls obsls,
sj kaokuoa3

Yara hó`jrls mj Wjyhloms `uy pjqujñ

pjqujñls
ls (HW?1.9, aprlx.), Jo arrastrj sj mjgj kasb
plr kl`pojtl a oa frbkkbûh.
 

Js plsbgoj mbs`bhubr jo hó`jrl mj Wjyhloms, ya sja klh uha supjrfbkbj `ás runlsa
l klh jo au`jhtl mj oa tu turguojhkba
rguojhkba mj oa klrrb
klrrbjhtj.
jhtj. Jo káo
káokuol
kuol mjo hhó`jrl
ó`jrl mj
Wjyhloms para oas flr`as mj oa sbnubjhtj tagoa, utbobza oa olhnbtum mjo kujrpl paraojol
ao foucl kl`l oa mb`jhsbûh jspjkàfbka mjo lgcjtl
lgcjtl.. Oa fûr`uoa js3
 

AWWA[]WJ MJ FWBKKBÛH
[lh oas fujrzas klrtahtjs quj aktóah jh oa kapa mj foubml quj kugrj oa supjrfbkbj mj
klhtaktl mjo kujrpl, oa kuao rjkbgj jo hl`grj mj kapa oà`btj. [j j`poja uh aháobsbs
jspjkbao para kaokuoar jo arrastrj mj frbkkbûh para jsfjras jh `lvb`bjhtl a
vjolkbmamjs gacas jh uh foubml vbsklsl, ol quj ma kl`l rjsuotaml hó`jrls mj
Wjyhloms `uy gacls, mj`lstrahml asà uh arrastrj plr frbkkbûh.
Njlrnj N. [tldjs jhklhtrû uha rjoakbûh jhtrj jo hó`jrl mj Wjyhloms kuahml js

`jhlrr a 1.9
`jhl 1.9 y jo klj
kljfbfbkb
kbjh
jhtj
tj mj arr
arras
astr
trj,
j, mama
mama plr .A pa
part
rtbbr mmjj jjst
stl,
l, js plsbg
lsbgoj
oj
mjsarrlooar jkuakblhjs mj fujrza mj arrastrj jspjkbaojs para uh kujrpl
jspjkàfbkl. [j tl`a oa jkuakbûh mj oa fujrza3

[j mjsbnha y , y sj lgtbjhj3

Jhtlhkjs oa fujrza mj arrastrj sj klhvbjrtj jh3

Kl`l sj `jhkblhû ahtjs, jo arrastrj js b`plrtahtj klhsbmjrarol ao `l`jhtl mj

mbsjñar vjeàkuols, mjgbml a quj, ao `l`jhtl mj plhjrols jh fuhkblha`bjhtl,
rjqujrbml vjhkjr jsa fujrza, y plr tahtl mjgj`ls sagjr quâ jhjrnàa rjqujrbráh klh
tao fbh y quâ `lmbfbkakblhjs plmràa`l
plmràa`lss eakjr para mbs`bhubr oa fujrza mj arrastrj. A
oa fujrza para vjhkjr ao arrastrj sj oj klhlkj kl`l Yltjhkba3

Jh autl`ûvbojs, ka`blhjs, trjhjs, ajrlhavjs

ajrlhavjs y garkls sj klbhkbmjh jh jo ejkel mj
quj oa flr`a sjrá faktlr mjtjr`bhahtj jh oa `anhbtum mj oa fujrza mj arrastrj. [bh
j`garnl, jh ol autl`ûvbojs sj klhsbmjrah oas mbsklhtbhubmamjs jh oas ooahtas y jh
 

ols joj`jhtls mj utbobmam. Jh ols ka`blhjs, oa olhnbtum mjo `bs`l bhtjrfbjrj. Amj`ás,
ols ka`blhjs mj karna klh joj`jhtl rjkbpbjhtj mj flr`a kuamrama prjsjhtaráh uh
arrastrj aokaomj. Jsjhkbao`jhtj, ols ka`blhjs `ahjcah kljfbkbjhtjs mj arrastrj mjo
lrmjh mj 9.:: a9,>:. Bnuao`jhtj jh ols trjhjs, oa olhnbtum njhjrao quj oa frbkkbûh
supjrfbkbao `ar sbnhbfbkatbvl. Jh ols avblhjs, mjgbml a oas aotas vjolkbmamjs, oa puhta
l harbz afjktama mjo akujrml ao au`jhtl jh oa vjolkbmam prjtjhmbma. Asà, ols avblhjs
supjrsûhbkls prjsjhtah harbkjs `ás puhtbanumas, a fbh mj rjmukbr jo jfjktl mj oa
lhma mj kelquj.
Jh vjeàkuols mjstbhamls a sjr `lvbmls jh `jmbls akulsls, sj mjgj klhsbmjrar uh
fjhû`jhl ooa`aml kavbtakbûh, quj lkurrj kuahml oa prjsbûh jstátbka jh jo foubml
mjgbml, mjspuâs mjo pasl mjo vjeàkuol, a tao nraml quj sj flr`ah gurgucas mjgbml
a oa jvaplrakbûh
jvapl rakbûh mjo oàqubml. Mjgbml a quj oa rrjnbûh
jnbûh mj prjsbûh
prjsb ûh gaca js `uy
pjqujña, oas gurgucas jxpoltah ao mjcar jsa rjnbûh. [b jstaooah kjrka mj oa supjrfbkbj
mj klhtaktl, pujmjh kausar jrlsbûh. Amj`ás, sb jstaooah kjrka mj oas paojtas mj
mbrjkkbûh, sj rjmukj oa fujrza quj jo tb`ûh jcjrkj slgrj jooas, amj`ás mj mbs`bhubr
jo j`pucj y jo rjhmb`bjhtl mj oas prlpjoas.
 

KLHKOZ[BLHJ[
Jo arrastrj js uha fujrza rjakkbûh ao `lvb`bjhtl mj uh `ûvbo, plr ol quj sbj`prj va
jh mbrjkkbûh klhtrarba a jstj. Jsta fujrza mjpjhmj mj mbvjrsls faktlrjs, kujhtls
kl`l oa flr`a, oa olhnbtum, oas supjrfbkbjs mj klhtaktl y oa runlsbmam mjo `atjrbao mjo
kujrpl jh jstumbl, asà kl`l oa vbsklsbmam mjo foubml, jo hó`jrl mj Wjyhloms mjo

`bs`l,
jstl, jo puhtl
mjsmj mj rl`pb`bjhtl
pujmj mjaoakagl
partbr a oojvar kapaols
oà`btj, oa prjsbûh
mbsjñls y oa mjhsbmam.
klhflr`j [agbjhml
a oas hjkjsbmamjs
jstagojkbmas, guskahml sbj`prj mbs`bhubr jo arrastrj mjgbml a ol quj sjrá hjkjsarbl
jo j`pojl mj kbjrta jhjrnàa para vjhkjr jsta rjsbstjhkba.
Eay mls koasjs mj arrastrj3 jo mj prjsbûh, njhjramlr
njhjramlr plr ols jfjktls mjo `lvb`bjhtl
mjo lgcjtl jh jo foubml, y jo mj frbkkbûh, kl`pujstl plr oas fujrzas quj aktóah jh oa
kapa oà`btj quj sj njhjra jh jo `ûvbo.
]a`gbâh sj pujmj jstagojkjr oa pltjhkba quj rjqubjrj uh `ûvbo para klhtrarrjstar.
Jo arrastrj. Jh oa gósqujma mj utbobzar ao `áxb`l oa jhjrnàa j`pojama jh uh `ûvbo,
klhstahtj`jhtj sj eakjh jstumbls slgrj oa flr`a `ás klhvjhbjhtj quj mjgj tjhjr
jo kujrpl, maml quj js uha mj oas flr`as `ás vbagojs para klhtrarrjstar jo
arrastrj. Ol quj sj guska js mbs`bhubr oa `anhbtum mjo kljfbkbjhtj mj arrastrj.

Wjfjrjhkbas
(s.f.). Lgtjhbml mj ettps3//www.akamj`ba.jmu/:;129=9/AWWA[]WJ\R\[Z[]JH]AKB%K;%2;H 
ettps3//www.akamj`ba.jmu/:;129=9/AWWA[]WJ\R\[Z[]JH]AKB%K;%2;H