1.

what are the different ways a firm being competitive

advantage?
Ans,

A firm's ability to produce a good or service more efficiently than its

competitors, which leads to greater profit margins, creates a
comparative advantage. Rational consumers will choose the cheaper
of any two perfect substitutes offered. Economies of scale, efficient
internal systems, and geographic location can also create a
comparative advantage. Comparative advantage does not a better
product or service, though. It only shows the firm can offer a product
or service of the same value at a lower price. 

2.Competitive Advantage
Ans,

Competitive advantage is a set of qualities that give businesses

leverage over their competition. It allows businesses to offer their
target market a product or service with higher value than industry
competitors. In the long term, this boosts the business' position in
their industry and drives a greater number of sales than
competitors.
Product quality
 Strategic pricing
 Customer service
 Market positioning
 Distribution networks
 Innovation and access to new technologies

3. marketing research process?

marketing research can get expensive it is one of the first things people cut
from their marketing budget? If your just hit the floor like mine did, you’re not
alone. Marketing research is crucial to the marketing process and it doesn’t
have to be expensive if you do it right and know what process to follow. Below
is a five step marketing research process with helpful tips to get you through
each stage.
1. Define The Problem
While all of the steps in this process are valuable, I would argue that this is the
most important because this is where you lay the foundation for the rest of
your marketing research. Before beginning your marketing research, you need
to decide what the problem is you’re trying to figure out. In this first phase of
the process, you need to establish your research objectives. Developing
questions that will help you clearly define your problem is very beneficial
during this phase.

2. Develop Your Research plan

it’s time to develop and design the research plan. There are many
methods you can incorporate in your research plan. To keep your
costs down, consider the following techniques for conducting your
research:

1. Interview prospects and customers. This may be a bit intimidating

at first but it’ll start to become second nature. In my opinion, you get
the best feedback by using this tactic. Nothing gives you the
information you’re looking for like going straight to the source.

2. Conduct a survey ( use SurveyMonkey and think it works really

well).

3. Research online. The basic takeaway of just going with your

standard Google search is to ensure that whatever sources you’re
using are credible. As we all know, you can’t believe everything you
read online.
3. Collect Relevant Data And Information
Once you start to collect your data, make sure it’s valid and
unbiased. Use a mixture of the methods mentioned above to get
relevant data from all angles. The ideal type of information to gather
would be analytical/scientific as well as emotional data that you
couldn’t get from looking at a graph. In my experience, personal
stories can give you a lot of the insight you’re looking for.

4. Analyze Data And Report Findings

Once you’ve gathered information, it’s time to interpret the data.
When doing this, it’s important to look for trends as opposed to
specific pieces of information. As you’re analyzing your data, don’t
try to find patterns based off your previous assumptions prior to
collecting the data. It’s okay if your hypothesis is wrong.

5. Take Action
research is complete. It’s time to present your findings and take
action. Start developing marketing campaigns. Put your findings to
the test and get going! The biggest takeaway here is that although
this round of research is complete, it’s not over. Your research
should never be over. You should always be analyzing your data on a
regular basis to see where you can improve. Trends can change over
time. Just because you found a pattern doesn’t mean it’ll stay that
way forever. Always be doing your research.

4. SERVQUAL Model 

The SERVQUAL Model is an empiric model and Berry to compare service

quality performance with customer service quality needs. It is used
to do a gap analysis of an organization’s service quality performance
against the service quality needs of its customers.

There are  five core components of service quality:

1. Tangibles – physical facilities, equipment, staff appearance, etc.

2. Reliability – ability to perform service dependably and accurately.

3. Responsiveness – willingness to help and respond to customer need.

4. Assurance – ability of staff to inspire confidence and trust.

5. Empathy – the extent to which caring individualized service is given.

5. taks involved in service marketing?

the nature of the service is the first task in services marketing. The
nature of the service gives useful clues on benefits expected by
customers from it. Though customer characteristics are also an
important factor here, the nature of the service is the crucial factor.
Service marketers have to therefore analyze the nature of the service
and gain relevant insights on it.

Component Tasks in Service marketing:

* Understanding the nature of the service.

* Understanding the customer and his expectation of the service.
* Giving a shape to the service (developing the service product).
* Organizing delivery systems and creating channels
* Pricing
* Promotion
* Harnessing the special elements of service marketing
* Achieving differentiation
* Measuring service quality
* Monitoring customer satisfaction

6. Primary Data & Secondary Data

Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher from first-hand sources,

using methods like surveys, interviews. It is collected with the research project
in mind, directly from primary sources.

Secondary data is data gathered from studies, surveys, that have been run by
other people or for other research.

RURAL MARKET
7. Rural Markets become attractive to corporate
companies
Rural Markets become attractive to corporate companies. A variety
of factors have rendered the rural market quite attractive to
corporates in recent years.The increased income power of
the rural consumer and the improved income distribution have
enhanced rural demand for several products.

The major tasks that need unique handling in rural marketing are:

1. Segmentation and targeting

2. Product management
3. Physical distribution
4. Channel management
5. Sales force management
6. Marketing communications
8. what are the distinguishing characteristics of rural
consumer?
Ans,

rural characteristics:
2. Size:
The rural market in India is vast and scattered, and offers a plethora
of opportunities in comparison to the urban sector. It covers the
maximum population and regions, and thereby, the maximum
number of consumers. Rural market is account for about 74% of total
Indian population.

3. Nature:
The social status of the rural regions is precarious (uncertain) as the
income level and literacy is extremely low along with the range of
traditional values and superstitious beliefs that have always been a
major impediment in the progression of this sector.

4. Response to Products:

i. Rural markets believe in product utility rather than status and

prestige. However, they like novel products with distinctive features.

ii. Most village customers consider tastes rather than usefulness in

long run.

iii. They like simple and long-life products. They are interested in
immediate results. Products must offer immediate benefits.

5. Response to Price:

i. Rural customers are price-sensitive and highly influenced by level

of pricing. Price is the strongest factor that affects their buying
decision.
ii. They buy those products which are low in price and medium in
quality.

6. Response to Promotion:

i. Rural customers are highly attracted by local and regional

promotional efforts.

ii. Their reference groups consist of educated and non-educated

family members and relatives living in urban areas and foreign
countries as well.

iii. Personal selling seems more influential to convince rural mass.

7. Role of Government:
Demand of products depends on availability of basic facilities like
electricity, transportation, schools, hospitals, etc. The steps taken by
the Government of India to initiate proper irrigation, infrastructural
developments, prevention of flood, grants for fertilizers, and various
schemes to cut down the poverty line have improved the condition
of the rural masses. Rural market depends on government’s
contribution to the rural sector.

write down the factors buying behavior of rural

consumers?
To understand the buying behavior of rural consumers, we must
go to the factors that influence their buying behavior.

The factors include:

1. Socio-economic environment of the consumer

2. Cultural environment
3. Geographic location
4. Education level
5. Occupation
6. Exposure to urban lifestyles
7. Exposure to media.
8. The points of purchase products.
9. The way the consumer uses the products

9. way marketer are interested in rural market

Rural India has always been romanticised as a vast and desirable
opportunity for marketers to tap into. With its earthy rustic imagery,
it signalled the ‘real’ India — a sub continental hinterland with scale
and unmet demand. Yet, this tempting opportunity daunted many
marketers.
With more than 830 million consumers its gargantuan size and
pixelated snapshots of consumer sketches has often flattered to
deceive — the cost of reaching out to and precisely contacting a
customer willing to purchase your brand at a profitable enough price
has caused even savvy marketers to stumble or slow down.

Combine this with the fact that rural India has a retail density of 7
stores for every 1000 consumers The new goals are identifying the
most valuable consumer, and innovating for and communicating to
that consumer. And then ensuring you are able to more precisely
reach him using smarter approaches to geographic and store
segmentation.

Marketers can now identify the Rural Super Consumer who is both
economically and emotionally more engaged with a category and
brands within it. This consumer looks forward to products and
services that can better his lot and satisfy a desire for a more city-like
lifestyle. A consumer for whom branded goods connote reliability
and utility.

10. what invention can you think in chanel

management in rural market

Channel Management in Rural Markets:

Multiple tiers, Higher Cost and Administration Problems: 

The distribution chain in the rural context requires a large number of

tiers as compared to the urban context. In the rural context, at the
minimum level the chain needs the village shopkeeper, the
wholesaler, etc

 Scope for Manufacturer’s own Outlets Limited; Greater

Dependence on Dealers: 

Scope for manufacturer’s direct outlets such as depots or

showrooms is limited in rural markets unlike in the urban context
since it is expensive and unmanageable.

 Non-Availability of Dealers: 

There is also a problem of availability of dealers. Suitable dealers are

limited even if the firm is willing to start from scratch and try out
rank newcomers; the choice of candidates is limited.

Poor Visibility of Retail Outlets: 

Sales outlets suffer from poor viability in the rural market. Scattered
nature of market and the multiplicity of tiers in the chain use up the
additional funds the manufacturer is prepared to part with.
Moreover the business volume is not adequate enough to sustain
the profitability of all groups and the retail tier is the worst sufferer.

 Inadequate Bank Facilities: 

Due to lack of bank and credit facilities distribution in rural markets is

handicapped. Rural outlets need banking support for 3 important
purposes;

In facilitating remittances to principals and to get fats replenishment

of stocks.

In receiving supplies ‘through

To facilitate securing credit from banks. It is estimated that there is

only one bank branch for every 50 villages.

Green Market

11. green market definition

Green market products are previously owned products that have been

previously used and put back into productive use. These products are
often repaired, refurbished and recycled by brokers, resellers or the
original manufacturer. They are suitable for resale to customers as a
lower cost alternative to buying new goods from standard distribution
channels.

12. green marketing mix

A model green marketing mix contains four

Product:
A producer should offer ecological products which not only must not
contaminate the environment but should protect it and even
liquidate existing environmental damages.

Price:
Prices for such products may be a little higher than conventional
alternatives. But target groups.

Place
A distribution logistics is of crucial importance; main focus is on
ecological packaging. Marketing local and seasonal products
vegetables from regional farms is more, easy to be marketed “green”
than products imported.

Promotion:
A communication with the market should put stress on
environmental aspects, for example that the company possesses a
CP certificate or is ISO 14000 certified. This may be publicized to
improve a firm’s image. Furthermore, the fact that a company
spends expenditures on environmental protection should be
advertised.

13.benefits green marketing

Green marketing campaigns allow companies to get the
following benefits:

this will enhance the image of the company in society;

this will promote the renewal of the products, its improvement, and
ecologization;

this will increase the chances of entering the premium segment and
its further expansion;
this will form friendly relations with public organizations and with
state and local government bodies;

this will give an opportunity to enter foreign markets.

14. what is changes in green marketing

ans,

1. green product recyclable and renewable materials which is costly .

2. problem of deceptive advertising and falls clain.

3. majority of the people are not aware of green product and its
urge.

4. majority of the consumer are not willing to pay a premium for

green product.

Retailing

15.what do you mean by retailing

Retailing is a distribution process, in which all the activities involved

in selling the merchandise directly to the final consumer the one who
intends to use the product are included. It encompasses sale of
goods and services from a point of purchase to the end user, who is
going to use that product.

16. evolution of indian retail industry

Indian retail industry is at nascent stage. India, being one of the most attractive
emerging markets, is experiencing a radical change in its retail industry. Rapid
development of retailing in India has led to expansion of organised retail stores
both in metros and in smaller cities. The current research is directed to
understand the concepts of retailing and its evolution.

As consumers change so must the industry. The retail sector that emerges over
the next five to ten years will likely be far different than at the beginning of the
century, marked by greater innovation, integration, and responsiveness. In the
late 1800s and early 1900s, market was basically covered by the typical
townscape of independent specialty or single-product stores That scene
gradually changed with the introduction of department stores. argued that
today’s corporate world focus on creating reputation through stronger brand
and acceptable image to get better acceptability of customers and other
stakeholders. As a acceptance to this logic, Indian retailers provide a range of
services, brands, and products available in one location to make it convenient
to the customers. A revolution in the shopping habits of the people across the
entire world had virtually brought the supermarket to the main street. This
revolution was unparalleled in human history as it had engendered the
development of distribution system that delivers food and other products to
the consumer in unprecedented abundance, variety and quality. It had gone
through its natural process of evolution in all areas from the initial concept of
the supermarket and department store to the hypermarket and shopping mall.

retail format in india

Department stores: 
These are the general merchandise retailers offering various kinds of
quality products and services.
These do not offer full service category products and some carry a
selective product line. K Raheja’s Shoppers Stop is a good example of
department stores.

Malls: 
These are the largest form of retail formats. They provide an ideal
shopping experience by providing a mix of all kinds of products and
services, food and entertainment under one roof.
Specialty Stores:
 The retail chains, which deal in specific categories and provide deep
assortment in them are specialty stores.
Discount stores: 
These are the stores or factory outlets that provide discount on the MRP
items. They focus on mass selling and reaching economies of scale or
selling the stock left after the season is over.
Supermarkets: 
These are generally large self-service outlets, offering a variety of
categories with deep assortments. These stores contribute 30% of all
food and grocery organized retail sales.
Convenience stores:
 They are comparatively smaller stores located near residential areas.
They are open for an extended period of the day and have a limited
variety of stock and convenience products. Prices are slightly higher due
to the convenience given to the customers.

17. sales forecasting methods

Ans,

various methods of sales forecasting:

1. Jury of Executive Opinion.

2. Sales Force Opinion.

3. Test Marketing Result.

4. Consumer’s Buying Plan.

5. Market Factor Analysis.

6. Expert Opinion.
7. Econometric Model Building.

8. Past Sales

9. Statistical Methods.

18. what are the different types of demand forecasting

Ans,

There are basically two types of forecast,

(i) External or national group of forecast,

(ii) Internal or company group forecast.

19. Qualitative and quantitative marketing

research
Ans,

Quantitative Market Research

Quantitative market research is the collection of numerical data
often resulting in statistical analysis to understand trends in the data.
The main characteristic of quantitative market research is that it
allows for comparisons and trends in the data to be easily found and
understood. It should also be noted that as a result of the
standardised questions, quantitative market research is a more
structured market research process and can therefore involve a
larger number of respondents to participate in the research.
There are several different types of data collection in quantitative
market research;

 Face-to-face
 Telephone
 Email
  Online / web

Qualitative Market Research

Qualitative market research provides reasoning for consumer actions,
opinions, wants and needs; it helps the marketer to understand why a
consumer has acted and purchased in a certain way. This type of market
research differs from quantitative market research as it does not follow a
predetermined set of questions. Instead the research sets out topic, or
discussion guides, to ensure that the research aims are still met and the
appropriate questions are asked to the participant. During the research, the
researcher is able to explore the discussion guide in great detail allowing for
long discussions to develop; revealing a vast amount of information.

Qualitative market research,

 Mini group discussion (4 – 5 participants)

 Triad (3 respondents)
 Paired (2 respondents)
 ‘One on one’ depth interview.

what are different areas are qualitative research

applied

 One-on-One Interview: 
Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common
qualitative research methods. It is a personal interview that is
carried out with one respondent at a time. This is purely a
conversational method and invites opportunities to get details in
depth from the respondent.
Focus groups: 
A focus group is also one of the commonly used qualitative
research methods, used in data collection. A focus group usually
includes a limited number of respondents (6-10) from within your
target market.
Case study research: 

The case study method has evolved over the past few years and
developed as into a valuable qualitative research method. As the
name suggests it is used for explaining an organization or an entity.

Digital marketing
1.Trade Era
This era began around the beginning of time and lasted to the mid.
Everything that was available was made or harvested by hand.
Exploration was the main focus of the economy at the time, and so was
trade. Everything was in limited supply because of the fact that most
things were hand made and harvested.

2. Production Era
Companies stressed mass production and efficiency – producing as much
as possible at as low a cost as possible – and marketing efforts were
based on securing the widest possible distribution. 

3. Product Era
In the product era, marketing was less about establishing cost leadership
and universal distribution and more about relying on the attributes of the
product itself to attract consumers.Companies built marketing efforts
around quality, performance and innovative product features.

4.Selling Era
In the selling era, companies viewed aggressive promotion as the key to
success. Any product can succeed, the thinking went, if a company just
pushed it hard enough. Kotler refers to this as businesses "selling what
they make, rather than making what the market wants to buy." Selling-
era tactics can be risky for companies, as the hard sell can turn off
consumers, perhaps even push them into the arms of a competitor.

Marketing Era
The marketing era, which Kotler says started around the mid-1950s, saw
a fundamental shift. Instead of just trying to persuade consumers to buy
the products they were making, companies focused on making products
that customers wanted to buy.

Relationship Era
the Relationship Era describes businesses' gradual shift to long-
lasting relationships with prospects and customers.

digital era
 Digital marketing is the promotion of products and services using one or
more forms of electronic media. Thus, digital marketing is promotion of
brands on electronic media.

b2b
A B2B Model involves trading of goods and services between two
corporate entities. A B2B model enables a business to interact and trade
with other organization business houses trade goods and services with
other businesses

B2C
B2C, the acronym for "business-to-consumer", is a business model based
on transactions between a company, that sells products or services, and
individual customers who are the end-users of these products.

C2C MODEL
Customer to customer (C2C) is a business model, whereby customers can
trade with each other, typically, in an online environment. Two
implementations of C2C markets are auctions and classified
advertisements

C2B MODEL
C2B is a business model in which consumers (individuals) offer products
and services to companies and the companies pay them. This
business model is a complete reversal of traditional business model where
companies offer goods and services to consumers.

G2C MODEL
G2C concept is used for expressing the relationship between public
administration and citizens. The relationship may refer the demand for
information from the citizen in any life situation or a transfer of an official
document to the citizen

B2G MODEL
Business-to-government (B2G) is a business model that refers to
businesses selling products, services or information to governments or
government agencies. B2G networks or models provide a way for
businesses to bid on government projects or products that governments
might purchase or need for their organizations.

factor impacting shift from traditional to modern

market
1. power shifting

2. communication channel

3. interactive communication

4. trust worthyeness

5. informed decision