Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 40:776–784
DOI 10.1007/s00170-008-1371-2
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An optimization method for radial forging process
using ANN and Taguchi method
M. Sanjari & A. Karimi Taheri & M. R. Movahedi
Received: 24 October 2006 / Accepted: 3 January 2008 / Published online: 5 February 2008
# Springer-Verlag London Limited 2008
Abstract In this study, the artificial neural network (ANN)
and the Taguchi method are employed to optimize the radial
force and strain inhomogeneity in radial forging process.
The finite element analysis of the process verified by the
microhardness test (to confirm the predicted strain distri-
bution) and the experimental forging load published by the
previous researcher are used to predict the strain distribu-
tion in the final product and the radial force. At first, a
combination of process parameters are selected by orthog-
onal array for numerical experimenting by Taguchi method
and then simulated by FEM. Then the optimum conditions
are predicted via the Taguchi method. After that, by using
the FEM results, an ANN model was trained and the
optimum conditions are predicted by means of ANN (using
genetic algorithm as global optimization procedure) and
compared with those achieved by the Taguchi method. The
optimum conditions are verified by FEM, and good
agreement is found between the two sets of results.
M. Sanjari (*)
Materials and Energy Research Center,
Materials Science and Engineering,
Sharif University of Technology,
Azadi Ave, Tehran 96941, Islamic Republic of Iran
e-mail: m.sanjari@gmail.com
A. K. Taheri
Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Sharif University of Technology,
Azadi Ave, Tehran 96941, Islamic Republic of Iran
e-mail: ktaheri@sharif.edu
M. R. Movahedi
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Sharif University of Technology,
Azadi Ave, Tehran 96941, Islamic Republic of Iran
e-mail: movahhed@sharif.edu
Keywords ANN . FEM Analysis . Inhomogeneity .
Process optimization . Radial forging . Taguchi method
Nomenclature
RF Radial force
k Yield shear stress of the part
L1 Length of the sinking zone
L2 Length of the forging zone
L3 Length of the sizing zone
m Friction shear factor
Rm Radius of the mandrel
Rn Outer radius of tube at the neutral plane
R0 Outer radius of the preform
R1 Outer radius of the element at sinking-forging zones
interface
R2 Outer radius of the product
t0 Initial wall thickness of the preform
t Final wall thickness of the element
Vr Absolute radial velocity of dies
α Die angle
s Flow stress of the material in compression
1 Introduction
Radial forging is a hot or cold forging process utilizing two
or more radially moving anvils, or dies, with the concept of
incremental forging generally employed to obtain the
desired shape from the initially simple round or square
billet [1]. The advantages of radial forging are smooth
surface finish, considerable material or weight savings,
preferred fiber structure, minimum notch effect, and increased
material strength [2, 3]. In order to obtain optimal properties
of the final radial forged product, it is necessary to
investigate many areas such as determination of the required
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 40:776–784 777

Fig. 1 Schematic representation I Sinking

of radial forging for tubes and II Forging
variables III Sizing
Vr

t0
I
α II
III
R0
R1
R2 Rn
Rm

L1 L2 L3

process, die design, and the selection of the process
condition. In industry, however, the conventional approaches
to reach an optimal process condition are based on empirical
or approximate analysis, requiring a time consuming and
expensive trial-and-error [4]. In the literature, there are some
numerical or analytical models to assess the radial forging
process. For example Lahoti et al. [5, 6] analyzed the
mechanics of radial forging process for single and compound
angle dies using slab method. Subramanian et al. [7]
modeled the metal flow in die cavity in radial forging for
rifling of gun barrels under the plane strain condition. Tszeng
and Kobayashi [8] were the first to model the tube forging
using the finite element method (FEM). Domblesky et al. [9,
10] have considered a model of the tube-forging process
based on the rigid-thermo viscoplastic finite-element method.
Jang and Liou [11] used a 3-D non-linear finite-element
method to study the residual stress distributions in radial
forging. Lee et al. [12] proposed a new numerical scheme of
the finite element method, the automatic expansion of
domain (AED), to reduce computation time and computer
memory. Ghaei et al. [13] used the finite element method to
model the radial forging process and to study the effects of
die shape in the cross-section area on deformation. Some
other researchers [14–18] also proposed numerical model for
radial forging process.
Inhomogeneous deformation is one of the most impor-
tant parameters in the forming process since it affects the
final properties of product such as the distribution of grain
size and grain boundary after recrystallization in final
annealing [19, 20]. Although the inhomogeneity of defor-
mation in different metal forming processes has been
investigated [21, 22], but in the literature the deformation
inhomogeneity in radial forging process and the effect of
various process parameters on its magnitude have not yet
been considered broadly. It should be noted that although
the simulations based on the FEM method are capable of
predicting many variables such as radial force, strain, strain
rate and stress distributions more accurately, but those are
time consuming and computationally expensive for a com-
pletely optimization procedure. Therefore in this work,
statistical design of experiments is used to get information
such as main effects of design parameters from the minimum
number of experiments or, in our case, the minimum number
of simulations. The objective of parameter design in the
statistical design of experiments is to find the best combina-
tion of controllable factors. The Taguchi method, which is one
of the fractional factorial designs, has a good reappearance of
experiment or simulation concerned only with the main effects
of design parameters. Therefore, in this study, in order to get
the optimal process parameters in a short time the following
steps was applied:
1. The orthogonal array for numerical experimenting is
determined by Taguchi method.
2. The combinations of process parameters are selected by
orthogonal array, simulated by FEM.
3. The optimum process parameters to provide minimum
inhomogeneity and radial force were obtained via the
Taguchi method.
4. An ANN model using the FEA results obtained in 2 is
trained.
5. Using an ANN model, we predicted the optimum
process parameters by means of ANN (using genetic
Table 2 Experimental conditions for swaging

Table 1 Chemical compositions of investigated alloys (in wt. %) R0(mm) R1(mm) L2(mm) L3(mm) α Axial Back Front
feed push pull
Alloy Al Si Mg Mn Cu Fe Other element (mm) (KN) (KN)

in wt.% 95.8 1.4 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.3 13 7 7 5 12 15 10000 0

778 Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 40:776–784

0.45
Thus, the small clearances existing between the hammer
0.4 Experimental data dies at the end of a forging stroke are neglected. Based on
4th degree this assumption, no material spreading would be allowed
0.35
between the dies at the end of the forging strike and the
0.3 deformation could be modeled axisymmetrically. To locate
Effec. Strain

0.25
in the center and maintain the workpiece position, two
chuck-heads grip the workpiece at both ends during
0.2 forging. Also these chuck-heads can apply back-push or
0.15 front-pull forces to the workpiece [8].

0.1

0.05 3 Mathematical models

0
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135
Hardness (HV)
Fig. 2 The hardness values (experimental) versus effective strain
(FEM) and approximated fourth order polynomial
algorithm as global optimization procedure) and com-
pared with those achieved by the Taguchi method.
6. Under two sets of optimum condition, the FEA was
done to verify these results.
7. The two set of optimum condition and their FEA
verifications were compared together. A good agree-
ment between these two predicted results is found.
For evaluating the FEM simulation, strain distribution in
the radial forged sample is computed and compared with
the simulation results. To do this, the local values of
hardness measured on a radial forged sample and the
relationship between the hardness and strain are utilized.
Finally, the accuracy of the radial forging load predicted by
the FEM model is verified by comparing the predicted
forging loads with experimental results published by the
previous researcher.
2 Radial forging process
In Fig. 1 the general model of the radial forging process for
tubes, considered in this study, is illustrated. It is assumed
that in the innermost position of the hammer dies, the inlet
section of the dies form a perfect conical surface and the die
land is perfectly cylindrical.
140 145 150 3.1 Finite element method
It is known that several simulations are needed to
investigate the effects of process parameters on the
inhomogeneity deformation of radial forging process. In
order to reduce the computational time, the simplifying
assumptions may be made to analyze the radial forging
process in an axisymmetric deformation model [10].
Neglecting the rotational feed, the variation of die shape
in the cross-section and the small clearance between the
dies are the assumptions used in this work.
Domblesky et al. [9] used different methods to impose
the front-pull and back-push forces on their model.
However, in this study, a pressure boundary condition is
successfully imposed at tube ends. The following steps are
applied to the model: (1) the tube end is first fixed in the
axial direction before the die touched the tube; (2) the die
touched the deforming tube and a firm contact is estab-
lished; (3) the moving die is stopped; (4) the fixed end of
tube is released; and (5) finally the pressure boundary
condition is imposed at both ends of the tube.
To model the radial forging process, the commercially
available FEM software ABAQUS is used. The finite
element code is based on a Lagrangian formulation with
elastic-plastic material behavior. The Von Mises yield
criterion and isotropic hardening are assumed for the
model. First order quadrilateral elements were used to
mesh the tube. To avoid shear locking problem associated
with this element, a reduced integration strategy with
hourglass control was used. Due to the axisymmetric of

Fig. 3 Effective strain distribu-

tion obtained from measured
hardness (above) and simulation
(down)
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 40:776–784 779

Table 3 Comparison loads

predicted by FEM with the Sample Billet Product Length of Length of Predicted Load from
experimental results of number diameter diameter forging zone sizing zone maximum load experiment
reference [6] (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (KN) (KN)

1 15.97 13.18 18.55 18 177 172

2 15.97 13.25 18.09 18 174 167
3 15.03 13.11 12.77 18 137 124
4 13.99 13.03 6.83 18 80 74.5

the process, the finite-element meshes were generated on
the half cross-section of the workpiece. The type of the
element used in the model is a quadratic reduced matrix
element (CAX4R). In cold forging, the process is usually
assumed to be under isothermal conditions although the
actual process is non-isothermal. This assumption can
provide good preliminary results when applied to processes,
which can occur so quickly that die chilling effects are
small. Because in radial forging process the contact time
between tools and workpiece is less than 10–15% of each
forging cycle an isothermal condition is assumed [9].
Penalty formulation is employed to model the friction in
the contact surfaces. It is assumed that the limiting shear
stress is obtained by m psffiffi3, where s is the flow stress and
m=0.15 is the friction coefficient commonly used for the
cold forging conditions with phosphate lubricant [6, 10].
3.2 Neural network modeling
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are basically a data-
driven black-box model capable of solving highly non-
linear complex problems. Among the various kinds of
ANNs, the back propagation (BP) learning algorithm has
become the most popular in engineering applications
[23–25]. By providing a network of this type with a set of
training data, the network is able to learn and then adjusts
the interconnection weights between layers. This process is
repeated until the network performs well on the training set
and can subsequently be used to classify or predict from
previously unseen data output. However, the data for
training the artificial neural network is needed to be
carefully selected, to provide the wide range and well
distribution. Therefore, in this work the data are selected
using the orthogonal array table in the statistical design of
experiments proposed by Taguchi [26].
3.3 Taguchi method
The Taguchi method, which is one of the fractional factorial
designs, utilizes orthogonal arrays (OAs) to study a large
number of variables with a small number of experiments or,
in this study, the minimum number of simulations.
Furthermore, the Taguchi method can be used to determine
the values of the processing parameters optimizing the
quality characteristics [27]. Also analysis of variance
(ANOVA) can be applied to investigate which parameters
influence the radial forging process most significantly.
Taguchi method is employed using the following procedure
[28]:
(i) Select the factors affecting on the performance of the
inhomogeneity factor or radial force (RF).
(ii) Select the appropriate levels that each factor may hold
within the simulation.
(iii) Select the orthogonal array to determine the number of
simulation to run.
(iv) Conduct the simulations.
(v) Analyze the results; determine the optimum factor level
combination.
(vi) Predict the optimum performance and influence of
factors.
(vii) Confirm the experimental design.
4 FEM model validation procedures
4.1 Experiments
The 6082 aluminum alloy rods received in hot extrusion
condition were used. In this study the chemical composition
of alloy is shown in Table 1.

Table 4 Process parameters of

radial forging at four levels Parameter destination Process parameters Range Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
used in Taguchi method
A Die angle(degree) 3–12 3 6 9 12
B Back pull force (KN) 0–75000 0 25000 50000 75000
C Forward push force(KN) 0–75000 0 25000 50000 75000
D Friction factor 0.1–0.25 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
E Axial feed (mm) 5–20 5 10 15 20
780 Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 40:776–784

Table 5 Process parameters were used for simulation comparison of local values of strain evaluated using the
R0(mm) R1(mm) Rm(mm) L3(mm) numerical simulation of the compression test, and the local
values of hardness measured on a real specimen can be
150 115 110 30 utilized to construct the local strain-local hardness curve

2.5 Level 1
Cylindrical specimens with initial dimensions of h0 =17 Level 2
and d0 =11 mm were compressed to different final heights Level 3
2 Level 4
h, using a lubricated contact between the specimen and the
flat platens. The strain rate of about 0.01 1/s was used

IF (inner)
during the test. 1.5
After compression, samples were cut along the longitudi-
nal direction, and about 30 microhardness tests were 1
performed on the area of the cross-section. The tests were
carried out on an INSTRON machine. To investigate the 0.5
strain field in the radial forging samples, the swaging process
was used. Experimental conditions for swaging were
0
illustrated in Table 2. After swaging, the samples were cut Die angle Back push Front pull Friction Axial feed
along the longitudinal direction and several microhardness force force factor
tests were carried out on the regions. All experiments were a
done in the room temperature. Using these values and the 2.5
strain–hardness reference curve, we constructed and used Level 1
Level 2
the strain field in the radial forging samples for the ver- Level 3
2
ification of the strain field predicted by the finite element Level 4
method.
1.5
IF (outer)

4.2 Determination of relationship between strain

and hardness 1

The hardness test can be used to assess the local properties,

0.5
as well as the determination of the local strain [29]. Amongst
a number of hardness measurement methods, the micro-
hardness method is considered to be the most appropriate. 0
Die angle Back push Front pull Friction Axial feed
Determination of the strain, ɛ, from the hardness measure- force force factor
ments requires the function HV ¼ f ð"Þ, known as the
strain–hardness reference curves. These curves are obtained b
usually by the assessment of compression tests on a given 80000
material under relevant thermo mechanical conditions. Level 1
70000 Level 2
Conventionally, cylindrical specimen is compressed into Level 3
Radial fore (KN)

the specific strain. Then, the specimen is cut along the 60000 Level 4
longitudinal axis of symmetry and a number of hardness 50000
tests are carried out on a mesh of n testing points in the
40000
cross-sectional plane [30]. The mean value of hardness is
computed from all the measured points, and this value is 30000

related to the mean value of strain, ɛm. Therefore, using 20000

different compression samples upset to various final
10000
heights, the strain–hardness curve can be constructed. The
main problem of this procedure is the fact that the local 0
Die angle Back push Front pull Friction Axial feed
values of hardness and strain are transformed into the force force factor
global mean values of hardness and strain prior to the curve
c
construction. So that, the actual distribution of both strain
Fig. 4 The average effect of each factor at each level for three
and hardness may show a great deviation from the mean optimization criteria a I.F.inner b I.F.outer and c RF obtained by the
value. To overcome this problem in this study, direct Taguchi method
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 40:776–784 781

Table 6 Parameters values and

performance of the optimum Optimization Optimum condition for factors Optimum Confirming
conditions for three optimiza- criteria performance results
tion criteria were obtained by Die Forw. pull Back Friction Axial (KN) (KN)
Taguchi method angle force push factor feed
(deg.) (KN) force(KN) (mm)

RF 12 25000 25000 0.1 5 6127 6334

I.F.inner 12 0 25000 0.15 5 0.156 0.167
I.F.outer 12 0 25000 0.1 5 0 0

[31]. The reliability of this reference curve can be checked
by predicting the strain in another real specimen. For this
aim, another sample is upset to a different final height.
Then it is cut along its cross-section area to measure the
local value of its hardness. These hardness values are
transformed to the local strain value using the strain–
hardness reference curve. Comparing this value (using
strain–hardness reference curve) with the value of strain
obtained from numerical simulation of the compression
test, the reliability of the reference curve can be examined.
In this work about 50 points in different regions of
compression samples are considered. By this way, individ-
ual points of the strain–hardness reference curve are
obtained and the curve is approximated by a fourth order
polynomial as shown in Fig. 2. The local values of strain on
the radial forged samples are determined using strain–
hardness reference curve and the local values of hardness
measured on radial forged samples. For evaluating the
strains on the entire points of sample, triangle-based cubic
interpolation with the aid of these determined local values
of strain, are used. Then these values of strains based on the
experiments are used for validation of FEM simulation.
Figure 3 shows strain contour for computed and measured
strain obtained from FEM and microhardness test of
swaging sample, respectively. We found good correlation
between these the two set of results.
4.3 Confirmation of predicted radial forging load
In present research for the radial forging of tubes, the
experimental results of forging loads are not available. So
the loads measured for cold swaging of AISI 1015 steel
rods and used by Lahoti and Altan [6] are utilized to verify
the load predicted by the present analysis. The process
parameter for samples, the predicted and experimental loads
are shown in Table 3. As it is observed, there is a good
agreement between the experimental and predicted results
so that the predicted results are 5 to 10 percent greater than
the experimental data.
5 Apply the models and results
5.1 Inhomogeneity factor
It is necessary to define a criterion as the Inhomogeneity
Factor, to investigate the strain distribution in final product
and the effect of various parameters on it. Because of
axisymmetric deformation in tube an inhomogeneity factor
(I.F.) is defined as follows:
"outer
"min
I:F:outer ¼ ð1Þ
"min
"inner
"min
I:F:inner ¼ ð2Þ
"min
where I.F.inner and I.F.outer are the inhomogeneity factors at
the inner diameter and outer diameter of the tube,
respectively, ɛinner and ɛouter are effective strains at the
surfaces contacting the mandrel and the die, respectively.
ɛmin is the minimum strain in the radial direction of the
tube.

Table 7 The analysis of variance

Parameter DOF Sum of square Variance F-ratio Percent influence

16 16 16
RF×10 I.F.inner I.F.outer RF×10 I.F.inner I.F.outer RF×10 I.F.inner I.F.outer RF I.F.inner I.F.outer

A 3 4.16 48.00 27.38 13.87 16.00 11.99 2.44 2.63 4.19 49.51 28.74 30.58
B 3 2.33 33.35 12.59 7.76 11.12 7.05 1.36 1.83 2.47 12.55 14.57 14.06
C 3 2.30 35.12 12.50 7.66 11.71 7.02 1.35 1.93 2.46 11.96 16.27 14.00
D 3 2.37 40.93 21.14 7.90 13.64 9.90 1.39 2.25 3.47 13.39 21.85 23.58
E 3 2.33 37.52 15.93 7.77 12.51 8.17 1.36 2.06 2.86 12.59 18.57 17.78
Tot. 15 13.49 194.92 89.54 44.96 64.98 44.13 7.90 10.70 15.40 100 100 100
782 Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 40:776–784

60
OA column divided by the number of tests (data points) for
Die angle (degree)
Back pull force (KN) that level provide the appropriate averages. The results of
50 Forward push force (KN)
Friction factor
five factors of this study are evaluated for three optimiza-
Axial feed (mm) tion criteria as shown in Fig. 4. In this work a lower
Percent(%)

40
average response is better (LB) for I.F.inner , I.F.outer and
30
radial force (RF), therefore the optimum combination of the
levels of the factors is predicted as exhibited in Table 6.
20 To estimate the performance at the optimum condition
the following terms must be evaluated [30]:
10
i) The average of all trial results
 is called the grand
average of performance T
0
RF IF(inner) IF(outer) ii) The improvement (contribution) for preferred level of
Fig. 5 Percent influence of factors (die angle, back pull force, each factor is calculated by subtracting the  grand
forward push force, friction factor and axial feed) on radial forging, average from the average effect of that level Ap . For
I.F.inner and I.F.outer the state of LB, this can be obtained as follows:
 
5.2 Application of the Taguchi method to radial forging CA ¼
AP
T 
of 6082 aluminum alloy

Generally, the import factors of radial forging include the
die angle and die shape, axial feed and tool velocity,
forward pull and back push forces and friction factor. In this
study, die angle, forward pull and back push forces, friction
factor and axial feed as the most influence parameters on
three optimization criteria (RF, I.F.inner and I.F. outer) are
considered.
Table 4 shows four levels of five process factors. These
levels commonly are used in industry and other researches
[6, 9]. When the levels of the factors are determined the
suitable orthogonal array is selected. Orthogonal array of
L32 is selected to provide the sufficient training data for
ANN model instead of orthogonal array of L16 [28]. Then,
by using FEM model each simulation are carried out.
Process parameters were used for simulation was illustrated
in Table 5.
5.2.1 Average effects of factor levels
To evaluate the average effect of each factor at each level
(for example A1 is the average effect of factor A at level 1),
the average results for each level must be calculated. To do
this, the sum of the data associated with each level in the
Then, the optimum performance can be calculated as
follows:
Yopt ¼ T þ CA þ CB þ ::::
The optimum performance for the I.F.inner , I.F.outer and RF
as three optimization criteria, are shown in Table 6. Because
the optimum condition is not one of the experiments, other
simulations run in the conditions of the three optimum
conditions are performed to confirm the predicted results.
There is a good agreement between the predicted results by
Taguchi method and those achieved by the FEM simulation.
5.2.2 Analysis of variation (ANOVA)
The ANOVA for the different factors, including total
variation, sum of square and percent influence of factors,
is determined (Table 7). The results reveal that die angle
made the major contribution to overall performance for the
three optimization criteria (Fig. 5). And the effect of it for
IFs criteria is less than RF criteria. The effect of friction
especially for IFs criteria is considerable. The effect of axial
feed is in the later turn. The back pull and front push force
have the less influence three criteria.

Table 8 Parameters values and performance of the optimum conditions for two optimization criteria were obtained by ANN model

ANN Optimum condition for factors Hidden Optimum Confirming

output layers performance (KN) results (KN)

Die angle Forw. pull force Back push force Friction Axial feed First Second
(deg.) (KN) (KN) factor (mm)

RF 12 14236 16983 0.12 5 5 7 5826 6136

I.F.inner 12 9838 17658 0.13 5 4 6 0.115 0.136
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2009) 40:776–784 783

4
x 10 function is used for neurons in the hidden layers, whereas
10
a linear transfer function used for the output layer. Training
of the neural network is done in MATLAB, using
8 TRAINLM function. TRAINLM is a network training
function that updates weights and bias values in a back
Predicted results

propagation algorithm according to Levenberg-Marquardt

6
optimization. Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is a highly
efficient method for solving non-linear optimization prob-
4 lems. The network is trained until the mean squared error
(MSE) between the data and network output reduced to
10−3. After training, by using 16 testing data provided by
2 FEM, the ability of ANNs for predicted new situations is
examined. The plot of predicted results by ANN versus
FEM results are shown in Fig. 6. Then, genetic algorithm as
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 a global optimization technique is utilized for finding the
4
Experimental results x 10 optimum conditions for two networks (Table 8). In this
a work the “genetic algorithm and direct search” toolbox of
4 MATLAB are utilized and the trained network was used as
a fitness function. Initial population is the range that used in
3.5 the Taguchi method for factors. As can be seen, the results
show a good agreement with the Taguchi method results
3
but as expected the optimum performances show the lower
Predicted results

2.5 response because the ANN model can search between more
points than the Taguchi method.
2

1.5

1 6 Conclusions

0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Experimental results
b
Fig. 6 Comparison between measured and ANN predicted values for
a radial force and b I.F.inner
5.3 ANN model
The data provided by OAs are used to train the two ANNs.
For both ANNs, inputs comprised die angle; back pull
force, forward push force, friction factor and axial feed
while RF or I.F.inner , as the output for each networks
respectively.
Before training, all data are normalized within the
interval [−1, 1] to enable comparison of the relative
significance of each input. A neural network with five
neurons in the input layer (each neuron receiving one of the
five inputs), a single neuron in the output layer (RF or
I.F.inner), and two hidden layer (number of neurons depicted
in the Table 8) proved to be the most suitable for the
present study. A hyperbolic tangent sigmoid transfer
From the results of the finite element analysis and optimi-
zation procedure using the Taguchi method and ANN, we
3 3.5 4 make the following conclusions:
1) There is a good correlation among the calculated strain
field simulated by the FEM and those achieved by
using microhardness distribution and strain–hardness
reference curves. As can be seen the maximum and
minimum value of strain and distribution of strain field
was similar together.
2) Because of higher friction force at inner diameter of
tube the inhomogeneity factor at the inner diameter of
tube is higher than that of the outer diameter of tube.
3) An ANN model using OA as training data can predict a
better and more accurate optimum performance than
the Taguchi method.
4) The optimum conditions for three optimization criteria
are slightly different; therefore the importance of the
criteria can help one to select the optimum condition.
5) The most important parameter is the die angle that
made the major contribution to overall performance for
the three optimization criteria.
784
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