506Fi

nal
cur
rent2020
By
:Ni
mraKha
li
d

Q1:
Engl
i
sht
hel
angua
geofa
nti
col
oni
almov
eme
nt.
Comme
nt
Ans
:De f
ini
ti
onofanti
-col
oni
ali
soppose
dt oc
oloni
alr
uleofonec
ount
rybya
not
her
:oppos
ing
orres
ist
ingc
oloni
a l
i
smanti
-col
oni
almovement
s.
Engl
i
sh:
ala
ngua
geofa
nti
col
oni
almov
eme
nts
•Engl
i
shf
romame
ansofe
xpl
oi
tat
iont
oame
ansofr
esi
sta
nce
•Empowe
rme
ntofi
ndi
genouspopul
ati
onsbyl
ear
ningEngl
i
sht
ooppos
ethee
mpi
re
•Engl
i
sha
sani
nst
rume
ntofl
i
ber
ati
on
•Soc
iet
ala
cqui
si
ti
onofEngl
i
sh
Q2:
Rat
iona
leofpr
ivi
l
egi
ngUr
dul
angua
gei
nPa
kis
tan
Ans
:Ther at
iona l
efort
hispri
vi
legingofUrdu,a
sgivenbyt hegovernmentofPaki
stan,i
sthat
Urduiss owidel
ysprea
dt hatiti
salmostl
iket
hef i
rstlanguageofal
lPaki
stani
s.Moreover
,
si
ncemos tj
obsareavai
l
ablet hr
oughUrdu,i
tisonl
yj usttha
ta l
lchi
l
drenshoul
dbegi ve
n
ac
c e
sst oit.
 Wi
del
yspr
eada
ndi
sal
mos
tli
ket
hef
ir
stl
angua
geofa
llPa
kis
tani
s
•Mos
tjobsa
vai
l
abl
ethr
oughUr
du
•As
ymbol
ofuni
ty
•Se
rve
sthepol
i
tic
alpur
pos
eofr
esi
sti
nge
thni
ci
ty

Q3:
Engl
i
sh/l
angua
gepol
i
cypr
epa
rti
ti
on
Ans
:Thepol
i
cyf
orEngl
i
sh
•Ci
vi
lSe
rvi
ceofPa
kis
tan(
CSP)a
ndAr
mywe
ret
woAngl
i
ciz
edbodi
es
•Cont
inua
tionofEngl
i
shf
avor
edt
hise
li
te
•Engl
i
shme
diumofi
nst
ruc
tionwa
sal
soma
int
aine
dine
li
tea
ndc
ade
tsc
hool
sandc
oll
ege
La
ngua
gepol
i
cya
fte
rinde
pende
nce
•Pr
ima
rye
duc
ati
oni
nthee
thni
cla
ngua
ge
•St
ates
uppor
tede
thni
csc
hool
sforChi
nes
e,Ta
mil
sandMa
lay
s
 •Engl
i
sht
aughta
sas
econdl
angua
ge
•Se
conda
rya
ndhi
ghe
reduc
ati
oni
nEngl
i
shme
dium
Q4:
Namef
ivec
ount
ri
eswhi
che
xte
rri
tor
ial
Engl
i
shl
angua
gev
ari
eti
es
Ans
:ex
terr
it
ori
alEngl
i
sh’
sde
vel
ope
dinAus
tra
li
a,Ne
wZe
ala
nd,
Cana
da,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca
Zi
mbabwe.
Q5:
Fiv
ecount
ri
esna
mea
sne
weme
rgi
ngc
ompe
tit
ori
nhi
ghe
reduc
ati
ons
yst
em
Ans
:Ne
wcompe
tit
orsi
nint
erna
tiona
lHE
•Count
ri
eswi
thi
mpr
ove
deduc
ati
ons
yst
emsa
ttr
act
ingi
nte
rna
tiona
lst
ude
ntse
.g.
Chi
na
•Count
ri
esi
nEur
opea
ndAs
iaof
fer
ingc
our
sest
aughtt
hroughEngl
i
sh
•Chi
na
•Ma
lay
sia
•Si
nga
por
e
•Ge
rma
ny
Q6:
BPO,
CEPEC,
TEFL,
ESL,
ITO,
BRIs
tandsf
or
Ans
:BPOs
tandsf
orbus
ine
sspr
oce
ssout
sour
cing
TEFLs
tandsf
ort
eac
hingEngl
i
sha
saf
ore
ignl
angua
ge
ESLs
tandsf
orEngl
i
sha
sas
econdl
angua
ge
I
TOs
tandsf
ori
nfor
mat
iont
echnol
ogyout
sour
cing
BI
Tst
andsf
orbi
nar
yinf
orma
tiont
erm
TESOLs
tandsf
ort
het
eac
hingEngl
i
sht
ospe
ake
rsofot
herl
angua
ge
TESLs
tandsf
ort
eac
hingEngl
i
sha
sas
econdl
ang
uage
CPECs
tandsf
orc
hinaPa
kis
tane
conomi
ccor
ri
dor
BRIs
tandsf
orbui
l
dingr
ese
arc
hins
tit
ute
Q7:Nonnat
ives
tude
ntspoi
ntofv
iewonwor
ldEngl
i
sh’
sisma
ink
huds
tor
yli
khe
napni
apni
apnapoi
ntofvi
ewdyden
Ans
:some
onewhoha
sanot
herna
tiv
etonguet
hant
hel
angua
gebe
ingus
edk
nowna
snonna
tiv
e.

Q8:
Educ
ati
ont
eac
hingi
nAf
ri
cagoogl
e
Ans
:Educ
ati
oni
nAf
ri
ca.
Ofa
llr
egi
ons
,sub-
Saha
ranAf
ri
caha
sthehi
ghe
str
ate
sofe
duc
ati
on
 ex
clusi
on.Overone-f
if
thofc
hil
dre
nbetweentheage
sofabout6and11areoutofs
chool
,
f
oll
owe dbyone-thi
rdofy
outhbet
wee
nt heagesofa
bout12and14..
.
.Educat
ioni
nAfri
cai
s
majorpri
ori
tyforUNESCOandtheUI
S.
Q9:
Impe
ria
li
stl
angua
gepol
i
cygoogl
e
Ans
:Lingui
sti
cimperia
li
smi st
heimposi
ti
onofonelanguageonspeaker
sofothe
rlanguages.
Iti
s
a
lsoknowna sl
inguis
ticnat
ional
i
sm,l
ingui
sti
cdominance,a
ndlangua
geimperi
al
ism.I
nourt i
me,
t
heglobalexpa
nsionofEnglis
hhasof
tenbeencit
eda sthepri
maryexampl
eofli
nguis
tic
i
mpe r
ial
i
sm.
Q10:
Wri
tet
wof
unc
tionsofunt
ilgoogl
e
Ans:Unt
ili
sapreposi
ti
onandac onjunct
ion. Unti
lisoft
enshorte
nedtotil
lor'
ti
l.Ti
l
land't
ila
re
moreinf
ormalandwedon'tusuall
yuset hemi nformalwri
ti
ng.Unti
landunl
essbothar
emos tl
y
usedasconne
ctor
s.Theyconnecttwoc l
a usesandsome t
imesareus
eda spr
eposi
ti
onsal
so.we
canusethemsepar
atel
yorcanus ebothoft he
mt oget
herinasente
nce.Unti
lmeansbef
ore,up
toacert
ainti
meortil
landisconside
redne gat
ive.
Q11:
Twor
espons
esofl
i
ngui
sti
ccha
nge
s.Na
mesonl
y
Ans:Languageisal
wa yschangi
ng,evol
ving,
anda dapti
ngt otheneedsofi tsus ers
.Languagewi l
l
ne v
erstopchanging;i
twillc
onti
nuetor es
pondt othene edsof
.The rearema nydi
fferentroute
s
tolanguagechange.Changescantakeori
gina t
einlanguagelea
rning,ort hroughlanguage
contact,
soci
aldif
ferenti
ati
on,a
ndna tura
lpr oce
ssesinusage..
.
.La nguagec ontact
:Mi gra
tion,
conquestandtradebr i
ngspeak
ersofonel anguageintocontac
twi thspea k
e rsofanother
l
a nguage.
Twok
indsofr
espons
est
oli
ngui
sti
ccha
nge
•Ac
ool
sci
ent
if
icc
alm
•Ac
aus
efora
lar
m
Q12:
Wha
tisEFL
Ans:EFLi
sa nabbr
eviat
ionfor"Engl
ishasaFor e
ignLanguage
".Thi
sismai
nl
yuse
dtotal
ka bout
student
s(whosefi
rstlangua
geisnotEnglish)l
earni
ngEngli
shwhi
leli
vi
ngi
nthe
irowncountry
.
(Forexample
,aChinesepersonle
arningEngli
shinChina
.)
Q13:
Bil
i
ngua
li
smde
fine
Ans
: Defi
nit
ionsofbil
i
ngual
is
mr angefr
omami nimal
prof
ic
iencyintwola
nguages,toana
dvancedl
eve
lof
profi
cie
ncywhicha l
l
owsthespeakert
ofuncti
onandappearasanati
ve-l
ikespea
keroft
wolangua
ges.A
personma ydescr
ibethe
mselv
esa sbi
li
ngua
lbutma ymeanonlytheabi
l
itytoconver
seandcommuni
cate
orall
y.

Q14:
Nonna
tiv
eandna
tiv
ete
ache
rsr
olei
neduc
ati
ongoogl
ema
haa
pik
ifi
l
ema
ina
nsc
hange
ha
 Ans:Nativ
e-speake
rteacher
swill
alwayshavea nimpor
tantrol
etoplayinsec
ondlanguage
educat
ion.Therear
ema nyreas
ons,butthefoll
owingfi
guremostprominent
lyamongthem:..
.
Dedic
atedlanguagete
achingprof
essi
onalsa
c quir
edecl
arati
vel
ingui
sti
cknowledgethr
oughout
thei
rcareer
s.
Non-nati
veEngli
shspeak
ingteache
rsmayhavetheadvantageofs
pe a
kingthei
rst ude
nts'l
angua
ge .
Anotheradvant
ageofnon-nat
iveEngl
i
shtea
chersisthe
yt endtoknowt hest
ruc
t ureandphonet
icsof
thei
rfi
rstla
nguageandusethatknowl
edget
oe nhanc
es tr
ategi
esi
nTEFLe ve
na sanon- na
tiv
eEnglis
h
tea
cher.

t
Q15:wohy
pot
hes
isr
ega
rdi
ngt
heor
igi
nofAf
ri
canAme
ric
anv
erna
cul
ar.
Ans
:Eboni
cs(
Afr
ica
nAme
ric
anv
erna
cul
arEngl
i
sh)
Abl
endofwor
ds‘
ebony
’(bl
ack
)and‘
phoni
cs’
(sound)
Cons
ide
redi
mpr
ope
rspe
echbyma
nyAme
ric
ans
Sy
mbol
ofl
i
ngui
sti
cands
oci
ali
dent
it
yamongAf
ri
canAme
ric
ans

Q16:
wha
tisi
nte
rla
ngua
ge.
Ans
:Aninter
languageisanidi
ol
ectt
hathasbeende v
elope
dbyal e
a r
nerofas e
condlanguagewhic
h
pre
s e
rve
ss omefeature
softhei
rfi
rstl
anguage,a
ndc a
nalsooverge
ne r
ali
zesomeL2wr it
ing
andspeaki
ngrules.Thes
etwochar
ac t
eri
sti
csofanint
erl
anguageresul
tinthesy
stem'sunique
l
ingui
sti
corganiz
ation.
Q17:
wha
tar
echa
ll
enge
sofc
ompi
l
ingawor
lde
ngl
i
she
sdi
cti
ona
ry.
l
ista
nyf
iveoft
hem.
Ans
:Cha
ll
enge
sofc
ompi
l
ingawor
ldEngl
i
she
sdi
cti
ona
ry

•Someque
sti
onst
obea
nswe
redt
osy
ste
mat
ica
ll
yunde
rta
ket
het
ask
:

•St
anda
rd

•Va
rie
ty

•Re
giona
l

Thes
our
cesofda
taf
oral
exi
cogr
aphe
rinc
ludet
hef
oll
owi
nga
spe
ctsofl
angua
geus
ers
:

•Li
ngui
sti
c

•Cul
tur
al

•Pol
i
tic
al

Q18:
.
soc
iol
i
ngui
sti
cva
ria
tionsi
nEngl
i
shi
nAus
tra
li
a.
Ans
:Soc
iol
i
ngui
sti
cva
ria
tioni
nEngl
i
shi
nAus
tra
li
ais
Aus
tra
li
a(Aus
tra
li
ans
ingl
angua
ge,
orAus
ian)
 Q19:
Acc
ordi
ngt
oes
tima
tewha
tist
hede
athr
ateofl
angua
gesa
roundt
hewor
ld.
gool
ge
Ans
:Oft hee st
imated7,000languagesspokeni
nt heworldtoday,
li
nguist
ssay,nearlyhal
farei
n
da nge rofexti
ncti
ona ndareli
k el
ytodis
appearinthi
scentury.
Infact
,theyarenowf al
li
ngout
ofus eatar a
teofaboutonee v er
ytwowe eks
.Inli
nguis
tics
,la
nguagede a
thocc urswhena
l
a ngua gelosesit
slastnati
ves peake
r..
.
.Languagedeathisaprocessi
nwhi chthelevel
ofa
spe echc ommunity'
slingui
sti
cc ompete
nceintheirl
anguagevari
etydecrea
ses,eventual
l
y
res ul
tinginnona ti
veorf l
uentspeaker
softhev ar
iet
y.
Q20:
wha
tdoe
sthege
nde
rac
countofl
angua
ge.
Ans:Genderdif
fer
encesinlanguageuseappe
arearl
y;gi
rl
saremoreli
kel
ytousela
nguageinthe
contextofemoti
onalrel
ationshi
pswit
hother
s,whil
eboysmoreli
kel
ytouseitt
odescri
be
objec
tsa ndeve
nts.
Ona verage,
gir
lsa
lsol
ear
ntor ea
dsli
ght
lyearl
i
erthanboys
,butthi
s,t
oo,
evensoutinmiddl
ec hi
ldhood.
Ge
nde
randl
angua
ge
•La
ngua
ges
hape
stheunde
rst
andi
ngoft
hewor
ld
•La
ngua
ger
ais
esa
war
ene
ssa
boutwome
n’spl
acei
nthewor
ld
•Ef
for
tsma
det
oex
pos
ege
nde
rbi
as
•Ma
ledomi
nat
ioni
nthef
orma
ndf
unc
tionofl
angua
ge
•Thenot
ionofge
nde
rine
qui
tyr
epl
ace
dbyt
hepowe
rba
sedv
iew
•Wome
n’sl
angua
gewa
sar
esul
toft
hee
xis
tingpowe
rre
lat
ions
hipbe
twe
enwome
nand me
n

•Powe
rasac
ommodi
tys
har
edbe
twe
enge
nde
rs
•Women’
sla
ngua
gewa
sar
esul
toft
hee
xis
tingpowe
rre
lat
ions
hipbe
twe
enwome
nand
men
•Fe
mal
ene
ssa
ndma
lene
ssa
ssoc
ial
cons
truc
tions
•La
ngua
gehe
lpi
ngt
ocons
tit
utege
nde
ringl
oba
landl
oca
lme
tal
i
ngui
sti
ccont
ext
s
Q21:
cods
wit
chi
ng
Ans:
Inlinguisti
cs,
code -
swit
chingorlanguageal
terna
tionoccurswhe naspeakeralt
ernatesbetweentwoor
morel anguages,
orl a
nguagev ar
iet
ies,i
ntheconte
x tofasingl
econversa
tion.Multi
-l
ingual
s,speak
ersof
moret hanonel anguage,
some ti
me suseel
ementsofmultiplel
anguageswhe nconver
s i
ngwitheach
other.Code-swit
c hi
ngisoft
e nusedinspeec
ha ndrhetor
ic,onpurposei
nor dertoeit
hera t
trac
t
at
t e
nt i
ona ndtope rs
uadeana udi
e nce
.

Q22:
domi
nantc
ount
ri
esofEngl
i
sh
Ans
:USA,
CANADA,
UNI
TEDSTATES,
NEW ZEALAND,
BRI
TAI
N,AUSTRALI
A
Q23:
type
sofdi
cti
ona
ry
 Ans
:The
rea
ret
woma
int
ypeofdi
cti
ona
ry
 Spe
cif
ic
 Ge
ner
al
Na
mesofdi
cti
ona
rie
sar
e
1.Sa
mue
lJohns
on’
sdi
cti
ona
ry
2.Ox
for
dEngl
i
shdi
cti
ona
ry
3.Theha
cke
r’sdi
cti
ona
ry
Q24:
i
mpl
i
cat
ionofapr
ofi
ci
entEngl
i
sht
eac
hergoogl
e
Ans:Althought hema j
orityoft hestudent-t
eacher
sindi
cate
dt hattheywe reprofi
ci
entinEngli
sh,
hada dequa t
ek nowledgeofESLi ssuesandthattheydi
dnotr equir
eESLt eachertrai
ni
ng,they
indi
c ate
dt hattheylackedt heconfidencetoteac
hinEngli
sh.te
a c
her,scompetencie
sintermof
thei
rpr ofi
ciencyinEngl i
sht oprovidetheneces
saryexpos
erstot helanguageandt hei
r
me thodologyt ooff
era ppropriat
et askandacti
vi
tie
sforchi
ldrentoc ommunic a
teinav ar
iet
y
wa ys.
Q25:
eff
ect
sofl
angua
gel
ossgoogl
e
Ans
:Languagelos sref
erstothesuppressi
onofa nindi
genouslangua geormot hertongue.Langua
ge
l
ossre s
ult
si nthelossofthehuma nfactor
s(whichlangua
gee mbodies)rel
e va
ntforself
-
defi
niti
on,self
-expres
sionands e
lf-
represe
ntat
ion,andsoci
oc ultural
andec onomicgrowth.
Languagee ndangermentaffe
ctsboththelanguagesthemselve sandthepe opl
ethatspeakthem.
Eff
ectsonc ommuni ti
es:.
..
Losingalanguagema yals
oha v
epol i
tic
alconse
que ncesassome
countri
esconf e
rdiff
erentpol
iti
calst
atusesorpriv
il
egesonmi nori
tyethni
cgr oups,of
ten
defi
ningethnici
tyintermsoflanguage.
Q26:
wha
tdoy
ouk
nowa
boutc
hini
esl
angua
get
hati
sagl
oba
lla
ngua
gegoogl
e
Ans
:Ma ndari
nChinesea l
readyha st hemos tna ti
vespeakersofanylangua ge .
..
.Thestudyoft he
Chinesel
anguagei si
nc r
easi
ngi nt heUnite dSt a
tesanda r
oundt hewor l
d.In2009,a bout
60,000Ame ri
canc ol
legestude ntswe restudyingChinese.
Tha ti
st hr
e eti
me sasma nya sin
1990.Ma ndari
n,thePowe rLa ngua geoftheFut ure.
...
ChineseMa ndarinisoneofthos e
powe r
full
anguagesbe i
ngoneoft hemos tspok enl
anguages,eveni fitisoneofthemos t
dif
fic
ultt
ol e
arn.Te a
chingk i
dsChi ne
seMa ndari
ne a
r l
yonisse t
tingt hemupf orabr ighte
r
fut
ure.
Q27:
regi
ona
ldi
al
ectt
erm
Ans
:Are gi
ona l
dia
lect
,al
soknownasar egi
ol
ectortopole
ct,i
sadi
sti
nctfor
mofalangua
gespok
en
inapa rt
icul
argeogr
aphi
calar
ea.I
ftheformofspe e
chtrans
mit
tedfromapa
renttoachi
l
disa
dis
tinctregi
onaldi
ale
ct,
thatdi
al
ectissai
dtobet hechi
ld'
sver
nacul
ar.
Q28:
langua
gepol
i
cygoogl
e
Ans
:La nguagePoli
cyiswha tagov ernme ntdoese i
theroff
ici
all
ythroughlegi
sla
tion,
c ourtdeci
si
ons
orpol i
cytode t
erminehowl angua gesareuse d,c
ulti
vat
elangua geski
ll
sneededtome et
na ti
onalpri
orit
iesortoe sta
blishther i
ghtsofindi
vidual
sorgroupst ouseandma i
nt a
in
languages.Languagepolicyisaninterdisc
ipl
inaryacademicfi
eld.Somes c
holarss
uc ha sJos
hua
A. Fis
hma nandOf el
iaGa rci
ac onsi
deritaspa rtofsoci
oli
nguisti
cs.Ontheotherha nd,ot
her
scholarssuchasBe rnardSpolsky,Robe r
tB.Ka pl
ana ndJosephLoBi ancoarguetha tl
anguage
policyisabranchofa ppli
edlingui
s t
ics.
Q29:
Afr
ica
nse
mant
ice
xte
nsi
on
Ans
:Se
mant
ice
xte
nsi
on
Addsme
ani
ngst
oEngl
i
shl
exi
cal
ite
ms:
 Some‘
amount
’me
ans‘
mone
y’or‘
cas
h’
 ‘
Ana
rra
nge
mentma
n’i
ssome
onewhous
ual
l
yge
tshi
swa
y’.
 Some
onewhobl
uff
sma
ybedr
ess
ed‘
orna
tel
yorf
ashi
ona
bly
’.
Q30:
bil
i
ngua
lwome
nfa
ctor
s
Ans
:Bi
l
ingua
lwome
nma
kel
angua
gec
hoi
cest
o:

1)Me
ett
hene
edsoft
hei
rspe
echc
ommuni
ty.

2)Ens
urebe
tte
rfut
uref
ort
hems
elv
esa
ndt
hei
rfa
mil
i
es.

3)St
rengt
hent
hes
tat
usofEngl
i
shi
nwor
ldc
ommuni
ti
es.

Engl
i
sh-
spe
aki
ngbi
l
ingua
lwome
nar
econs
ide
reda
sinnov
ator
sofl
angua
gec
hange

Theyhel
pinadvanci
ngthepr
ogr
essofEngl
i
shandgai
ni
nga c
cepta
ncea
ndimport
ancea
longwi
th
r
egi
onaldi
ale
cts
.Wome nplayake
yrol
einthetr
ans
miss
ionofEngl
ishi
nworl
dcont
extsa
ndin
c
onstr
ucti
ngnewide
nt i
ti
es.

Q31:
Broa
dca
sti
nggoogl
e
Ans:Br
oadc as
tcommuni
cati
onisat r
ackwithi
nma s
scommunic
ationthatper
tai
nst ovi
deoandaudi
o
cont
entforuseonavari
etyofpl
a t
for
ms .Broa
dc a
sti
ngcompani
esc r
eateori
gi
nalcontentorbuyt
he
ri
ghtst
obr oadca
stl
ocal
andna t
ionalconte
nt,suchasnews
,musicprograms,
tal
ks hows,movi
esand
adve
rti
seme nt
s.

Q32:
Orga
niz
ati
onofEngl
i
shl
angua
ge
Ans
:TESOL-
Tea
chi
ngEngl
i
sht
ospe
ake
rsofot
herl
angua
ges
SPELT-Soc
iet
yofPa
kis
tanEngl
i
shl
angua
get
eac
her
s
I
LTA-
int
erna
tiona
lla
ngua
get
est
inga
ssoc
iat
ion
 J
ALT-j
apa
nas
soc
iat
ionf
irl
angua
get
eac
hing
TEFL-
tea
chi
ngEngl
i
sha
saf
ore
ignl
angua
ge
ACTFL-Ame
ric
anc
ounc
ilont
het
eac
hingoff
ore
ignl
angua
ge
Q33:
USEofdi
ff
ere
ntc
odes
erv
e
Ans
:us
eofdi
ff
ere
ntc
odes
erv
ethe
sene
eds
1.pol
i
tene
ss
2.f
ace
-sa
ving
3.i
ncr
eas
ingorde
cre
asi
ngdi
sta
ncef
romi
nte
rloc
utor
s
Q34:
Rol
eofbur
eauc
rac
y
Ans
:rol
eofbur
eauc
rac
yinl
angua
gepol
i
cy
 pol
i
cyde
cis
ionsa
ret
ake
nbygov
ernme
ntbodi
es
 i
mpl
eme
nta
tionr
egul
ati
ona
ref
rame
dbybur
eauc
rat
s
 dec
isi
on-ma k
ersar
efr
omt
hee
li
tewi
thv
est
edi
nte
res
tinma
int
aini
ngt
her
olea
nd
st
atusofEngl
ish
 t
hee
li
tema
kepol
i
cie
sor
ient
edt
owa
rdEngl
i
sh
 t
hes
epol
i
cie
sfur
the
rthehe
gemonyofEngl
i
sh
Q35Hi
stor
yofEngl
i
shi
nChi
na(
3)

Ans
:

•Engl
i
shr
eac
hedChi
nai
n1637wi
thBr
it
isht
rade
rs

•Thet
ermChi
nes
ePi
dgi
nEngl
i
sha
ppe
are
din1859

•Ca
ntonwa
sthec
ent
reofwor
ldt
rade

•Opi
umwa
rsa
nds
pre
adofEngl
i
sh

•Ther
oleoft
rea
typor
tsi
nthes
pre
adofEngl
i
sh

•Ope
ningupoft
hec
ount
ryt
omi
ssi
ona
rie
s,me
rcha
ntsa
ndc
oloni
alof
fi
ci
al
s

Q36:
Wha
tist
hepowe
rofdi
cti
ona
ry
Ans
:•Publ
i
shi
ngofal
angua
ge'
sdi
cti
ona
rya
ll
owst
heus
erst
ode
vel
opt
henot
ionofas
tanda
rd
•Thei
deaofc
orr
ect
nes
sli
nke
dwi
tht
hedi
cti
ona
ry
•Af
fec
tst
hepubl
i
cpe
rce
pti
onoft
hev
ali
di
tyofav
ari
etyt
hanma
nywor
dss
pent
Q37:
EXPLAI
N pr
oxi
mit
yagr
eeme
ntgoogl
e
Ans :I
napplyi
ngt hepr i
nci
pleofsubject-
v erbagreement(orc oncord),proxi
mitya greementis
thepracti
ceofr e
ly i
ngont henount hatisclosesttotheverbt odete r
minewhe the rtheverbi
s
singul
arorplural
. Alsoknowna stheprincipleofproximit
y( orat
t r
ac t
ion),a
gre e
me ntby
proximit
y,attr
action,andblindagreement. Asnot e
dinACompr ehe nsiv
eGr amma rofthe
Englis
hLa nguage( 1985),"Confl
i
ctbe t
we engr amma ti
calconcor
da nda t
trac
tiont hrough
proximit
yt e
ndst oincreasewiththedistancebe tweenthenounphr aseheadoft hes ubje
ctand
thev er
b."
Q38:
Def
inemul
ti
li
ngua
li
sm
Ans
:Mult
il
ingual
is
mi stheuseofmoret
hanonelangua
ge,
eit
herbyanindi
vi
dualspe
ake
rorby
agr
oupofspeakers
.Itisbel
i
evedtha
tmult
il
ingua
lspea
ker
soutnumbermonol
ingual
spe
ake
rs
i
ntheworl
d'spopul
ation.
Q:
Namet
hec
ount
ri
esofAf
ri
cawhe
reEngl
i
shs
pok
en
Ans:Af
ri
cancountr
ieswher
eEngl
is
hisanof
fi
ci
all
angua
ge.Thes
einc
ludeZi
mba
bwe
,Uga
nda
,Za
mbia,Bot
swa na
,Namibi
a,Ke
nya,s
out
hAfri
caandNige
ria
.
Q:
Namet
hre
edi
cti
ona
rie
s
Ans
:Na
mesofdi
cti
ona
rie
sar
e
1. Sa
mue
lJohns
on’
sdi
cti
ona
ry
2. Ox
for
dEngl
i
shdi
cti
ona
ry
3. Theha
cke
r’sdi
cti
ona
ry
10.
Afr
icai
sthe
. Ci
rcl
e

a
.Inne
r
b.
Out
er
c
.Ex
pendi
ng
11.
Dea
thr
ateofl
angua
ge
12.
Unt
ili
nEngl
i
shgr
amma
rha
stwof
unc
tionspr
epos
iti
ona
nd,

a
.Co
nju
nct
ion
b.
Adj
ect
ive
c
.Ve
rb
d.
Noun
12.
Langua
gepol
i
cyi
sfor
mul
ate
dbya
uthor
it
iesa
ndi
mpos
edon

a
.Sp
eec
hco
mmu
nit
ie
s
b.
Gov
ernme
nt
13.
Los
sofpowe
rbyEngl
i
shduet
o
a
.Na
tiona
lrol
e

b
.Int
erna
tio
nal
rol
e
c
.Re
giona
lrol
e
14.
Ame
ric
anEngl
i
shs
tabl
eandi
nfl
uent
ial
bec
aus
eofa
ssoc
iat
ionwi
th. de
vel
opme
nt
a
.Soc
ial
b.
Economi
c

c
.So
cio
pol
i
ti
cal