Lab Manual

Power Electronics

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NFC INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY MULTAN, PAKISTAN

 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Sr. No Lab work
1 Introduction of Semiconductor materials and their electrical properties.
2 To know about the different Measuring Instruments.
3 To study single-phase Half-wave Uncontrolled rectifier.
4 To study single-phase Full-wave Uncontrolled rectifier.
5 Introduction of SCR and to identify the terminals of SCR.

6 To study single-phase Half-wave Controlled rectifier.

7 To study single-phase Full-wave Uncontrolled rectifier.

8 Introduction of Triac and discuss its features.

9 Introduction of Transistor as a Switch.

10 Introduction of Transistor Amplifier as Common Emitter (CE).

11 Introduction of Transistor Amplifier as Common Base (CB).

12 Introduction of Transistor Amplifier as Common Collector (CC).

13 To study and perform SCR DC Motor Forward/Reverse Control.

 Lab # 01

Objective:-
Introduction of Semiconductors materials and their electrical properties.
Apparatus:-

 Dc Variable Power Supply

 Volt meter
 Ampere meter
 Diode
 Resistor
 Project board
 Oscilloscope

Explanation:-
Semiconductors are materials whose electrical properties lie between Conductors and
Insulators.
Example: Silicon and Germanium
 Semiconductors are classified in to P-type and N-type semiconductor
 P-type: A P-type material is one in which holes are majority carriers i.e. they are
positively charged materials (++++)
N-type: A N-type material is one in which electrons are majority charge carriers i.e. they

are negatively charged materials (-----)

Diodes:-
A diode is a semiconductor that allows current to pass in only one direction.
It is created by bringing together a p-type and n-type region within the same
semiconductor lattice. As it has two terminals so called Diode(Di-ode).
Procedure:-

Forward Bias and Reverse Bias:-

 If an external supply voltage/Current is applied to any electronic
device through its terminals, it is called as Biasing
 Forward Bias : Connect positive of the Diode to positive of supply…
negative of Diode to negative of supply
 Reverse Bias: Connect positive of the Diode to negative of supply…
negative of diode to positive of supply.
I-V characteristics of Ideal diode

I-V Characteristics of Practical Diode

Results and Conclusion:-

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Lab # 02
Objective:-

To know about the different Measuring Instruments.

Ammeter:-

A device which is used to measure current. It is placed in series to the circuit

Voltmeter:-

A device which is used to measure voltage. It is placed in parallel to the

circuit.

Ohm meter:-

An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance.

It can be placed both in parallel or series.
Multimeter:-
A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several
measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can
measure voltage, current, and resistance.

Wattmeter:-
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the
supply rate of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit
Oscilloscope:-
An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display and
analyze the waveform of electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a
graph of the instantaneous signal voltage as a function of time.
Signal Generator:-
A signal generator is an electronic device that generates
repeating or non-repeating electronic signals in either the analog
or the digital domain.

Electricitymeter:-
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy
meter is a device that measures the amount of electric
energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically
powered device.
Transistor Tester:-
Transistor testers are instruments for testing the electrical
behavior of transistors and solid-state diodes.

Conclusion

:
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 Lab # 03

Objective:-
To study single-phase Half-wave Uncontrolled rectifier.

Apparatus:-

 Ac Variable Power Supply

 Volt meter
 Ampere meter
 Diode
 Resistor
 Project board
 Oscilloscope

Explanation:-

A rectifier is an electrical device consist of one or more diodes which allow the

flow of current only in one direction. It basically converts alternating current into
direct current.
In a single-phase half-wave rectifier, either negative or positive half of the AC
voltage flows, while the other half of the AC voltage is blocked. Hence the output
receives only one half of the AC wave. A single diode is required for a single-
phase half-wave rectification.
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as of fig

2. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volts
3. Increase the voltage of the supply 0 to 1 volt and read the current from ammeter.
4. Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2,3,4and 5 volts respectively and note down the
reading in the table. Draw the current versus voltage graph.
OBSERVATIONS;-
S.No: Voltages (Input) Current (mA) Voltages (Output)

Conclusion:-

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 Lab # 04

Objective:-
Introduction of Single Phase Full wave Uncontrolled Rectifier.

Apparatus:-

 Ac Variable Power Supply

 Volt meter
 Ampere meter
 4 Diodes
 Resistor
 Project board
 Oscilloscope

Explanation:-

A rectifier is an electrical device consist of one or more diodes which allow the

flow of current only in one direction. It basically converts alternating current into
direct current.
In a single-phase Full-wave rectifier, either negative or positive half of the AC
voltage flows the output converts it in full dc wave. A single diode is required for a
single-phase half-wave rectification but in full wave rectification 4 diodes
required.
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as of fig

2. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volts
3. Increase the voltage of the supply 0 to 1 volt and read the current from ammeter.
4. Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2,3,4and 5 volts respectively and note down the
reading in the table.
5. Draw the current versus voltage graph.
OBSERVATIONS;-
S.No: Voltages (Input) Current (mA) Voltages (Output)

Conclusion:-

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Lab # 05
Objective:-

Introduction of SCR and discuss its features.

Apparatus:-

 Dc Variable Power Supply

 Volt meter
 SCR
 Resistors
 Switch
 Project board
 LED

Explanation:-

 Circuit Symbol and Terminal Identification

 Anode and Cathode terminals as conventional pn junction diode
 Gate terminal for a controlling input signal
An SCR (Thyristor) is a “controlled” rectifier (diode)
 Control the conduction under forward bias by applying a current into the
Gate terminal
 Under reverse bias, looks like conventional pn junction diode
 4-layer (pnpn) device
 Anode, Cathode as for a conventional pn junction diode
 Cathode Gate brought out for controlling input diode.
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as of fig

2. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volts

3. Increase the voltage of the supply 0 to 1 volt and read the current from

ammeter.
Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2,3,4and 5 volts respectively and note
down the reading in the table. Draw the current versus voltage graph.

OBSERVATIONS;-

S.No: Voltages Current Voltages

(Input) (mA) (Output)

Conclusion:-

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 Lab # 06

Objective:-
To study single-phase Half-wave Controlled rectifier.

Apparatus:-

 Ac Variable Power Supply

 DMM
 SCR
 Resistors
 Project board
 Oscilloscope

Explanation:-

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as of fig

2. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volts
3. Increase the voltage of the supply 0 to 1 volt and read the current from ammeter.
Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2,3,4and 5 volts respectively and note down the reading in
the table. Draw the current versus voltage graph.

OBSERVATIONS;-

S.No: Voltages Current Voltages

(Input) (mA) (Output)
Gain

Conclusion:-

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 Lab # 07

Objective:-
To study single-phase Full-wave Uncontrolled rectifier.

Apparatus:-

 Ac Variable Power Supply

 DMM
 SCR
 Resistors
 Project board
 Oscilloscope

Explanation:-

Procedure:
 4. Connect the circuit as of fig
5. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volts
6. Increase the voltage of the supply 0 to 1 volt and read the current from ammeter.
Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2,3,4and 5 volts respectively and note down the reading in
the table. Draw the current versus voltage graph.

OBSERVATIONS;-

S.No: Voltages Current Voltages

(Input) (mA) (Output)
Gain

Conclusion:-

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 Lab # 08

Objective:-

Introduction of Triac and discuss its features.

Apparatus:-

 Dc Variable Power Supply

 Volt meter

 Triac
 Resistors
 Switch
 Project board
 LED

Explanation:-

The triac is essentially a bidirectional SCR but the anodes are not
interchangeable. Triggering is done by applying a current pulse to the
gate; breakover triggering is not normally used.
When the voltage on the A1 terminal is positive with respect to A2, a gate
current pulse will cause the left SCR to conduct. When the anode
voltages are reversed, the gate current pulse will cause the right SCR to
conduct.
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as of fig

2. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volts
 3. Increase the voltage of the supply 0 to 1 volt and read the
current from ammeter.
Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2,3,4and 5 volts respectively and
note down the reading in the table. Draw the current versus voltage
graph.

OBSERVATIONS;-

S.No: Voltages Current Voltages

(Input) (mA) (Output)

Conclusion:-

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 Lab # 09

Objective:-

Introduction of Transistor as a Switch.

Apparatus:-

 Dc Variable Power Supply

 Volt meter
 Ampere meter
 Transistor
 Resistors
 Switch
 Project board
 LED

Explanation:-

Transistor as a Switch:-

One of the most common uses for transistors in an electronic circuit is as simple
switches. In short, a transistor conducts current across the collector-emitter path
only when a voltage is applied to the base. When no base voltage is present, the
switch is off. When base voltage is present, the switch is on.

In an ideal switch, the transistor should be in only one of two states: off or on.
The transistor is off when there’s no bias voltage or when the bias voltage is less
than 0.7 V. The switch is on when the base is saturated so that collector current
can flow without restriction.

This is a schematic diagram for a circuit that uses an NPN transistor as a switch
that turns an LED on or off.

Procedure:-
Look at this circuit component by component:

 LED: This is a standard 5 mm red LED. This type of LED has a voltage

drop of 1.8 V and is rated at a maximum current of 20 mA.
 R1: This 330 Ω resistor limits the current through the LED to prevent the
LED from burning out. You can use Ohm’s law to calculate the amount of
current that the resistor will allow to flow. Because the supply voltage is +6
V, and the LED drops 1.8 V, the voltage across R1 will be 4.2 V (6 – 1.8).
Dividing the voltage by the resistance gives you the current in amperes,
 approximately 0.0127 A. Multiply by 1,000 to get the current in mA: 12.7
mA, well below the 20 mA limit.
 Q1: This is a common NPN transistor. A 2N2222A transistor was used
here, but just about any NPN transistor will work. R1 and the LED are
connected to the collector, and the emitter is connected to ground. When
the transistor is turned on, current flows through the collector and emitter,
thus lighting the LED. When the transistor is turned off, the transistor acts
as an insulator, and the LED doesn’t light.
 R2: This 1 kΩ resistor limits the current flowing into the base of the
transistor. You can use Ohm’s law to calculate the current at the base.
Because the base-emitter junction drops about 0.7 V (the same as a
diode), the voltage across R2 is 5.3 V. Dividing 5.3 by 1,000 gives the
current at 0.0053 A, or 5.3 mA. Thus, the 12.7 mA collector current (ICE) is
controlled by a 5.3 mA base current (IBE).
 SW1: This switch controls whether current is allowed to flow to the base.
Closing this switch turns on the transistor, which causes current to flow
through the LED. Thus, closing this switch turns on the LED even though
the switch isn’t placed directly within the LED circuit.

You might be wondering why you’d need or want to bother with a transistor in this
circuit. After all, couldn’t you just put the switch in the LED circuit and do away
with the transistor and the second resistor? Of course you could, but that would
defeat the principle that this circuit illustrates: that a transistor allows you to use a
small current to control a much larger one.

If the entire purpose of the circuit is to turn an LED on or off, by all means omit
the transistor and the extra resistor. But in more advanced circuits, you’ll find
plenty of cases when the output from one stage of a circuit is very small and you
need that tiny amount of current to switch on a much larger current. In that case,
this transistor circuit is just what you need
OBSERVATIONS;-

S.No: Voltages Current Voltages

(Input) (mA) (Output)

Conclusion:-

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 Lab # 10

Objective:-
Introduction of Transistor Amplifier as Common Emitter (CE).

Apparatus:-

 Ac Variable Power Supply

 DMM
 Transistor
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Project board
 Oscilloscope

Explanation:-

Transistor Amplifier:-
Amplifier is a circuit that is used for amplifying a signal. The input signal to an
amplifier will be a current or voltage and the output will be an amplified version of
the input signal. An amplifier circuit which is purely based on a transistor or
transistors is called a transistor amplifier.
Transistors amplifiers are commonly used in applications like RF (radio
frequency), audio, OFC (optic fiber communication) etc.
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as of fig

 2. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volts
3. Increase the voltage of the supply 0 to 1 volt and read the current from ammeter.
Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2,3,4and 5 volts respectively and note down the reading in
the table. Draw the current versus voltage graph.

Common Emitter (CE):-

Characteristics of CE Amplifier:
 Large current gain.
 Large voltage gain.
 Large power gain.
 Current and voltage phase shift of 1800.
 Moderated output resistance.
OBSERVATIONS;-

S.No: Voltages Current Voltages

(Input) (mA) (Output)
Gain

Conclusion:-

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 Lab # 11

Objective:-
Introduction of Transistor Amplifier as Common Base (CB).

Apparatus:-

 Ac Variable Power Supply

 Volt meter
 Ampere meter
 Transistor
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Project board
 Oscilloscope

Explanation:-

Transistor Amplifier:-
Amplifier is a circuit that is used for amplifying a signal. The input signal to an
amplifier will be a current or voltage and the output will be an amplified version of
the input signal. An amplifier circuit which is purely based on a transistor or
transistors is called a transistor amplifier.
Transistors amplifiers are commonly used in applications like RF (radio
frequency), audio, OFC (optic fiber communication) etc.
Procedure:
 1. Connect the circuit as of fig
2. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volts
3. Increase the voltage of the supply 0 to 1 volt and read the current from ammeter.
Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2,3,4and 5 volts respectively and note down the reading in
the table. Draw the current versus voltage graph.

Common Base (CB):-

Characteristics of CB Amplifier:
 High voltage gain.
 Low current gain.
 Low power gain.
 Input and output phase relation is 0o.
 It has low input impedance.
 It has high output impedance.
OBSERVATIONS;-

S.No: Voltages Current Voltages

(Input) (mA) (Output)
Gain

Conclusion:-

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 Lab # 12

Objective:-
Introduction of Transistor Amplifier as Common Collector (CC).

Apparatus:-

 Ac Variable Power Supply

 Volt meter
 Ampere meter
 Transistor
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Project board
 Oscilloscope

Explanation:-

Transistor Amplifier:-
Amplifier is a circuit that is used for amplifying a signal. The input signal to an
amplifier will be a current or voltage and the output will be an amplified version of
the input signal. An amplifier circuit which is purely based on a transistor or
transistors is called a transistor amplifier.
Transistors amplifiers are commonly used in applications like RF (radio
frequency), audio, OFC (optic fiber communication) etc.
Procedure:
 7. Connect the circuit as of fig
8. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volts
9. Increase the voltage of the supply 0 to 1 volt and read the current from ammeter.
Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2,3,4and 5 volts respectively and note down the reading in
the table. Draw the current versus voltage graph.

Common Collector (CC):-

Characteristics of CC Amplifier:
 Voltage gain Zero
 Current gain High
 Power gain Medium
 Input or output phase relationship Zero degree
 Input resistance High
 Output resistance Low
OBSERVATIONS;-

S.No: Voltages Current Voltages

(Input) (mA) (Output)
Gain
Conclusion:-

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EXPERIMENT # 13

SCR DC Motor Forward/Reverse Control

Objective:

1. Understanding the construction and operation of electromagnetic relays.

2. Understanding the turn-off methods of SCRs.

3. Performing the direction of rotation control of a dc motor.

Theory.
SCRs with the features of unidirectional conduction and easy to control are widely used to control the
direction of rotation for dc motor.

SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)

A silicon-controlled rectifier (or semiconductor-controlled rectifier) is a four-layer solid
state current controlling device.
Description of Experiment Circuit:
Fig. shows a dc motor forward/reverse control circuit. The SCR self commutation technique is
used in this circuit to control the direction of rotation for a dc motor. When the instant the dc
power is applied SCR are off and relays are off.
The dc motor does not run since its two terminals are grounded through relay’s NC contacts. If
the light to CDS1 is blocked, the resistance of CDS1 increases to turn SCR1 on and RELAY1
on. The COM1 transfers to NO1 contact hence the dc motor runs in forward direction. The
capacitor C1 charges through RELAY2 coil and SCR1. The negative charges are at the left
terminal of C1.when the light to CDS2 is blocked SCR2 begins to conduct and the negative
potential at SCR1 anode turns SCR1 off. The on SCR2 energize RELAY2 and hence COM2
transfers to NO2 contact. Therefore the dc motor the dc motor runs in reverse direction.
The push button S1 is used to stop the dc motor. The S1 is basically a normally closed switch.
Once S1 is pressed, the SCR in conducting is turned off and the circuit returns to initial state.

Equipment Required
1. Power Supply Unit KL-51001
2. Isolation Transformer KL-58002
3. Module KL-53006
4. Multi meter

Procedure.
1. Connect DC 12v power supply from power supply unit KL-51001 KL-58002 to module
KL-53006.
2. At this time the SCR should be off. Observe and record the state of LED.
 ________________________________________________________________
Using the multi meter measure and record the anode to cathode voltages of SCR1
and SCR2.
VAK1=______________________ V; VAK2=______________________
Record the state of each SCR.
________________________________________________________________
3. Using the multimeter measure and record the voltages at COM contacts of RELAY1 and
RELAY2.
Vcom1=______________________ V; Vcom2=______________________V
4. Using the multimeter, measure and record the voltage across CDS1 and CDS2.
VCDS1 =______________________ V; VCDS2=______________________ V

Record the state of each SCR.

________________________________________________________________
5. Expose CDS1 to high light level. Measure the voltage across CDS1 using the ohmmeter.
Is this voltage changed? ______________________.
Measure the anode to cathode voltage of SCR1.Is SCR1 on or off?
________________________________________________________________
Cover CDS1 window with your hand. Observe and record the state of relay.
________________________________________________________________
Remove your hand from CDS1 window. Measure the voltage across CDS1 using the
ohmmeter. Is this voltage changed? ______________________________________
Measure the anode to cathode voltage of SCR1.is SCR1 on or off?
________________________________________________________________
Measure and record the voltage at point COM1.__________________________
Does LED2 light? __________________________________________________
6. Using the multimeter, measure and record the voltage across the capacitor C1.
VC1 =______________________ V
The polarity of VC1 at the anode terminal of SCR1 is _______________________
(Positive or Negative)
7. Cover CDS2 window with your hand. Does the LED2 extinguish?
________________________________________________________________
Does the LED1 light?
________________________________________________________________
Using the multimeter, measure the voltage across CDS2 and VAK SCR2.Is SCR2 on?
________________________________________________________________
Measure VAK of SCR1, Is SCR1 off? ______________________
Measure and record the voltage at relay1 COM1 and relay2 COM2.
VCOM1=______________________ V; VCOM2=______________________ V
Remove your hand from CDS2 window. Observe and record the states of SCRs.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
8. Using the multi meter measure and record the capacitor voltage.
The polarity of capacitor voltage at SCR2 anode terminal is________________
(Positive or Negative). VC=______________________ V.
9. Cover CDS1 window with your hand. Does the LED1 extinguish?
______________________________________________________________
Does the LED2 light?____________________________________________
Cover CDS2 window with your hand. Does the LED2 extinguish?
________________________________________________________________
Does the LED1 light?______________________________________________
10. Press S1 to stop motor. Do the LEDs extinguish?
________________________________________________________________
To start motor, cover any CDS with your hand.
CONCLUSION
You have experimented the operation of a dc motor control circuit for the direction of
rotation. The use of CDS is just an application example in this circuit. You may use other
sensors or switches to design a control circuit similar to this application.
The self-commutation technique is very useful and widely used to turn off SCRs. For normal
operation the commutation time of the SCR should be short to avoid SCRs conducting
simultaneously. Since the commutation time of SCR is typically 10uS, it can be ignored in
this circuit.