Introduction to

Materials
Lectures 2-3

Ceramics and Composites Technology

MM451 Course (3 Credits)
B.Tech- MME
4th year- 2nd Sem
2022-2023
Dr. G. Ramya Sree
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
NIT Warangal
Materials classification

1. Metals
2. Polymers
3. Ceramics
4. Semiconductors
5. Composites

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Nature of metallic bond

Positive Pool of
Metallic crystal
ions electrons

1. The electrons have freedom to move

2. The free electrons carry electric current and heat
3. The bonds formed by free electrons are nondirectional

3
Polymers

A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very

large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many
repeating subunits.

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Semiconductors

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Composite Materials

Definition:
A combination of two or more dissimilar materials,
the matrix which is continuous and surrounds the
discontinuous phase, the reinforcement.

• Have a distinct interface between them.

• The properties of the resulting material are superior to
the individual constituting components.
• Intimately bond to form integrated structure.

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Ceramics

Body Centered Cubic (BCC) crystal

Effective number of atoms = 2

Co-ordination number, Z = 8
The atomic packing efficiency = 0.68

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Semi metals

Face Centered Cubic (FCC) crystal

8
Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC) crystal

Effective number of atoms = 4

Co-ordination number, Z = 12
The atomic packing efficiency = 0.74

9
Crystal Structure

Hexagonal closed packed (HCP) crystal

https://youtu.be/_OhQv5gsoSQ

Effective number of atoms = 6

Co-ordination number, Z = 12
The atomic packing efficiency = 0.74

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Crystal Structure

Hexagonal closed packed (HCP) crystal

https://youtu.be/_OhQv5gsoSQ

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Examples

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Ceramics
• Ceramics
Most ceramics usually
contain both metallic and
nonmetallic elements with ionic or
covalent bonds. Therefore,
the metallic atoms' structure, the
nonmetallic atoms' structure, and
the balance of charges produced
by the valence electrons must be
considered.

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Ceramics

10000 years → pottery

100 years → tableware, roofing tiles, clay pipe and bricks

Raw materials → B, C, N, O + metals

→ High strength
→ High hardness
→ Low thermal expansion

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

Depending on
the chemical
bonding
material can be
classified into
three broad
groups.

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Traditional Ceramics

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Traditional Ceramics

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Advanced Ceramics

Inorganic+ Non metallic powders

Compacted → Consolidated/ Densified → firing at high

temperature.

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Thank You

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