Applied Electronics II

Lecture -3

Application/Wave Shaping Circuits

 Contents
• Waveform generator circuits

• Oscillator circuits

• Sample and hold circuit

• Schmitt trigger circuits

• Multivibrators

• Timer circuits

• Filters

2
 Waveform generator circuits

• A Waveform Generator is a device

or circuit that produces a variety of
different waveforms at a desired frequency.
• It can generate Sine waves, Square waves,
Triangular and Saw tooth waveforms as well
as other types of output waveforms.

3
 Oscillator circuits
• Oscillators are electronic circuits that produce a periodic waveform with only the dc
supply voltage as an input.
• Oscillator circuits convert direct current (DC) from power supply to an alternating
current (AC) signal.

4
 Amplifier Vs. Oscillator

• An Amplifier produces output signal by • An Oscillator generates an out put

improving the amplitude of some signal from a DC input power. It does
external input signal. not require an external input signal.

5
 Classification of Oscillators
 Electronic oscillators can be broadly divided in to three major classes:
• Harmonic /sinusoidal oscillator : Produces sinusoidal waveforms.
 Phase-shift oscillator
 Wien bridge oscillator
 Tuned oscillator
 Crystal oscillator
• Relaxation oscillator: Produces non-sinusoidal waveforms (square wave, triangle wave).
• Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO): Produces a variable frequency signal controlled by
input voltage.

6
 Phase-Shift Oscillator
The amplifier must supply enough gain to
compensate for losses. The overall gain must
be unity.

The RC networks provide the necessary phase

shift for a positive feedback.

The values of the RC components also

determine the frequency of oscillation:

1
f
2π 6RC

7
 Wien Bridge Oscillator

The amplifier must supply enough gain to

compensate for losses. The overall gain must
be unity.

• The feedback resistors are R3 and R4.

• The phase-shift components are R1, C1 and

R2 , C2.

8
 Tuned Oscillator Circuits
Tuned oscillators use a parallel LC resonant circuit (LC tank) to provide the
oscillations.

There are two common types:

Colpitts —The resonant circuit is an inductor and two capacitors.

Hartley —The resonant circuit is a tapped inductor or two inductors and

one capacitor.

9
 Colpitts Oscillator Circuit
• A Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley
oscillator, where the feedback signal is taken from an
"inductive" voltage divider consisting of two capacitors
in series.
• The frequency of oscillation is determined by:

1
fo 
2π LC eq

where:
C 1C 2
C eq 
C1  C 2

10
 Hartley Oscillator Circuit
• The Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit in
which the oscillation frequency is determined by a tuned
circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, that is, an
LC oscillator.
• The circuit was invented in 1915 by American engineer
Ralph Hartley.
• The frequency of oscillation is determined by:

1
fo 
2π L eq C

where:
L eq  L 1  L 2  2M

11
 Crystal Oscillators
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses
the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric
material to create an electrical signal with a precise frequency.
The crystal has two resonant frequency models:

Series resonant condition

• RLC determine the resonant frequency
• The crystal has a low impedance

Parallel resonant condition

• RL and CM determine the resonant frequency
• The crystal has a high impedance

The series and parallel resonant frequencies are very close,

within 1% of each other.

12
 Series Resonant Crystal Oscillator
• RLC determine the resonant
frequency

• The crystal has a low impedance

13
 Parallel Resonant Crystal Oscillator
• RL and CM determine the resonant
frequency

• The crystal has a high impedance

14
 Sample and Hold Circuits
• A sample and hold circuit is an analog device that samples a continuously varying analog
signal and holds its value at a constant level for a specified minimum period of time.
• They are typically used in analog-to-digital converters (ADC) to eliminate variations in
input signal.

15
 Schmitt Trigger Circuits
• The Schmitt trigger is a binary circuit
and closely resembles a
multivibrator.
• It has two stable output states and
the magnitude of the input voltage
determines which of the two is
possible.

16
 Multivibrators
• A multivibrator is an electronic circuit with two equilibrium states.
• They are useful as pulse generating, storing and counting circuits.
• There are three types of multivibrators:
 Astable multivibrator
 Monostabel multivibrator
 Bistable multivibrator
• They are basically two-stage amplifiers with positive feedback from the output of one
amplifier to the input of the other.

17
Types of Multivibrators

18
 Astable/Free-running Multivibrator
• An astable is a multivibrator with
both states are unstable or the
circuit continuously toggles between
the states.
• When Q1 is OFF, Q2 is ON and vice
versa.
• Switching is depending on RC time
constant in the circuit.

19
 Monostable Multivibrator
• In a monostable multivibrator, also
called one-shot only one state is stable.
• It can be brought into the unstable state
by applying an appropriate signal to the
trigger input.
• It has one energy-storing element i.e.
one capacitor.

20
 Bistable Multivibrator
• In a bistable multivibrator, also
called flip-flop, both states are
stable.
• The circuit can be forces to go from
one state to another by applying an
appropriate signal to the trigger
input.

21
 555 Timer Circuit

The 555 Timer is an example of a versatile Timer IC.

Astable Operation

The timer output is a repetitive square

wave.
The output frequency can be calculated
as shown here.

22
 555 Timer Circuit
Monostable Operation

The timer output is a one shot pulse. When an input is received it triggers a one shot pulse.
The time for which the output remains high can be calculated as shown.

23
 Reading Assignments
• Filter Circuits:
• Types of filter circuits
• Passive Vs. Active filters
• Common frequency responses