IT-17- SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND ARCHITECTURE 2

VERGIE CEZAR

BSIT-3/BLOCK 2

MAM.KRIS PAULINE M.

1.Define architecture in terms of:

A. Webster

B. Information Technology

C. Engineering

ANSWER:

ARCHITECTURE IN WEBSTER:

1.the art or science of building

specifically: the art or practice of designing and building structures and especially habitable ones

2. the architecture of the garden a. formation or construction resulting from or as if from a conscious
act

b. a novel that lacks architecture: a unifying or coherent form or structure

3. architectural product or work- buildings that comprise the architecture of the square

4.: Gothic architecture: a method or style of building

5. different program architectures - the manner in which the components of a computer or computer
system are organized and integrated.

B. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

An information technology architecture is a detailed description of the various information-processing

assets needed to meet business objectives, the rules that govern them, and the information
associated with them. It focuses on three basic tiers within the organization. We'll look at them as
they relate to our newspaper business example:

Server - generally hardware, this level provides the basic computing power for the entire organization
and is typically centrally located. This is the equipment in the computer room of the newspaper
business mentioned above.

Middleware - generally software, this level sits on top of the server level and provides the
infrastructure necessary to keep the hardware running and the information flowing. These are the
tools and utilities used by the information technology people in the newspaper business.
Client - A combination of hardware and software, this level provides the capabilities accessible by a
user and allows them to access the information a business has available. These are the things the
reporters use in newspaper business (personal computers, printers, applications, etc.).

C.ENGINEERING

A: Architectural engineering- focuses its study on the design of all building systems, including the
mechanical, lighting/electrical, and structural systems of a building, while also planning the
construction Architectural engineers apply practical and theoretical knowledge to the engineering
design of buildings and building systems. The goal is to engineer high-performance buildings that are
sustainable, resilient, economically viable, that ensure the safety, health, comfort, and productivity of
occupants. Uniting scientific principles from structural, mechanical, electrical, lighting, acoustical, and
construction engineering, architectural engineers apply their discipline-specific expertise to
conceptualize, design, construct, operate and maintain built environments in interdisciplinary team
environments. Graduates of architectural engineering are widely considered to be creative systems
engineers, with formal training in creativity and design through architectural design studios married
with a solid engineering education. process of buildings and building systems.

2.What are the component needed to model software architecture? Define each components.

ANSWER:

System software components:

Device Driver

This is a system program used to control the number of devices attached o the computer; it acts as a
translator between applications that the user and the hardware device used. A device driver tells the
operating system how the device will work on certain commands the user generates. With the
device’s help, driver computer hardware can interact with high-level system programs. For example,
Wi-Fi driver, Bluetooth driver, etc.

Operating System

The operating system is the system which is the main part of the computer system, in which it
manages the hardware of the computer consisting of programs and data. The services have been
provided by the operating system so that we can able to execute the application software. The
operating system is the system program that enables users to communicate with computers. It helps
other programs to run and control them.

Examples of computer operating systems are Linux, Microsoft Windows, OS X, and UNIX.

Server

It is a program; it works like a socket listener in a computer operating system. A server is a series of
computers connected to other computers. There are private, and public users in a network who access
the internet, and the server provides that essential service.

Utility Software
It is used to manage hardware and application software and also performs small tasks. For example,
system utilities and virus scanners, etc.

Windowing System

This graphical user interface component supports the window manager’s implementation, provides
pointing devices like keyboards and mice, and supports graphics hardware.

Application programs

This is the top software layer; by using it, we can perform tasks such as writing by using a word
processor spreadsheets for accounting; it has two supporting layers: a device driver and an operating
system.

Root-user processes

These are programs that users with root authority can run. Through all processes, root authority is
given to the administrator.

Assembler

An assembler generally used in an assembly language program is a program that converts the
assembly language into machine code. It works on basic commands and code being operated and
converted into binary code.

Compiler

The compiler converts the high-level programming language into the machine language. For example,
in C or C++ language, we should implement a particular code that is source code in user
understandable format printf, scanf, cout, such type of statements will generate in user language.
Hence, the compiler converts the source code into the machine language format; machine language
code means a target code; that is why we use a compiler for conversion purposes.

Interpreter

The interpreter is also used to convert the source code into the target code, but the interpreter checks
one instruction at a time, which means it checks line by line code; it checks the first line, then converts
it into the target code, again check the other programming line, and then convert into the target code.

Editor

The editor is the system program used to edit the text in the file. For example, we are all familiar with
the Microsoft word processor, an editor whose main tasks are editing, traversing, viewing, and
displaying the text. Editor means editing the particular text or file per the user’s requirement. In
addition, it links extra files extra library files. The type of editors is Line Editor, Screen Editor, Word
Processor, and Structure Editor.

Loader

The loader loads the complete program into the memory. When we save a particular program at that
time, the program will be stored in the secondary memory. Still, when we compile a program and
execute a particular program, the program will be executed into the primary memory, so the loader
converts the program’s secondary memory to primary memory. It loads a particular program into the
secondary to primary memory.

Linker

It is a program that links the user program to another program or library. It links two or more modules
into the memory and prepares for execution. It integrates the necessary functions required by the
program. Some programming file uses some import functions in different libraries; for example, if we
want to use the square-root function in our code, then we have to import ‘math. H’ library is in our
programming, so these libraries are linked with our programming file; this concept is generated
through the linker.

Debugger

A debugger is a computer program that finds errors, also called bugs in source code. It provides the
facility to halt at any point and check the changes made in the program.

Macro

It is a group of instructions that can be replaced when called by the macro processor. It is used for
faster execution, and code can be reusable; also, it is used in assembling language programs.

3.What are the difference between functional and technical architecture?

ANSWER:

The difference between a functional and a technical design. In short, the functional design contains
information about what the proposed software should do, while the technical design specifies how
the software should be built. Functional Architecture is a term that originates out of enterprise
architecture. It deals with how systems function to carry out end-to-end processes in order to
maximize efficiency. While the Technical Architecture (TA) is a form of IT architecture that is used to
design computer systems. It involves the development of a technical blueprint with regard to the
arrangement, interaction, and interdependence of all elements so that system-relevant requirements
are met.

4.What are the architectural development process?

ANSWER:

1. Research and Data Collection - The goal of the early stage of design, is to gather data that will
present the problems associated with the task, and the research process will effectively
continue throughout the architecture design process. A thorough site analysis will start to
form a picture of the context of the site, its limitations, its merits, problems, and allow the
designer to focus on developing a response to these issues.
2. Proposals - The initial research and proposal stages may weave into one another as data is
collected and responses are made to that data. As the proposal phase continues, more
definite ideas will emerge, and a wide array of tools will be used to convey these early ideas.
Sketches and models will be used in plans, elevations and section to develop proposals, along
with 3d discoveries to imagine a contextual approach to the design.
3. Analysis of proposals - It is important to establish the criteria that the proposals will be
measured against, be it according to client needs, performance of the building, budget,
aesthetics and so on. The criteria is often diverse, and there will be varying factors to evaluate
at different stages of the architecture design process. Once these criteria have been
established it will be possible to analyses the initial proposals. In a student setting this will
often take the form of a crit, which is an opportunity to discuss you design ideas with your
peers and tutors. Although the architecture crit is something many students fear, it is a great
opportunity for you to be challenged in your ideas, and respond to feedback. The crit will urge
you to clearly communicate your initial design ideas.
4. Review and develop - The final stage of this process is a broad stage. The review and develop
stage of design can happen numerous times, as we have mentioned the design process is
iterative, meaning the process can be repetitive or even cyclical. Design is not a linear process,
and can skip around in a random series of responses as it address issues and reacts to
changes.
After the design has been analysed, the designer can then refine the design ideas and begin to
develop the scheme. It may be that the analysis has presented issues with the design that
require circling back to earlier stages, in order to refine ideas. On the other hand, the design
may only require fine tuning, and can be developed in more focused detail.
The refining and development process requires constant reflection on the initial stages of
design, referring to research and data collected in the early stages, and revisiting early
proposals and ideas.
5. Design Development & Technical Design - There comes a point in the design process when
the client will approve the design in order for it to be taken to the development phase. The
design will then be refined in more detail, factoring in other elements of the scheme. At this
stage, drawings will be developed at scale, with the integration from structural engineers,
mechanical engineers and other external team members. The design will begin to consider
more detailed elements such as materials, fixtures and fittings along with finishes. At this
point cost will also begin to play a more important factor, and for larger projects a quantity
surveyor may be brought in to manage that aspect of the project. .The project may need to be
prepared for planning applications, and therefore may require 3d models, or visualisations to
convey the final design. In some cases, sales and marketing literature will be considered for
larger projects as the client begins to consider promoting the development. Technical
information will be developed to begin to provide a full picture of the design, and how it will
be constructed. The finer details of how materials will relate to one another, connections
between elements, will all be considered at this stage, as the design is prepared for
construction.
5.Define physical architecture.
ANSWER:
Physical Architecture means the process and documentation that maps the components onto
the process of the physical system, with attention being focused on such concerns as
throughput and scalability. The Physical Architecture forms a high-level structure around the
processes and data flows in the Logical Architecture. The principal elements in the physical
architecture are the subsystems and architecture flows that connect the subsystems into an
overall structure. The physical architecture takes the processes identified in the logical
architecture and assigns them to subsystems. In addition, the data flows (also from the logical
architecture) are grouped together into architecture flows. These architecture flows and their
communication requirements define the interfaces required between subsystems, which form
the basis for much of the ongoing standards work.