HISTOPATHOLOGIC AND CYTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES - LECTURE

INFLAMMATION
PRELIMS | A.Y. 2022-2023 | PROF. DOREN VENUS OTOD

OUTLINE ● Prepare tissue for healing and repair

I. Inflammation ○ If there are signs of inflammation and/or
A. Functions (benefit) swelling, it can lead to repair or healing
B. Harmful Effects
C. Cardinal Signs B. HARMFUL EFFECTS
D. Components of Inflammation
E. Sequential Steps of a Typical Inflammatory 1. Digestion of normal tissues
Reaction (5 Rs)
○ In every response in our body, there
F. Classification According to Duration
G. Classification According to Location should be a regulator. For example, during
H. Classification According to Character of inflammation, there is the presence of a
Exudate foreign invader. Once this foreign
substance is engulfed, this action should
I. INFLAMMATION be regulated — meaning, to stop
engulfing. If ever there is no regulation, the
INFLAMMATION normal tissue will be engulfed.
● A protective universal response to tissue
damage (mechanical trauma, tissue necrosis, 2. Swelling
infection) ○ More inflammation when there is swelling
○ Inflammation is not a disease, but a
response of the body to a damaged tissue 3. Inappropriate inflammatory response
○ Examples:
■ Mechanical trauma – hits the (Regulation of responses should be present in order to stop
chair → things fall onto you → the inflammation and will not further lead to digestion of
inflammation tissues)
■ Tissue necrosis – a type of cell
death that is brought about by C. CARDINAL SIGNS
pathological factors
■ Infection – factors can be viruses,
microorganisms, bacteria, and
parasites
● May be beneficial or harmful
○ Beneficial
■ Usually for an acute type of
inflammation
○ Harmful
■ Usually for chronic type of
inflammation

A. FUNCTIONS (BENEFIT) ● Described by Celsus

● Contain damage and Isolate injury
○ Only a certain part of the body is affected
when there is inflammation, therefore, the
injury will be isolated
● Destroy cause of injury (microorganism/toxins)
○ The microorganism is contained since it is
isolated, therefore, the cause can be
destroyed
● Destroy resulting necrotic cells and tissues
○ Due to phagocytic actions (engulfing
actions of the cells), it can lead to necrosis
● There are originally 4 cardinal signs — rubor,
calor, tumor, and dolor — the 5th one is functio
laesa which was added by Virchow
● RUBOR (redness)
○ During inflammation, our blood vessels are
permeable, therefore it will open and there
will be blood entry leading to the redness
of the inflamed part
● CALOR (heat)
○ Because of increased in permeability, there
is transfer of internal heat
■ The temperature inside the body
is high. Since the blood vessels

AQUE AND DEOMAMPO | SPC MLS 2B | 1 of 4

 are dilated, internal heat will be 2. CELLULAR RESPONSE
transferred as well ● WBCs enter site of injury
● Kill organism, remove
● TUMOR (swelling) debris
○ Due to the escape of proteins NEUTROPHIL
● Release chemokines
ACTIVATION
○ Example: Edema – when you poke the (substances that attract
skin of the edematous patient, it will take other immune substances
time to go back to its edematous state. to site of inflammation)
■ There is buildup of protein-rich
fluids in their skin due to Additional Information:
inflammation ● Is swelling during pregnancy the same as the
case during inflammation?
● DOLOR (pain) ○ The body during pregnancy is the
○ Pain on a specific area because of: physiological response of the body, and
■ the release of prostaglandins — not because of a microorganism. Therefore
responsible for the pain it is not the same, but it is because of the
■ the pressure increased water intake of pregnant
● more blood entry → high mothers.
pressure = painful result
on the inflamed area E. SEQUENTIAL STEPS OF A TYPICAL
INFLAMMATORY REACTION (5 Rs)
● FUNCTIO LAESA (loss of function)
○ Example: Diabetic patients – no sensation I. RECOGNITION of stimulus
because there is no blood supply on that ○ So there is entry of microbes onto our skin.
specific part, such as feet, of the body So upon recognition that there is a foreign
substance that entered our skin,
Note: automatically our cells, our macrophages,
● Chronic: will go to that area for recognition of the
○ Rubor stimulus.
○ Calor
○ Tumor II. RECRUITMENT of WBCs and proteins to site
○ Dolor ○ The monocytes, granulocytes, plasma
○ Functio Laesa proteins, and platelets will go to the site of
● Acute: infection.
○ Rubor
○ Calor III. REMOVAL of stimulus
○ Tumor ○ Source of infection will be removed. It will
○ Dolor be engulfed by the process of
phagocytosis.
D. COMPONENTS OF INFLAMMATION
IV. REGULATION of response
COMPONENTS OF INFLAMMATION ○ Now that the cause of infection has been
1. VASCULAR REACTION eliminated, the response will be regulated.
● Initial response of the The process of engulfing must be
immune system regulated or must be stopped. If ever there
○ It will constrict for is no regulation, even the normal and
VASOCONSTRICTION a short period of healthy tissues will be engulfed.
time
● Occurs first and lasts only
for seconds V. REPAIR
● Increased diameter of ○ A benefit of inflammation is that the
blood vessels → increased outcome will result in healing and repair
VASODILATION blood flow to area →
Erythema (heat and
redness on site of
infection)
● Increased vascular
ENDOTHELIAL permeability → Edema
ACTIVATION (extravasation of liquid
portion of blood)

AQUE AND DEOMAMPO | SPC MLS 2B | 2 of 4

 H. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
CHARACTER OF EXUDATE

F. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DURATION

● Acute
○ Short type of inflammation
○ The responsible WBCs to fight this type of
inflammation are Neutrophils
○ The problem for neutrophils is that they ● Exudate
have a short life span (1-5 days) ○ It is termed na exudate if ever it was
produced due to inflammation
● Chronic
○ Long term type of inflammation COMPONENTS OF INFLAMMATION
○ The responsible WBCs are Monocytes ACCORDING TO CHARACTER OF EXUDATE
○ When you get a test for CBC, monocytes ● Watery; protein-poor
SEROUS ● Ex: Chicken Pox
will have the highest count in your
bloodstream
● Protein-rich (such as
fibrinogen)
● Sub Acute/Chronic FIBRINOUS ● More severe compared to
○ In between Acute and Chronic
Serous
○ When you have your blood tested, the
● Blood vessels are opened,
increased WBCs are Neutrophils and
resulting in the escape of
Monocytes
proteins
● Mucus and debris
G. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION CATARRHAL ● Common for patients with
Tuberculosis
● Localized
● Ex: Cough, Sipon
○ Ex: Pimples
○ Inflammation only in that one area
○ Not widespread; Only found on one ● Has Pus
SUPPURATIVE/ ○ Composed of
side/part of the body
PURULENT dead neutrophils,
● Generalized/Systemic necrotic cells, and
○ Is widespread edema fluid
○ It can be that the entire organ or entire ● Abscess
system is affected ○ Collection of Pus
○ Ex: Gingivitis ○ Accumulated
■ Starts in the mouth but even the amount of Pus
cardiovascular system, digestive ● Ex: Boils
system, and respiratory system ● RBC leakage or Leakage
HEMORRHAGIC of blood
are affected.
● Ex: Hematoma

AQUE AND DEOMAMPO | SPC MLS 2B | 3 of 4

AQUE AND DEOMAMPO | SPC MLS 2B | 4 of 4