romis samarTali

(safuZvlebi)

sanivTo
samarTali
2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 1
 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
romis samarTalSi uZveles periodSi
ganasxvavebdnen `familia~-s da `pecunia~-s
cnebebs; familia-Si igulisxmeboda ojaxis
mamis xelisuflebis qveS myofi ojaxis
wevrebic; pecunia_Si ki individualuri
sakuTreba, qoneba.
nivTebi (res)
• samoqalaqo brunvaSi arsebuli (res in
commercium)
• samoqalaqo brunvidan amoRebuli (res
extra commercium)
2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 2
 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
samoqalaqo brunvidan amoRebuli iyo
RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebi (res
divini iuris), mag. saRmrTo, religiuri da
wminda nivTebi; maTgan ganasxvavebdnen
adamianuri samarTlis nivTebs (res
humani iuris), romelic umeteswilad
viRacis sakuTrebaa da Tavis mxriv an
sajaroa (res publicae) an kerZo (res
privatae).
2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 3
 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
`nivTebi umTavresad or jgufad iyofa. erTi
jgufi RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebs
warmoadgens, meore ki _ adamianuri
samarTlis. RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebia,
magaliTad, saRmrTo da religiuri nivTebi.
wminda nivTebic, magaliTad, qalaqis
kedlebi da karebi garkveulad RvTaebrivi
samarTlis nivTebs warmoadgenen. is, rac
RvTaebriv samarTals ekuTvnis, aravis
qonebas ar Seadgens. xolo is, rac
adamianuri samarTlisaa, umravles
SemTxvevaSi viRacis qonebas
warmoadgens...~gaiusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli VIII, 1.

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 4

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
`saRmrTo, religiuri da wminda nivTebi
vinmes qonebas ar Seadgenen.~ marciane,
digestebi, wigni I, tituli VIII, 6, 2.
`xolo adamianuri samarTlis nivTebi an
sajaroa da an kerZo. sajaro nivTebi
vinmes qonebad ar iTvleba da TviT
korporaciis (universitas) kuTvnilebad
aris miCneuli. kerZo nivTebi ki
calkeul pirs ekuTvnis.~ gaiusi, digestebi,
wigni I, tituli VIII, 1.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
• religiuri nivTebia (res religiosae) _ taZrebi,
salocavebi, Sesawiri adgilebi, sasaflao;
• saRmrTo nivTebia (res sacrae) _ RmerTisadmi
sajarod Sewiruli nivTebi;
• wminda nivTebi (res sanctae) _ qalaqis kedlebi da
karebi;
• sajaro nivTebia (res publicae) _ cixeebi,
sapyrobileebi, gzebi, Teatrebi; sajaro nivTebSi
Sedis aseve xazinis kuTvnili nivTebi (res fisci);
• res universitatis _ warmoadgenda saerTo-saTemo,
korporaciis sakuTrebaSi Semaval nivTebs.

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 6

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
`sarmrToa is nivTebi, romlebic
[RmerTebisadmi] sajarod aris miZRvnili da
ara kerZod.~ marciane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli VIII, 6, 3.
`saRmrToa (sakraluria) is nivTebi, romlebic
saTanado ritualiTa da umaRlesi
samRvdeloebis (saeklesio pirebis) meSveobiT
RmerTebisadmi aris miZRvnili, magaliTad
taZrebi da saCuqrebi, romlebic saTanado
ritualiT RvTismsaxurebisTvis aris
miZRvnili... xolo adgili, sadac taZari
aaSenes, Tundac Senoba daingres, mainc
saRmrTo [adgilad] darCeba...~ instituciebi, wigni
II, tituli I, 8.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
`nebismieri piri adgils religiurad
Tavisi neba-survilis mixedviT
gadaaqcevs, rogorc ki igi mkvdars
Tavis miwaSi damarxavs. magram saerTo
Tavisufal miwaSi damarxva
TanamesakuTris survilis winaaRmdeg
nebadarTuli ar aris. xolo saerTo
sasaflaoze damarxva sxvebis
Tanxmobis gareSec aris SesaZlebeli.~
instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 8.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
`wminda (`sancta~) nivTebic, magaliTad
qalaqis kedlebi (galavani) da karebi,
garkveulad saRvTo samarTals
ganekuTvnebian, da amitomac aravis qonebas
ar Seadgenen. xolo qalaqis kedlebs
(galavans) wmindas imitom vuwodebT, rom
vinc maT daazianebs misTvis sikvdiliT
dasjaa dawesebuli. amitomac Cven sanqcias
(`sanctio~) vuwodebT kanonebis im nawilsac,
romelic am kanonis damrRvevTaTvis
sasjels gansazRvravT.~ instituciebi, wigni II,
tituli I, 10.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
`pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT `wminda~
(sanctum) ewodeba imas, rac arc
`saRmrToa~ da arc saero, magram
sanqciiT aris daculi. ase, magaliTad,
kanoni wmindaa, radgan is garkveuli
sanqciiT aris ganmtkicebuli. vinaidan
is, rac raime sanqciiT aris
gamyarebuli, wmindaa, Tundac is
RmerTebisadmi miZRvnili ar iyos.~
ulpiane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli VIII, 9, 3.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
`Tu vinme qalaqis kedels daazianebs, igi
sikvdiliT isjeba iseve, rogorc is, vinc
kedelze kibiT an sxva raime xerxiT
gadava, radgan romaeli moqalaqeebisaTvis
qalaqidan gasvla mxolod qalaqis
karebidan aris nebadarTuli. qalaqidan
sxva saSualebiT gasvla mtrul
[moqmedebad] ganixileba da uarsayofia,
vinaidan remi, romulusis Zma, rogorc
gadmogvcemen, swored imis gamo mokles,
rom man kedelze gadaZroma moindoma.~
pomponiusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli VIII, 11.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
`xolo yvela mdinare da navsadguri
sajaroa, amitom navsadgurebsa da
mdinareebSi Tevzis Weris ufleba
yvelasaTvis saerToa.~ instituciebi, wigni
II, tituli I, 2.
`korporacias (universitas) da ara
calkeul pirebs ekuTvnis , magaliTad,
qalaqebSi mdebare Teatrebi,
stadionebi, da sxva misTanani, aseve
qalaqis (Temis) kuTvnili sxva ram,
rac saerToa.~ instituciebi, wigni II,
tituli I, 2.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
romaeli iuristebi aseve ganarCevdnen
nivTebs romlebic aravis ar ekuTvnis (res
nullius) maT Soris ki _
• saerTo anu yvelas nivTebi (res communis) _
romelic ar SeiZleba vinmes sakuTreba
gaxdes _ mag. haeri, mdinare, zRva, zRvis
napiri;
• da nivTebi, romlebic SeiZleba vinmes
sakuTreba gaxdes _ mag. gareuli cxoveli
an frinveli, gamoriyuli nivTebi.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
`bunebiTi samarTliT yvelasaTvis
saerTo nivTebia: haeri, gamdinare
wyali, zRva da aqedan gamomdinare
zRvis napiri.~ marciane digestebi, wigni I,
tituli VIII, 2,1.
`aseve Zvirfasi qvebi, margaliti da
a.S., rasac Cven zRvis napirze
vpoulobT, bunebiTi samarTliT
maSinve Cveni kuTvnileba xdeba.~
florentinusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli VIII, 3.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
romaeli iuristebi erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebdnen sxeulebriv
nivTebs (res corporales) da usxeulo
nivTebs (res incorporales);
sxeulebrivia is nivTi, romlis
xelis Sexebac SesaZlebelia, mag.
miwa, mona, oqro, tansacmeli;
usxeuloa _ mag. memkvidreobis
ufleba.
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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
`sxeulebriv nivTebs warmoadgenen is nivTebi,
romlebsac TavianTi bunebrivi Tvisebebis
gamo SeiZleba SevexoT, magaliTad, miwa
(miwis nakveTi), adamiani, tansacmeli, oqro,
vercxli da, amas garda, sxva uamravi nivTi.
xolo usxeulo nivTebs warmoadgenen is
nivTebi, romelTa Sexeba ar SegviZlia. aseT
nivTebs miekuTvneba is nivTebi, romlebic
uflebas warmoadgenen, magaliTad
memkvidreoba, uzurfruqti, valdebuleba, ra
saxiTac ar unda iyos igi dadebuli.~
instituciebi, wigni II, tituli II.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
res mancipi da res nec mancipi anu nivTebi,
romelTa gadacema manci paciis
wesiT (mancipatio) iyo SesaZlebeli
da nivTebi romelTa gadacemisaTvis
aucilebeli ar iyo manci pacia; res
mancipi nivTebis kategorias
ZiriTadad ganekuTvneboda italiis
miwebi, msxvilfexa pirutyvi, monebi.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
nivTebi iyofoda aseve:
• uZrav nivTebad (res immobiles)
• moZrav nivTebad (res mobiles)
• da sakuTari ZaliT moZrav (sulier)
nivTebad (res se moventae)
uZravia miwa da miwaze myarad mimagrebuli
nivTebi; moZravia iseTi nivTebi romlis
gadaadgileba sasargeblo Tvisebebs ar
ukargavs nivTs; xolo sakuTari ZaliT
moZravia mag. mona, pirutyvi.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvruli
(genera _ mag. woniT,zomiT an
raodenobiT) da individualuri
niSniT gansazRvruli (species) nivTebi.
xelSekrulebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, Tu
nivTi ganadgurdeboda, gvarovnuli niSniT
gansazRvruli nivTis Secvla SeiZleboda,
individualuri niSniT gansazRvrulis ki
_ ara. aqedan SeiZines aseve am nivTebma
Secvladi da Seucvleli nivTebis
saxelwodeba.
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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
moxmarebadi (mosaxmari) da mouxmari
nivTebi; mouxmaria nivTebi,
romlebic gamoyenebis procesSi ar
ispoba, ar qreba, mag. Senobebi,
adgil-mamuli da sxva; mosaxmaria _
Tu misi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia ise,
rom ar moispos, mag. Rvino, xili,
marcvali (ar SeiZleba aseTi
nivTebis gaqiraveba).
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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
nivTebi iyofoda aseve gayofad da
gauyofad nivTebad;
• gayofadia nivTi, romelic gayofisas
ar kargavs sasargeblo Tvisebebs,
mag. miwa, saxli, jogi, fuli.
• gauyofadia nivTebi romlebic
`gayofis~ SemTxvevaSi dakargavs
Tavis sasargeblo Tvisebebs, mag.
mona.
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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
nivTebi iyofoda aseve:
• martiv nivTebad _ mag. qva, mori;
• rTul nivTebad _ romelic martivi
nivTebisagan Sedgeba, mag Senoba;
• erToblivi nivTi _ romelic
Sedgeba sxvadasxva nivTebisagan,
magram ara rogorc erTi nivTi,
aramed rogorc nivTebis
erToblioba, mag. jogi.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
ganarCevdnen aseve ZiriTad (mTavar)
nivTs (res principalis) da sakuTnevels;
sakuTneveli nivTi iziarebda
ZiriTadi nivTis beds da masze
vrceldeboda ZiriTadi nivTis
samarTlebrivi reJimi. amis
magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT
mag. guTani da saxnisi, klite da
gasaRebi.
2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 23
 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
nayofi (fructus).
ganarCevdnen:
• bunebriv nayofs (fructus naturalis), mag.
Sinauri cxovelis an xexilis namati da
• civilur nayofs (fructus civilis), mag. fulis
procenti.
nivTebTan ganuxreladaa dakavSirebuli
sanivTo uflebebi, magaliTad sakuTrebis
ufleba, giravnobis ufleba, servitutis
ufleba da sxva.

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
sakuTrebis saxeebi:
1. kvirituli sakuTreba (dominium
quiritium)
2. pretoruli anu bonitaruli
sakuTreba
3. provinciuli sakuTreba
4. peregrinebis sakuTreba

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 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
kvirituli sakuTreba (dominium quiritium)
romSi kerZo sakuTrebis uZveles saxeobas
kvirituli sakuTreba warmoadgenda.
civiluri samarTlis mixedviT kvirituli
sakuTrebis subieqtebi romis moqalaqeebi
iyvnen; mxolod maT SeeZloT kvirituli
sakuTrebis qona. am wesidan gamonaklisi
dauSves mxolod laTinebisTvis, romelTac
miniWebuli qondaT ius commercii.
kvirituli sakuTrebis obieqti, anu sagani iyo res
mancipi kategoriis nivTebi.

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 26

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
pretoruli anu bonitaruli sakuTreba
Tu piri manci paciis wesis gverdis avliT
SeiZenda res mancipi kategoriis nivTs, mesakuTred
mainc gamyidveli rCeboda. pretori miuTiTebda,
rom nivTi unda Sesuliyo SemZenis qonebaSi (in
bonis), aqedan warmoiSva bonitaruli sakuTreba.
Tu gamyidveli moiTxovda gayiduli nivTis ukan
dabrunebas, pretori aZlevda mas Sesagebels
(exceptio); aseT SemTxvevaSi nivTi daubrundeboda
mesakuTres, Tu mas ar qonda igi gayiduli.
mesame pirebTan mimarTebaSi ki pretori
aZlevda sarCels _ actio in rem publicana.

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 27

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
provinciuli sakuTreba
provinciis miwebi formalurad romis
saxelmwifos, romaeli xalxis sakuTrebad
iTvleboda da is Cveulebriv or nawilad
iyofoda: saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
(ager publicus) da provinciis macxovrebelTa
mflobelobaSi gadacemuli miwebi (ager redditus –
ukan dabrunebuli miwebi).
ax.w. II saukuneSi es miwebi maT mflobelTa
faqtobriv kerZo sakuTrebad gadaiqca.

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 28

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
peregrinebis sakuTreba
peregrinebis sakuTreba araromaelTa sakuTrebas
warmoadgenda. ucxoelebi Tavisi sakuTari
qveynis samarTals emorCilebodnen. qonebrivi
urTierTobebis ganviTarebis Sedegad
aucilebeli gaxda maTi sakuTrebis calke
saxed aRiareba. ius gentium-is aRiarebam Sedegad
is moitana, rom romaelebi peregrinebTan, an
peregrinTa Soris urTierTobas xalxTa
samarTliT aregulirebdnen.

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 29

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
sakuTrebis uflebis Sinaarsi
• sargeblobis ufleba (ius utendi)
• nayofiT sargeblobis ufleba (ius
utendi fruendi)
• gankargvis ufleba (ius abutendi)
• mflobelobis ufleba (ius posidendi)
• gamoTxovis ufleba (ius vindicandi)

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 30

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
romaeli iuristebi sakuTrebis
uflebas ganmartavdnen, rogorc
srul batonobas nivTze, gansxvavebiT
SezRuduli batonobisagan,
magaliTad mogiravnis ufleba;
Tumca mesakuTris sruli, SeuzRudavi
uflebac SeiZleboda SezRuduliyo,
magaliTad servitutis uflebiT.

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 31

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
mflobeloba
romaeli iuristebi erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavebdnen:
• sakuTrebas (dominium, proprietas)
• mflobelobas (possessio)
• pyrobas (detentio)
mflobelobis arsebobisaTvis aucilebebia
ori elementis arseboba:
• faqtobrivi floba (corpus possessionis)
• mflobelobis neba (animus possessionis)

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 32

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
mflobeloba gulisxmobda nivTis faqtobriv
flobas da mflobelobis ganzraxvas (anu
survils moeqce nivTs, rogorc sakuTars).
amgvari saxiT, rogorc wesi mflobelobis ufleba
gaaCnda mesakuTres; piri romelic mesakuTresTan
dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze (droebiT
sargeblobaSi, Sesanaxad) flobs nivTs iTvleba
nivTis mpyrobelad, damWerad sxvis saxelze;
praqtikuli gansxvaveba mflobelobasa da pyrobas
Soris imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mflobeli Tavs
uSualod icavda, mpyrobeli ki mesakuTris
meSveobiT.
2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 33
 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
mflobelobis saxeebi
• kanonieri mflobeloba _
Cveulebriv nivTis mflobeli misi
mesakuTre iyo;
• ukanono mflobeloba _ rodesac
piri nivTs flobs faqtobrivad,
gaaCnia mflobelobis ganzraxva,
magram ar gaaCnia nivTze
mflobelobis ufleba.

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 34

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
ukanono mflobeloba SeiZleba iyos ori saxis:
• keTilsindisieri mflobeloba
• arakeTilsindisieri mflobeloba.
keTilsindisieria is arakanonieri mflobeli,
romelmac ar icis da arc SeiZleba icodes, rom
ara aqvs nivTze mflobelobis ufleba (mag.piri,
romelmac nivTi SeiZina aramesakuTrisagan,
(qurdisagan), romelic Tavs mesakuTred asaRebda.
arakeTilsindisieri mflobelia is piri, romelmac
icis rom nivTia misi ar aris, magram eqceva mas,
rogorc sakuTars (mag. qurdi).

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 35

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
arakeTilsindisieri mflobelisagan
gansxvavebiT keTilsindisier
mflobels SeeZlo mflobelobis
xandazmulobis ZaliT nivTze
sakuTrebis uflebis mopoveba.
mflobelobis dacva xdeboda
interdiqtebiT (interdiqta); `pretorul
mesakuTres, an keTilsindisier
mflobels miecemoda aseve sarCeli _
actio in rem publicana.

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 36

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali

familia res publicae

pecunia res privatae
res res religiosae
res sacrae
res in commercium
res sanctae
res extra commercium
res fisci
res divini iuris res universitatis
res humani iuris sanctio
2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 37
 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
res nullius res immobiles
res communis res mobiles
res corporales res se moventae
res incorporales genera
res mancipi species
res nec mancipi res principalis
mancipatio
2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 38
 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
fructus ius utendi
fructus naturalis ius utendi fruendi
fructus civilis ius abutendi
dominium quiritium ius posidendi
in bonis ius vindicandi

2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 39

 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
sanivTo samarTali
dominium
proprietas
possessio
detentio
corpus possessionis
animus possessionis
interdiqta
2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 40
 romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)

SekiTxvebi?
gmadlobT
yuradRebisaTvis!
gisurvebT warmatebebs!
2015 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 41