Sanitation MOOC Slides Week 2

Introduction to the Compendium
Planning and Design of Sanitation Systems and Technology, Module 2.1

Dr. Christoph Lüthi
The Compendium
Compendium eCompendium
Planning & Design for Sanitation

A guide to sanitation technology
Nepalese French Vietnamese Spanish

The Compendium
Sanitation Systems Sanitation Technologies

The eCompendium

The eCompendium

The eCompendium

The eCompendium

The eCompendium

Sanitation Products
Planning and Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, Module 2.2
Elizabeth Tilley
Learning Goals
● Goals of this module:

● Understand why it is important to consider a
range of sanitation products in sanitation
planning
● Learn about the range of products that are
necessary to consider in sanitation planning
● Be able to describe the properties and
characteristics of the products

Definition
● Sanitation Products take a variety of

forms:
● Human wastes (e.g. urine, faeces)
● Materials necessary for the functioning of a
technology (e.g. water for a flush toilet)
● Products that are generated as a result of the
treatment processes (e.g. sludge)

Product list
● Primary (Input) Products ● Secondary (output) Products

Urine Pre-Treatment Products
Faeces Stored Urine
Excreta Dried Faeces
Dry Cleansing Materials Compost
Anal Cleansing Water Pit Humus
Flushwater Sludge
Blackwater Effluent
Brownwater Biogas
Greywater Biomass
Organics Stormwater

Primary (Input) Products
Anal
Dry Cleansing
Urine Faeces Flush-water Cleansing
Material
Water
Excreta Brownwater
Blackwater
Greywater

Maputo, Mozambique
Linda Strande
Characteristics of Products
Total Greywater*** Urine Faeces

Volume [l/cap·yr] 25,000-100,000 25,000-100,000 500 50
Nutrients Nitrogen 2 - 4 kg/cap·yr 5% 85% 10%
Phosphorous 0.3 - 0.8 kg/cap·yr 10%** 60% 30%
Potassium 1.4 - 2.0 kg/cap·yr 34% 54% 12%
COD 30kg/cap·yr 41% 12% 47%
Faecal coliforms - 104-106 /100ml 0* 107-109 /100ml
* healthy people; ** can be as high as 50%, depending on washing and dish-washing powder used; *** values representative for industrialized countries

Simple Transformation
Primary (Input) Process Secondary (output)

Products Products
Urine Time Stored Urine
Faeces Time, heat Dried Faeces
Exreta Time, digestion Pit Humus

Sludge
Physical separation
Blackwater
+/- digestion
Effluent

Duombasie , Ghana
Linda Strande
Dakar, Senegal
Linda Strande
Laos
Antoine Morel
Yaoundé, Cameroun
Linda Strande
Beneficial Secondary Products
● Compost, Humus
● Co-degradation of excreta/sludge and organic
material
● Biogas
● Anaerobic degradation of blackwater/sludge
that results in combustible methane

Hanoï, Vietnam Pune, India
SuSanA Secretariat SuSanA Secretariat
Summary
● A large number of primary and

secondary products must be
considered
● Product characteristics must be
considered in terms of additional
treatment required or beneficial use:
● Nutrients
● Pathogen content
● Volume
● Products will influence the number and
type of technologies that can be used

Sanitation Products
Elizabeth Tilley
Introduction

Learning Goals
● Goals of this module:

● Understand why it is important to consider a
range of sanitation products in sanitation
planning
● Learn about the range of products that are
necessary to consider in sanitation planning
● Be able to describe the properties and
characteristics of the products

Types of Products

Definition
● Sanitation Products take a variety of

forms:
● Human wastes (e.g. urine, faeces)
● Materials necessary for the functioning of a
technology (e.g. water for a flush toilet)
● Products that are generated as a result of the
treatment processes (e.g. sludge)

Product list

Faeces Stored Urine
Flushwater Sludge
Blackwater Effluent
Brownwater Biogas
Greywater Biomass
Organics Stormwater

Urine

Urine Faeces

Urine Faeces
Excreta

Urine Faeces Flush-water
Excreta

Urine Faeces Flush-water
Excreta Brownwater

Anal
Water
Excreta Brownwater

Anal
Dry Cleansing
Material
Water
Excreta Brownwater

Anal
Dry Cleansing
Material
Water
Excreta Brownwater
Blackwater

Anal
Dry Cleansing
Material
Water
Excreta Brownwater
Blackwater
Greywater

Maputo, Mozambique
Linda Strande

Volume [l/cap·yr] 25,000-100,000 25,000-100,000 500 50
COD 30kg/cap·yr 41% 12% 47%


Volume [l/cap·yr] 25,000-100,000 25,000-100,000 500 50
COD 30kg/cap·yr 41% 12% 47%


Volume [l/cap·yr] 25,000-100,000 25,000-100,000 500 50
COD 30kg/cap·yr 41% 12% 47%


Volume [l/cap·yr] 25,000-100,000 25,000-100,000 500 50
COD 30kg/cap·yr 41% 12% 47%


Products Products
Urine Time


Products Products


Products Products
Faeces Time, heat


Products Products


Products Products
Exreta Time, digestion


Products Products


Products Products
Physical separation
Blackwater
+/- digestion


Products Products

Sludge
Physical separation
Blackwater
+/- digestion
Effluent

Duombasie , Ghana
Linda Strande
Dakar, Senegal
Linda Strande
Laos
Antoine Morel
Yaoundé, Cameroun
Linda Strande
● Compost, Humus
material

● Compost, Humus
material
● Biogas
● Anaerobic degradation of blackwater/sludge
that results in combustible methane

Hanoï, Vietnam Pune, India
SuSanA Secretariat SuSanA Secretariat
Summary
● A large number of primary and

secondary products must be
considered
● Product characteristics must be
considered in terms of additional
treatment required or beneficial use:
● Nutrients
● Pathogen content
● Volume
● Products will influence the number and
type of technologies that can be used

Next: Functional Groups

Functional Groups
Elizabeth Tilley
Learning Goals
● Goal of this module

● Know what the five functional groups are
● Understand why we use functional groups for
sanitation system planning
● Be able to identify what functional group
different technologies belong to

Definition
● What is a system?
● “a system is a set of things working together as
parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting
network; a complex whole”

Definition
● User Interface ● Power
● Screen ● Storage

Five functional groups
(Semi-)
Collection Reuse and
User Interface Conveyance Centralised
and Storage Disposal
Treatment
• Dry toilet • Urine Storage Tank/Container • Jerry can / tank • Anaerobic Baffled Reactor • Fill and Cover / Arboloo
• Urine Diverting Dry Toilet • Single Pit • Human-Powered Emptying (ABR) • Application of Urine
(UDDT) • Single Ventilated Improved and Transport • Anaerobic Filter • Application of Dehydrated
• Urinal Pit (VIP) • Motorized Emptying • Waste Stabilization Pond Faces Compost
• Pour Flush Toilet • Double Ventilated Improved and Transport • Aerated Pond • Irrigation
• Cistern Flush Toilet Pit (VIP) • Simplified Sewer • Constructed Wetland • Soak pit
• Etc. • Etc. • Etc. • Etc. • Etc.

Nala, Nepal
Christoph Lüthi
European
(Semi-)
User Interface Convenance Centralised
Treatment
Flush Toilet Sewer WWTP

Viru Keskus, Tallinn
Wikicommons: Dmitry G
Petueltunnel, Munich
Wikicommons: Leonidas_from_XIV
Czech Republic
Wikicommons: Karelj
Kibera, Kenya
Wikicommons: Kreuzschnabel
Use/Disposal
(Semi-) Centralised Treatment Conveyance
Collection/Storage
User Interface
Summary
● There are five functional groups that

we use to categorize the sanitation
technologies that are used to build a
system
● Not every system requires a
technology from each functional
group
● The dense urban areas in low-
income countries present special
challenges and do not follow a
formula for functional groups
User Interface Technologies
Lukas Ulrich
Five Functional Groups
(Semi-)
Treatment

Recommended Reading
● Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies

Five Functional Groups
(Semi-)
Treatment

Learning Goals
● Get to know different User Interface

technologies
● Learn about possible input and
output products of different
technologies
● Understand why a careful choice
and design of the User Interface is
important

Dry Toilet

Input Products User Interface Output Products
Faeces
Excreta
Urine
Anal Cleansing
+ Water
Anal Cleansing
Water
Dry Cleansing
+
Materials
Dry Cleansing
Materials
Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)

Faeces Faeces
Dry Cleansing
Urine +
Materials
Anal Cleansing
Urine
Water
Dry Cleansing Anal Cleansing

Materials Water
© Stefan Deegener
© Stefan Deegener
Urinal

Urine
Urine
+ Flushwater
Flushwater
© Peter Dahm
© Stefan Deegener
© SuSanA Secretariat
© Elisabeth von Münch
© Stefan Deegener
© Katharina Löw
Pour Flush Toilet

Faeces
Urine
Flushwater Blackwater
Anal Cleansing
Water
Dry Cleansing
Materials
© Marc Wauthelet
Cistern Flush Toilet

Faeces
Urine
Flushwater Blackwater
Anal Cleansing
Water
© Wikimedia Commons: Rama

Dry Cleansing
Materials
'Optimus' patent water closet,
designed by Stevens Hellyer, 1870
© Scott Perry © Wikimedia Commons: Rama © Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest

Urine-Diverting Flush Toilet

Faeces
Urine Brownwater
Flushwater
Anal Cleansing
Urine
Water
Dry Cleansing
Materials © Roediger
© Roediger
© SuSanA Secretariat
How to choose the right User Interface?
● Availability of water for flushing

● Habits and preferences of the
users
● Local availability of materials
● Compatibility with the subsequent
Collection and Storage/Treatment
or Conveyance technology
● Special needs of user groups

Inclusive Design of Toilets
● People’s needs change during their

lives
● Inclusive design removes barriers
● Inclusive design ensures equitable
access for all, including
marginalized groups
● Particularly important for public
toilets, schools, health centers, etc.
© WEDC

Summary
● Different designs for squatters,

sitters, washers, wipers
● Water-based and waterless models
● The choice influences the
subsequent technology
● An inclusive design of the User
Interface allows barrier-free access
for all users

Summary
Next: Collection and Storage/Treatment
© WSP Cartoon Calendar 2010

Collection and Storage/Treatment –
Single Pit Technologies
Lukas Ulrich
(Semi-)
Treatment

Introduction
● Single Pit Technologies

(Module 2.5)
● Double Pit Technologies
(Module 2.6)
● Anaerobic Technologies
(Module 2.7)

Learning Goals
● Get to know the difference between

a Single Pit and a Single Ventilated
Improved Pit
● Understand the advantages of pit
ventilation and the mechanisms
behind it
● Learn about the most important pit
design considerations

Single Pit

Single Pit
Pros & Cons
+ Simple technology
+ Low (but variable) capital costs
- Flies and odours are normally noticeable

- Low reduction in pathogens with possible
contamination of groundwater
- Costs to empty may be significant compared
to capital costs
- Sludge requires secondary treatment and/or
appropriate discharge
Input Products Collection and Storage Output Products
Excreta
Blackwater
Faeces Sludge
Anal Cleansing
+
Water
Dry Cleansing
+ Materials
Single Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)

Single Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)
Pros & Cons
+ Flies and odours significantly reduced

(compared to non-ventilated pits)
+ Low (but variable) capital costs
- Low reduction in pathogens with possible

contamination of groundwater
- Costs to empty may be significant compared
to capital costs
- Sludge requires secondary treatment and/or
appropriate discharge © David Ulrich

Pit Design Considerations
● Circular shape
© WHO
● Lining with bricks, rot-resistant timber etc.

● >2 m above groundwater
● >30 m horizontal distance from water
source
© WHO
© WEDC
Summary
● Single Pits and VIPs are a simple

and low-cost solution, especially for
rural areas where risk of
groundwater contamination is low
● A well-designed ventilation reduces
flies and odours
● Emptying can be a challenge
Next: Double Pit Technologies

Double Pit Technologies
Lukas Ulrich
Learning Goals
● Get to know the technologies which

have two pits or vaults
● Understand how alternating pit
technologies function and where
they are applicable
● Learn about the advantages and
disadvantages of those technologies

Double Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)

Double Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)
Pros & Cons
+ Longer life than Single VIP

+ Easier emptying
+ Significant reduction in pathogens
+ Product can be used as soil conditioner
+ Flies and odours significantly reduced
- Manual removal of humus is required

- Possible contamination of groundwater
- Higher capital costs than Single VIP; but
reduced operating costs if self-emptied
Fossa Alterna

Fossa Alterna
Pros & Cons
+ Pit life is virtually unlimited

+ Easier emptying
+ Humus is nutrient-rich soil conditioner
+ Flies and odours are significantly reduced
+ Low (but variable) capital costs; no or low
operating costs if self-emptied
© Wudneh Ayele Shewa
- Requires constant source of cover material
- Garbage may ruin end-use opportunities
Twin Pits for Pour Flush

Twin Pits for Pour Flush
Pros & Cons
+ Pit life is virtually unlimited

+ Easier emptying
+ Product can be used as soil conditioner
+ Flies and odours are significantly reduced
- Higher risk of groundwater contamination

due to more leachate than with waterless
systems
Dehydration Vaults

Dehydration Vaults
Pros & Cons
+ Life is virtually unlimited

© Stefan Deegener
+ Use of dried faeces as soil conditioner
+ No real problems with flies or odours
+ Suitable for rocky and/or flood prone areas
or where the groundwater table is high
© Wisdom, Moldova
- Requires training and acceptance
© S. Tapsoba
- Requires constant source of cover material
Summary
● Alternating pits or vaults can be

used to generate a dry, safe product
rather than faecal sludge
● The product cannot be pumped, it is
manually emptied
● Good option for urban or peri-urban
areas because pits are permanent
Next: Anaerobic Technologies

Anaerobic Technologies
Lukas Ulrich
Learning Goals
● Get to know what a Septic Tank is

and how it can be improved
● Learn how a Biogas Reactor
functions
● Understand what anaerobic
digestion means

Anaerobic Digestion
© Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest (all photos)

Anaerobic Digestion
«Degradation and stabilization of

organic compounds by
microorganisms in the absence of
oxygen, leading to production of
biogas»

Septic Tank

Septic Tank
Pros & Cons
+ Simple and robust

+ Long service life
+ Low operating costs
+ Small land area required
- Low reduction in pathogens, solids and

organics
- Effluent and sludge require further
treatment and/or appropriate discharge © Linda Strande
- Regular desludging must be ensured

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)

Anaerobic Filter

Biogas Reactor

Biogas Reactor
Pros & Cons
+ Generation of renewable energy

+ High reduction of organics and solids
+ Almost odourless soil amendment
+ Small land area required © Nadira Khawaja
- Incomplete pathogen removal

- Requires expert design and skilled
construction
- Correct O&M is critical
© Steffen Blume

Summary
● Septic tanks are very widespread

but correct management of effluent
and sludge is crucial
● Biogas reactors have the economic
benefit from energy and fertilizer
generation, but can it offset
investment cost?

Summary
Next: Conveyance Technologies
© Linda Strande
© Mingma Sherpa
Conveyance - Container-based Technologies
Philippe Reymond
Introduction
Two categories of conveyance/

transport systems:
● Sewered (i.e. pipes)
● Non-sewered (i.e. containers)

Learning Goals
● Get to know the different ways to

transport sanitation products
● Get an integrated view of manual

and motorized emptying
● Understand the pros and cons of the

different technologies

Conveyance Technologies
(Semi-)
Treatment

Products to be conveyed
● Blackwater
● Greywater
● Sludge
● Urine
● Dried faeces
● Pit humus
● Etc.
What happens when the pit is full ?
● Overflowing
● Manual emptying
● Motorized emptying

Manual latrine emptying
Occurs where:
● Trucks cannot access
● Trucks cannot pump
● Households cannot afford the

service

Dakar, Senegal
Manual latrine emptying

Burkina Faso Dakar, Senegal
Human-Powered Emptying and Transport

A Gulper
Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya
Motorized Emptying

motorized Emptying
Kampala, Uganda
Nile Delta, Egypt
Duombasie, Kumasi, Ghana

Motorized Emptying
+ Fast and efficient
+ Minimizes health risks
- High O&M and capital cost (passed to customer)
- Cannot pump thick dried sludge (manual removal)
- Garbage in pits may block the hose
- Pumps usually only suck to a depth of 2-3 m
- May have difficulties with access
- Spare parts often lacking

… versus Manual Pit Emptying
+ Low-cost operation and maintenance
+ Accessibility
+ Maintenance skills and spare parts available
- Limited efficiency
- Time consuming
- Health hazard for workers
- Spillage and bad odours
- Difficult and unpleasant work
- Requires a disposal point nearby (<0.5 km)

Further challenges
● Distance from dumping
● Traffic congestion
● State of the road
● Police check points

Transfer Station
There are two types of transfer

stations:
● Underground holding tanks
● Sewer discharge stations

Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)

FSM Book
www.sandec.ch/fsm_book
Conveyance - Sewer-based Technologies
Philippe Reymond
Introduction
Three categories of sewer systems:
● Simplified / shallow / condominial

sewer
● Solids-free / settled / small-bore

sewer
● Conventional gravity sewer

Conventional Gravity Sewer

Construction of a conventional sewer
Nile Delta, Egypt

Simplified Sewer
● Cheaper than conventional sewers
● Shallower
● Flatter gradients
● Smaller pipe diameters
● Inspection chambers instead of
manholes

Construction of a simplified sewer
Nala, Nepal

Solids-Free Sewer
● Relies on good solid removal in septic or
interceptor tanks
● Especially adequate where septic tanks
already exist
● No minimum slope; negative gradients
possible

Summary of Week 2
Dr. Christoph Lüthi
Summary of Week 2
● Summary of:
● Sanitation products in sanitation planning
● Functional groups
● Sanitation technologies – Part 1

Product list

Faeces Stored Urine
Flushwater Sludge
Blackwater Effluent
Brownwater Biogas
Greywater Biomass
Organics Stormwater

Anal Dry
Flush-
Urine Faeces Cleansing Cleansing
water
Water Material
Excreta Brownwater
Blackwater
Greywater

● 5 functional
Use/Disposal
groups used to
categorize
sanitation
(Semi-) Centralised Treatment Conveyance technologies
Collection/Storage
User Interface Planning & Design for Sanitation

Overview technologies (i)
User Interface
• Dry toilet
• Urine Diverting Dry Toilet
(UDDT)
• Urinal
• Pour Flush Toilet
• Cistern Flush Toilet
• Etc.

Overview technologies (ii)
Collection
and Storage
• Urine Storage Tank/Container

• Single Pit
• Single Ventilated Improved
Pit (VIP)
• Double Ventilated Improved
Pit (VIP)
• Etc.

Overview technologies (iii)
● Anaerobic treatment technologies

Overview technologies (iv)
Conveyance
• Jerry can / tank

• Human-Powered Emptying
and Transport
• Motorized Emptying
and Transport
• Simplified Sewer
• Etc.
Non-sewered
Sewered

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Introduction to the Compendium

Planning and Design of Sanitation Systems and Technology, Module 2.1

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Nepalese French Vietnamese Spanish

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Sanitation Systems Sanitation Technologies

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● Goals of this module:

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● Sanitation Products take a variety of

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● Primary (Input) Products ● Secondary (output) Products

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Total Greywater*** Urine Faeces

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Primary (Input) Process Secondary (output)

Urine Time Stored Urine

Faeces Time, heat Dried Faeces

Exreta Time, digestion Pit Humus

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● A large number of primary and

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● Goals of this module:

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● Sanitation Products take a variety of

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● Primary (Input) Products ● Secondary (output) Products

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Urine Faeces Flush-water

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Urine Faeces Flush-water

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Total Greywater*** Urine Faeces

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Total Greywater*** Urine Faeces

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Total Greywater*** Urine Faeces

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Total Greywater*** Urine Faeces

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Primary (Input) Process Secondary (output)

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Primary (Input) Process Secondary (output)

Urine Time Stored Urine

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Primary (Input) Process Secondary (output)

Urine Time Stored Urine

Faeces Time, heat

Planning & Design for Sanitation