} ea)Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design with Theory of Structures DIEGO INOCENCIO T. GILLESANIA Civil Engineer BSCE, LIT (EVSU) — Magna Cum Laude " 5th Place, PICE National Students? Quiz, 1989 Awardee, Most Outstanding Snudent, 1989 3rd Place, CE Board November 1989 Review Director & Reviewer in all Subjects Gillesania Engineering Review Center Author of Various Engineering Booksfamentals of Fectural Stee! Design Table Of Contents 1 Table of Contents ‘tion and ‘hapter 01 - Introduct: ’ . Properiles of Sections (1 - 46) inition of terms..... pe of Structural Steel . ASTM Desig: Properties of Steel Structural Shapes ‘Types of Construction... Lots and Stresses, Properties of Areas’. “entroid of an Area... Radius of Gyration 5 Mohr’s Circ of Inert Propert Common Geometric Shapes ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riv and Tension Memb Types of Bolted & Ri Minimum Spacin, imu Edge Distance Allowable Be. Combined Shear and Tension Allowable Tens; ‘Stress on Plat Genderness Ratio... Plates Gross and Net Area Load Transfer at Ax; Effective Net Area lowable Shear Stress nalysis of A : - i STRATIVE Pegs Bolted os Nved Connection eted Connections - 124) 8 Stress on Plates at Bolt Holes, lates .iy Table of Contents. . Struct omental of al Stee! De, . Chapter 03 - Welded Connections (125 - 156) = Definition: ie ‘ypes of Welding Shielded Metal Arc BRSSSRRSRRR RR Flux Cored Arc Wel Advantages of Welding .. Forms of Welded Joints Types of Welds. Fillet Welds. Effective Area of Limitations of Fillet We Capacity of Equal-Leg Groove Welds.. Effective Ari Groove Welds. Limitations of Groove Weld....... Plug and Slot Welds... Effective Area ee Limitations of Plug and Siot Welds Combination of Welds a Mixed Weld Metal Welding Symbols. Balanced Weld Gi Eccentrically Loaded Welded Connection... Connections with Shear and Bending Stresses ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS ....nunsennnsvnn Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Compression Members (157 - 190) Introduction... Euler's Colunin Buckling Theory . Effective Length Slenderness Ratio... Limiting Slenderness R NSCP Allowable Com; al Buckling... Srstiffencd ‘Compression Elements Stiffened Compression Elements Allowable Str Fundamentals oF Seructural Stee! Design Table of Contents Chapter 05 - Beams and Other Flexural Members (191 - 256) IntrodUctiOn ror. Beam Bending Planes Classification of Steel Sections Bent about Major Members with Compact Section .. Members with Non-Compact Secti Members with Non-Compact Section Non-Compact Section with Lp > [eum Web Crippling 2 eciderway Web Bucking. under Unsymmetrical Buckliny Beam Bearing Plates nn Spacing of Rivets /Bolts in Built Up Beams. ‘omposite Beam. : Zotally Encased Steel Bear Nor-Encased Steel Beam, Section Properties of Composite Beams Full Composite Action Partial Composite ActionVv Table of Contents ‘ural Stee! Design Fane Desh Table of Contents Chapter 06 - Combined Axial and las: Te and Cantilever Beam Formu! Bending Stresses (257 - 270) Peet ped Beam Formulas... Introduction... Full Axial Compression and “ix ‘Small Axial Compressi i Large Axial Compressi Axial Tension and Bending ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM Porta Dynami Trusses, ‘Types of Roof Trusses. Drinacy of Trusses. Deflection of Trusses. Indeterminate Trusses .» ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS. Chapter 07 - Theory of Structu: HON OF BEAMS won sense Methods of Determining Beam Dei Double Integration Method Area-Moment Method... ‘Theorems on Area-M Area and Centroids of Mo: Strain Energy Methous..... Castighano’s Theorem Three-Moment Equation Conjugate Beam Method... ment gegeeuee seeebeeassssese] © Virtual Work Equation for Beat Frames Virtual Work Equation Due to Temperature Chi ‘Virtual Work for Trusse: Properties of Steel Sectit Wide-Flang= Sections (W-Shay Beam Sections (Shape és s jual Angle Sections Indgermint Bears bo Unequal Angle Sections a Stability of Structures annette) : Determinacy of Structur Types of indeterminate Bea Superposition Method. Three Moment Equation Index .... Moment Distribution Me!ene ras ot structural Stee Design f Contents vi Table o! Chapter 01 - introduction and Properties of Section 1 Chapter 01 Introduction 1.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS ‘Amplification factor - A multiplier of the value of moment or deflection in the lunbraced length of an axially loaded member to reflect the secondary values generated by the eccentricity of the applied axial load within the member. Beam - A structural member whose primary function is to carry loads transverse to its longitudinal exis. Beam-column - A structural member ‘whose primary function is to carry loads both transverse and parallel to its longitudinal axis. ent- A plana framework of beara of ruse sambers which support less and the columns which support these mem‘ers, Biaxial bending - s axes. tancous bending of a member about two perpendicular ince to lateral load or K-brace or other au Braced frame - A frame in which the is primarily provided by a diagonsi bracing, Brittle fracture - Abrupt cleavage with little or no prior ductile deformation. Buckling load load at which a perfectly straight member under es a deflected position. A member made of structural metal elements that are welded, ted together. Chevron Bracing - A form of bracing where a pair of braces located either above or below a beam terminates at a single point within the clear beam span. Gladding - The exterior co ering ofthe structural components of a building, Coldormed members - Structural members foriaed from steel without th: application of heat, Column A structural smber whos: its longitudinal « primary function is to carry loads paralie! (o01 - Introduction Fundamentas of 2 SiaPropertes of Section Structural Steel Design Tne expressing the relationship between axial cohumm cone Coegth and slendernes ato mechanism -A mechanism determined by plastic analysis procedure ‘hes elementary beam, panel and joint mechanisms. ‘ompact sections are capable of developing a fully plastic stress ‘possess rotation capacity of approximately 3 before the onset Combined which com Compact section - Ci distribution and cof focal buckling ic beam - A steel beam structurally connected to a concrete slab so that Comjeam and slab respond to loads as a unit. See also Concrete-encased beam “omposite column - A steel column fabricated from rolled or built-up steel shapes Compey encase in structural concrete or fabricated from steel pipe or tubing and filled with structural concrete, Concrete-encased beam - A beam totally encased in concrete cast integrally with thes Connection - Combination of joints used to transmit forces between two or more ‘members. A group of elements that cohmect the members“to the joint. Categorized by the type and amount of force transferred (moment, shear, end reaction). Critical load - The load at which bifurcation occurs as determined by'a theoretical stability analysis Curvature -The rotation per unit length due to bending. Design strength - Resistance (force, moment, stress, as appropriate) provided by element or connection; the product of the hominal strength and the resistance factor. Diagonal bracing - Inclined ‘structural members carrying primarily «xial load ‘employed to enable a structural frame to act as a truss to resist horizontal loads form of bracing that diagonally connects joints at different levels. Diaphragm - Floor slab, metal wall or roof panel possessing a large in-plane shear stifiness and strength adequate to transmit horizontal forces to resisting systems Diaphragm action - The in-plane action of a floor system (also roofs and walls) sch that all columns framing into the floor from above and below are ‘aintained in their same position relative to each other. Double curvature - A bending condition in which end moments on a member euse the member to assume an S-shape. Drift - Lateral deflection of a building. 1 Drift index - The ratio of lateral deflection to the height of the building. Chapter 01 ~ in tamentals of Introduction Pate ‘steel Design and Properties of Section 3 Tactor ~ The ratio of the total deformation at maximum load WOT iit deformation. se Braced Frame (EBF),- A diagonal braced frame in which atleast one end Bcceraach bracing member connects to a beam a short distance itoma boomers column connection or from another beam-to-brace connection. Effective length - The equivalent length KL used in compression formulas and determined by a bifurcatio length factor K- The ratio between the effective lerigth and the unbraced ‘of the member measured between the centers of gravity of the bracing members. Effective moment of inertia - The moment of inertia of the cross secfion of @ ‘member that remains elastic when partial plastification of the cross section takes place, usually under (he combination of residual stress and applied stress. Also, the moment of inertia based on effective widths of elements that buckles locally. Also, the moment of inertia used in the design of partially composite members. Effective stiffness - The stiffness of a member computed using the effective moment of inertia of its cross section. Effective width - The reduced width of a plate or slab which, with an assumed uniform stress distribution, produces the same effect on the behavior of a member as the actual plate width with its non-uniform, stress tion. Elastic analysis - Determination of load effects (force, moment, stress’ as appropriate) on members and connections based on the assumption that ‘material deformation disappears on removal of the force that produced it. Elastic-p material which has an idealized stress-strain curve that the point of zero strain and zero stress up to the yield l, and then increases in strain at the value of the yield ther increases in stress. Embedment ~ A steel component cast in a concrete structure which is used to ansmit externally applied loads to me concrete structure by means of bearing, shear, bond, friction or any combination thereof, The embedment =y be fabricated of structural-steel plates, shapes, bars, bolts, pipe, studs, ‘rete reinforcing bars, shear connectors or any combination thereof. Paced Steel structure - A steel-framed structure in which all of the individual ‘me members are completely encased in cast i Point of the m: stress without any . Buler formula - The mathematical relationship expressing the value of the Euler load in terms of the modulus of it elas moment of ii cross: Peetion an! the length of column,” Se Moment of inertia oftheFundamentals of } = Introduction chaptet 0 suc Seat 4 and Properties of Section Fae Toad Te eal loud of a perfectly straight, centrally loaded, pin-endeg column. A panticalar type of pin-connected tension member of uniform thicknes Byebar A Pon ve ct ead of greater width than the body proportioned tg ove approximately equal strength n the head and body. Factoted load ~The product of the nominal load and a oad factor. Fastener -Generic term for welds, bolts rivets or other connecting device, Fatigue -A fracture phenorsenon resulting from a fluctuating stress cycle Fint-order analysis - Analysis based on first-order deformations in which ‘equilbrium conditions are formulated on the undeformed structure. Flame-cut plate - A plate in which the longitudinal edges have been prepared by ‘oxygen cutting from a large plate, Flat width - For a rectangular tube, the nominal width minus twice the outside ‘comer radius. In absence of knowledge of the corner radius, the flat width aay be taken as the total section width minus three times the thickness. Flexible connection - A connectidh permitting a portion, but not all, of the simple ‘beam rotation of a member end. Floor system - The, system of structural components separating the stories of a building. Force - Resultant of distribution of stress over a prescribed area. A reaction that develops in a member as a result of load (formerly called total stress or stress). y ‘Generic term signifying axial loads, bending moment, torques and shears. Fracture toughness - Measurement of the ability to absorb energy without fracture. Generally determined by impact loading of specimens containing a notch having a prescribed geometry. Frame buckling - A condition under which bifurcation may occur in a frame. Frame instability - A condition under which a frame deforms with increasing lateral deflection under a system of increasing applied monotonic loads until a ‘maximum value of the load called the stability Limit is reached, after which the frame will continue to defiect without further increase in load. Fully composite beam - A composite beam with sufficient shear connectors to develop the full flexural strength of the composite section. Girder - A horizontal member in a seismic frame. The words beam and girder may be used interchangeably. ‘Hybrid beam - A fabricated steel beam composed of flanges with a greater yield strength that that of the web. Whenever thé maximum flange stréss is 1e5° ‘han or equal to the web yield stress the girder is considered homogeneous Chapter 01 — sncorertls of P Introduction structural shee Design and Properties of Section 5 Gon Material deformation that does not cisappesr on removal of he produced ait _ a condition reached in the loading of an element or structure in wh cl deformation results in @ decreese of load-resistng capacity meh safe attached. The entire Categorized by type of vArea where two or more ends, surface: "Jeemblage at the sntersections of the mé Fatener or weld used and method of force Joint tracing - A syste o! Keefruts resemles the here a pair of braces lo point within the clear column height, Lateral Bracing member - A member utilized individually or as @ component of ¢ racing system to prevent buckling of members or elements and/or to part of a beam in an eccentrically braced frame which is designed and/or bending so that buckling of the bracing-merabers is ral systems from the weight of i. ir possessions, environmental : fies, differentia] settlement and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent 's are those loads in which variations in time ate tare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads, aap ean and Resistance Factor Design) - A method of proportioning cal omponents (members, connectors, connecting elements and 3) such thé applicable limit state is exceeded when the ‘propriate load combinations. Local buck ing - The buckli ‘ahre of fe wh Rie of 8 compression element which may precipitate theer Ol Introduction 6 Sa ropertes of Section Samar The agnitades of he loads specied bythe appeal = cern strength The capacity ofa structure or component to res i Nomads as determined by computations Using specified material Strength dimensions and las derived from accepted Principles of ‘st and chao field tests or laboratory tests of scaled medals atta tmdeing tt ad difernces between laboratory and fed conse 8 compact section ~ Nonecompact sections can develop Nesscwe sion elamenis before local buckling occurs, but will ng ical buchling at strain levels required for a fully plastic stress ta ne effec- Secondary fect of column axa ous and lateral deflection ny ‘moments in members. the ist the etects a titles ‘tribution, Panel zone - The zone in a beam-to-column connection that fransmits moments by « shear panel Partially composite beam - A composite beam for whick shear connectors governs the flexural strength, Plane frame - A structural system assumed for the th the shear strength of purpose of analysis and design tobe two-dimensional. Plate girdee- A built-up structural beam Post-buckling strength - The load that can be carried by an element, member or frame after buckling, Redistribution of mome increased moments Required strength - Load effect (force, moment, stress, as appropriate) acting on arclement or connection determined by structural analysis from the factored tons (using mest appropriate critical load combinetions). Residual stress - The stress that remains in an unloaded member after it has beeo formed into a finished product. (Examples of such stresses include, but are "2 limited to, those induced by cold bending, cooling after rolling, or welding.) Nevitane factor - A factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the acta Strength from the nominal value and the manner and consequences of fall ‘Rugid frame - 4, structure in which connections maintain the angular relationship between beam and column members under le: 1 Root ofthe flange - Loc gn the web ofthe corner radius termination poi for of the fange-to-web weld, Measured as the kedistance from the f othe flange. i h Sctond order analysis - Analysis based on second-order deformations in Wi" ‘qudibrium ‘conditions are formulated on the deformed structure. yr Chapter 01 — Introduction and Properties of Section 7 T oxpected fo be supported by the stuctoye under normal wage aon minal oad . i ition affecting the oa rim state ~ Lamiting ca dein acting th more io of the plastic moment ld moment, oF the rato of oh dala fo the section modulus fora cross-section as the Pl th th between the embedment and the concrete that transmits shear friction - Friction fative displacement in the plane of the shear loed shear loads ipo resisted by shear-frition anchors located perpendicular to considered £0 the plane of the shear load. . Plates, welded studs, bolts and other steel shapes that are embedded Shear le Petes ar locaed transverse to the cecton of th shea foc and Gar earact shear loads introduced into the concrete by local bearing at the shear lug-concrete interface. funda’ be ‘Service 10% of a structure te comfort of its Shear wall - A wall mat in its own plane resists shear forces resulting from applied ‘wind, earthquake or other transverse loads or provides frame stability Also called a structural wall Sidesway - The lateral movement of a structure under the action of lateral loads nsymmetrical vertical loads or unsymmetrical properties of me structure - The bucklinig mode of a multistory frame precipitated by the displacements of joints, leading to failure by sidesway of the Single curvature - A deformed shape of a member having one smooth continuous ‘arc as opposed to double curvature which contains a reversal." Slender section - The cross section of a member which buckling in the elastic range. experience focal Slendemess ratio - The ratio of the effective length of a column to the radius ot SyFation of the column, both with respect to the same axis of bending, SHprzitical joint - A bolt joint in which the slip resistance of the connection Tequited Srce sine ~ A three-dimensional structural framework (as contrasted to a plane frame Spl - The connection between rm a single, longer element. Stability-tiit toad ~ Maximum (theoretical) load a structure can support when Sword-order instability effects are included, two structural elements joined at their ends toChapter 01 = Introduction res cb 8 anaProperties of Section Structural Stee pat Stepped column ~ A column with changes (vom one cross section Te-opemee ‘occurring at abrupt points within the length of the column nober Stiffener - A member, usually an angle or plate, attached to a plate o beam or girder to distribute load, to transfer shear of to prevent busty 8 the member to which it is attached. "8 of Stiftness - The resistance to deformation of a member or structure measy of the applied force to the corresponding displacement, "ted by Story drift - The difference in horizontal deflection at the top and bottom of Strain hardening - Phenomenon wherein ductile steel ater undergiy considerable deformation at or just above yield point, exhibits the capers resist substantially higher loading than that which caused initial yield. Strain-hardening strain - For structural steels that have a flat (plastic) region in he stress-strain relationship, the value of the strain at the onset of aun hardening. Strength design - A method of proportioning structural members using load factors and resistance factors such mat no applicable Limit state is exceeded (also called load and resistance factor design). ‘Stress - Force per unit area Stress concentration - Localized stress considerably hig! uniformly loaded cross sections of uniform thickness in geometry or localized loading, Strong axis - The major principal axis of a cross-section Structural system - An assemblage of load-carrying components which are joined together to provide regular interaction or interdependence. Stub column - A short compression-test specimen, long enough for. ws ff measuring the stress-strain relationship for me complete cross-section, short enough to avoid buckling as a column in the elastic and plastic ranges- 1 braced or unbraced Supported - A frame which depends upon adjacent cet em 8 tra rote eee meee is frequently provided by the floor or roof system through diap! cor by horizontal cross bracing in the roof). ceed ‘Tangent modulus - At any given stress level, the slope of the en pe ‘2 material in the inelastic range as determined by the co small specimen under controlled conditions. an at 0 “ ‘empors ~ A general term for anything OS oe : Te en coanaien Joads) that will eventually be remo Chapter 01 - introducti entals of ton fare estan NG Properties ofSection pletion of constuction and does not become part of We permanent ater Jervctural system » ‘The maximum tensile stress that a material i capable of ‘Tensile strength ~ Sustaining esl id action - The behavior of a plate gitder panel under shear force in Tension fie sonal teaile stresses develop in the web: and compressive forces bei ‘ransverse stiffeners in a manner analogous toa Prat test develop in the a ‘Toe of the fillet - Termination point of fillet weld or of rolled section fillet, oe 0 Torque-teasion produce spec hip - Term applied to the wrench torque required to ‘tension in high-strength bolts. =-Procedure whereby the specified pretension in high: controlled by rotation of the wrench a predetermined amount been tightened to a snag fit. Unbraced frame - A frame in which the resistance to lateral load is provided by the bending resistance of frame members and their connections, Unbraced length - The distance between braced points of a member, measured between the centers of gravity of the bracing members. 7m the melting and removal of base metal at the Undercut - A notch resulting edge of a weld Upper bound load - A load computed on the basis of an assumed mechanism which will always be at best equal to or greater than the true ultimate load, \-bracing - That form of chevron bracing that intersects a beam from above and inverted v. 6 i that form of chevron bracing that intersects a beam from Vert vical racing system - A system of shear walls, braced frames ot both, Harsganding throughout one or more floors of a building arping torsion - i Fesistanca guy Jat portion of the total resistance to torsion that s provided by w to warping of the cross section, ak axis -The minor prin \cipal axis of a cross-section. Weathering steel formal enveonmnere high-strength, low-alloy steel which can be used in Paint covering. This sty maT) and outdoor exposures without protective i _ Fespect t0 time. levelops tight adherent rust at a decreasing rate eb buck Web ae buckling of a web plate 'E - The local faiture i co local fait SNe oad orencyr® OF & WED plate in the immediate vicinity of a OOChapter 01 ~ Introduction Fundam, 10 anc Properties of Section Structural Seagate Working load Als ald service on, tactile sumed 6 be * the structure bracing - That form of bracing where a pair of diagonal braces cross neg, length of the bracing members. mig, Yield moment - Ina member subjected to bending, the moment at which an fiber first attains the yield stress. : Pe Yield plateau - The portion of the stress-strain curve for uniaxial tension compression in which the stress remains essentially constant during «o" of substantially increased strain. Peri Yield point - The frst stress in a material at which an increase in strain oy tathout an increase in stress the yield point less than the maximum atta stress. Yield strength - The stress at which'a material exhibits a specified lity deviation trom the proportionality of stress to strain, Deviation expressed terms of strain. Yield stress - Yield point, yield strength or vel as defined, ‘Yield-stress level - The average stress during yielding in the plastic range, te stress determined in a tension test when the strain reaches 0.005 mm’ per rm 1.2 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL The term structural steel refers to a number of steels that, because of their economy and desirable mechanical properties, are suitable for load-carrying members in to use an ASTM structures. The customary way to specify a structural steel (Amenian Society for testing and Materials) designation. Fer ferrous metals, te designation has the prefix letter “A” followed by two of three numerical digi (eg, ASTM A36, ASTM A514). There are three groups of hot-rolled structural. steels for use in buildings: 1. Carbon steels use carbon as the chief strengthening element with minimax yield stresses ranging from 220 MPa to 290 MPa. An increase in carbon content raises the yield stress but reduces ductility, making welding ma difficult. 2 High-strength low-alloy steels (HSLA) have yield stresses from 480 MPa to MPa. In addition to carbon and manganese, these steels contain one or mort alloying elements such as columbium, vanadium, chromium, silicon, OPP? and nickel e 3. Quenced and tempered alloy stels have yield stresses of 480 MPa 10 690 ME These steels of higher strength are obtained by heat-treating low-alloy st; Chapter OF < Introduction 5 sin id cooling) and tempering ae of quenching (raph Tment consis NATIONS ; one of the following standard specifications is approved onfortin, jon 901.3.1-1 of NSCP: 1, ASTM A36 eck and Hot-dipped, Zinc-coated Welded and Seamless Stee! eS Ass, crade B schatangih Low-alloy Structural Steel, ASTM A242 hae Low-alloy Structural Manganese Variadium Steel, ASTM A441 ea eonal Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds cola and Shapes, ASTM A500 med Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing, ASTM Highyield Strongth, Quenched and Tempered Alloy-Stee! Plate, Suitable for Welding, ASTM 514 Structural Steel with 290 MPa Minimum Yield Point, ASTM A529 d, Structural Quality, ASTM A570 Steel, Sheet and Strip, Carbon, Hol Grade 275, 310 and 345 High-strength, Low-alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steels of Structural Guality, ASTM A572 High-strength Low-alloy Structural Steel With 345 MPa Minimum Yield Point, to 100 mm Thick, ASTM A588. Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-strength, Low-alloy, Hot-rolled and Cold-rolled, With Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance, ASTM A606 Hotformed Welded and Seamless High-strength Low-alloy Structural Tubing, ASTM Agis. = : ‘Structural Steel for Bridges, ASTM A709 Guenched and Tempered Low-alloy Structural Steel Plate with 483 MPa snimum Yield Strength to 100 mm thick. ASTM A852 * Certified mitt SEStINg laboratnet SPOTS oF certified reports of tests made by the fabricator or oratory accordance with AciaT ‘A or A568, as applicable and thePr chapter 01 ~ mnroducion 13 and Properties of Section Chapter 01 ~ Introduction “r 12 and Properties of Section Structural ome, _ ee cn gn governing specification must constitute sufficient evidence of conformigyee® eurerural tee pee ‘of the above ASTM standards. Additionally, the fabricator must Yi SCTURAL SHAPES affidavit stating structural steel furnished meets the requirement of wu’ a Ta st eritale of many shapes. The dimension and weight mast be specified. mre cruel stele Ae TS uniquely identity the shape, For example W 40» <3 Batted to the et nin overall depth of approximately 40 inches (1000 mm) that . reer (640 e/ Structural Shape Designation 1.3 PROPERTIES OF STEEL Table 1-2 - Yield stress, Fy, is that uni well-defined increase eam ie lange Tensile strength, Fu, is the largest unit stress that the material achieves in a ton ven sandard beam ne Bearing piles ~~~ test. Modulus of elasticity, E, is the slope of the initial straight-line portion of the s see calianeous (those that cannot be ste Nassified as W, Sor HP) strain diagram. I is usually taken as 200,000 MPa for design calculation for, structural steel. Ductility is the ability of the material to undergo large inelastic deformaticy, without fracture. Toughness is the ability of the material to absorb energy and is characterized by te area under a stress-strain curve. Weldability is the ability of steel to be welded without changing its basic mechanicd properties. Poisson's ratio is the ratio of the transverse strain t6 longitudinal strain. Poissons ratio is essentially the same for all structural steels and has a value of 0. inte elastic range ‘Shear modulus is the ratio of the shearing stress to shearing strain during the inti : | : L wrest elastic behavior. Typical Properties of A36 Steel Table 1-1- “Modulus of elasticity, E OB wuz tus tes Figure 1-1 - Structural Shapes14 Chapter 01 - introduction Fundamentals of and Properties of Section Struétural Steel Design TTT C Figure 1-2 - Combination Sections 1.5 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION There are three basic types of construction and associated design assumptions permitted, and each will govern in a specific manner the size of members and the «types and strength of their connections: Type 1, commonly designated as rigid-fr beam-column connections have unchanged the original angles between Type 2, commonly designated as simple framing (unrestr assumes that, insofar as gravity loading is concerned, girders are connected for shear only and are free to rotate under gravity load. Type 3, commonly designated as semi-rigid framing (partially restrained), assumes that the connections of beams and girders possess a dependable and known moment capacity intermediate in degree between the rigidity 0! Type 1 and the flexibility of Type 2. ne (continuous fra james that virtually 1.6 LOADS AND STRESSES igned jive i ding dead loads, .ctures are desis to resist many types of loads including i ook wind loads, and earthquake loads. The complete design must take Y reeset all effects of these loeds, including all applicable load combinations Fundamentals of, Structural Steel Design ines ms aa Pemanny se oeene The live load must be that stipulated 6, structures being designed or that dictated ya PBI cose nd % Conditions inane! Involved the wet of ech nda Wh the 1.6.2 IMPACT LOADS For structures carrying live loads which ft i ich induce impact, th be increased suficently bythe percentages previa Table nae eas inTable na mus I Table 1-3 impact Loading tat Cab-operated traveling, and their connections Pendant-operated Ritders anc their ¢ ‘crane support girders traveling cane Suppor onnections ae Light machinery, shaft or motor driven 1.6. 6.3 WIND AND seismic STRESSES Allowable When Produced by wind MeTeRSed 1/3 ubove the values etherwuse provided the detign dead sain Of Slbmic loading acting slone orn anaes ot 's is Not less than thar rena Provided the required section computed on ths 299) computed without are ed for the design dead and live aad and impact! STP not otberwise sony gy 22 ste55 increase, and further provided that sueses applied to design load in, ie atlated ‘on the basis of reduction factorsFundamentals ie Cel. eee structural Steel Design Fundamentals of and Properties structural Steel Design Chapter 9} 1.7 PROPERTIES OF AREAS 1.7.1 CENTROID OF AN AREA “The centri of an area is analogous to the center of The centroid is often described as the point at whic would balance. ravity of a homogenous body, ina thin homogenous plate The location of the centroid of an area bounded by the x- and y-axes and the function y = fla) can be found by integration using, the following equations: fi aA Eat Tarte rem fe i : x Figure 1-4~ Centroid of flat plate ATy® fos &q.12 eisting of sub plates having weights of m, wy, tmx ° fats Yat Wy yy + eth “The centroid of a complex area can be found by dividing the area into basic shapes (rectangles, triangles, circles, etc.) 5 cross-section measures the ability ofthe beam to 1a about the x= an ising the fo id y-axes and the function y= we frw fat? . Figure 1-3 - Centroid of Plane Area in fe aA eat ArXe= Sax® 1+ 0524 035+ ea AY a Bays ay tant ayn 4A = flx) dx = gly) dy oaChapter 01 - Introduction Fundamentals of 18 and Properties of Section Structural Steel Design 1.7.4 TRANSFER FORMULA FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA {PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM) IF the moment of inertia with respect to one axis ts known, the monient of i with respect to another axis parallel to the first, can be calculated from the ces theorem also known as transfer axis theorem Lely t Ade £a130 Figure 1-5 - Structural W-Shape consisting of rectangular areas Chapter 01 - introducti q ion undamen mel Design and Properties of Section 19 ser ‘The polar moment of inertia, J, measures the ability of the ares to rests torsion or twisting. - y 2 Ve fra- forvvra Ea.1t Perpendicular axis theorem: [mbt q112 1.7.6 RADIUS OF GYRATION The radius of gyration i ati area yt” 8 an imaginary distance from the centroidal axis ct which the ‘Sssumed to exist without affecting the moment of inertie{napter ur ~intreaucuon unaamentats oy 20 ana Properties of Section Structural Stee! Design 1.7.7 MOMENT OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO AN INCLINED AXIS In some cases, it is necessary to determine the moment of inertia with respect tg axes, which are inclined to the usual axes. The moment of inertia of such cases can be determined by the use of a and more conveniently by graphical solution using Mohr’s Circle especially if the principal moments of inertia ane known Figure 1-7 - Moment of inertia about an inclined axis 1.7.7.1 MOHR'S CIRCLE FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA The following procedures apply to moments of inertia using Mohr's circle 1 On a set of rectangular coordinate axes choose one axis on which to plot values of 1, and I, and the other on which to plot I, These axes area called principal axes. and (ly, -Iy) with 1, and iy along the ly, “bey) Join the points plotted with a straight line. This line is the diameter of the Mohy’s circle having its center on the principal axis 4 . The angle between any two radii on the Mohr's circle is double the actual angle between the usual axes. The rotational sense of this angle corresponds to the rotational sense of the actual angle between the axes Chapter 01 ~ introduction pundamentals of and Properties of Section 21 Euscural Steel Design Figure 1-8 - Mohr's Circle for Moment of Inertia The following relationships can be derived from the above procedures: Iyx + Tey cx athe oclug a * R= Iye-C Inax = C+ R Tnin = C-RChapter 01 - Introduction Fundam, 22 and Properties of Section Structuraj Steet get Table 1-4 - Properties of Common Geometric Shape: , YWrh/s Area= "bh a. bn ee Pe Area = Yn 1? 4r Area = n= Y% x D2 mayen I= Iy= Bt 2 xD gc = Ipy = 0.0557" AChapter 01 — amentals OF Introduction Design and Properti | Stee! structural eS OF Section 23 Area = ‘2 n 2 yee 4 L=ly= 2 8 Jp = 0.11-r424 Chapter 01 - Introduction Ful and Properties o' structural Sten Stig, f Section Afea = Yer? (20) = 70 4 5 e he F(0- Yasin 20) 4: y= 50+ sin29) Length of arc = r(28) = 20 x,= rsind Whi 8 en 0 = 90° (semicircle) x= 2t xChapter 01 ~ Introduction mentals of so eee and Properties of Section 25 —USTRATIVE PROBLEMS .1 (CE May 1998) o reel of the shaded area shown in Figure 1-9 Locate z [os pale in Figure 1-9 SOLUTION f-2m—| r + I x 3 41 = 8(4) = 32 m2 m0 ye2m Ar=2()= 4 ma mdm yeSm ay 6 43 $Van(1? = 0.5m m2 ee er given Warm Ay ~ Aa ~ Ap] Ar=32 42053 Ar= 26.429 m2Chapter O1.- Introduction and Properties of Section [Ar Yo = ZAy] [ArXe=EAx] 26.429Xc= 32(0) - 4(-2) - 0.5n(2) Xo = 0.18 m Problem 1-2 With reference to the plane area in Figure 1-10, determine the following: 4), the area of the plane in square millimeters. 8) the x-coordinate’of the centroid. ¢) the following gives the y-coordinate of the centroid. z 20mm. 30 mm mm eer 30mm | 90 mm Figure 1-10 SOLUTION A1 = ¥4(30)(90) = 1359 *1= 20; ys = 30 ‘a= 50(90) = 4500 2™ 55; yp = 45 ‘A= ¥(50)(30) = 750 n= Psy 100 a= ¥2(20)(120) = 1200 = Diy = 49Chapter 01 ~ introductio: in a eas ct and Properties of Section 27 sl Gye BA = 7500 mn? zo Sal wt nae J 135020) + 4500(55) + 750(%2) + 1200( 4 F = 54.62 mm ary = ay 78007 = 1350(30) + 4500(45) + 750(100) + 1200(40) 92 mm Practice: [y= 24.39 x 10° mm* ae [ge # 7.23 x 106 mm* Problem 1-3 . A circular piece of tin 24 cm in diameter has a triangular hole 9.cm by 12 em by 15 com, the vertex of the triangle at the intersection of the 9-cm and 12-cm sides is al the center of the circle. How far is the centroid of the area to the center of the circle SOLUTION ay Au = n(12)? = 452.389 cm? n=0, y=0 > 4a =34(12)(9) = 54 cm? n=4, y=3 (ar=Ay- T= Ay- Ad) Ar = 398.389 cm? [Axc= Ay - 1 %1~ Az x] 398.389 x¢ = 452.389(0) - 54(4) x¢ = -0.54.cm lAycsa 1 Yi~ Aa yp) 398:389 yo = 452.389(0) - 54(3) . yc =-0.41cm vere a= (0.54)? + (0.41)? d= 0.678 emFun, Chapter 01 - Introduction 28 and Properties of Section Structural stent, 9 Problem 1-4 ~ Determine the x- and y-coordinate of the e shaded area shown in Figure 14 y ret0 All units are incm Figure 1-11 SOLUTION ‘ Big rectangle, A; = 30(80) = 2400; xi = 25,1 = 40 Small rectangle, Az = 10(10) = 100; x25, 225 Circle Ag = -Yon(10)2 = -157.08 x3 = 25 = 80- aa = 75.76 Total area, Ar= A; + A2+A3 . Ar= 2400 + 100 - 157,08 Ar * 2342.92 cm? [Arx: = ZAx] eae Xe = 2400(25) + 100(5) - 157.08(25) = 24.146 cm [Arye EAy] maD92: Xe = 2400(40) + 10065) - 157.08(75.76) c= 36.11¢cm .entals of Chapter 01 - lok ign roducti pe asa IE SCP rtes of Section 29 funda siructure ded surface shown in Figure 1-12, determine th ; vm the surface, in Square millimeters, e following: X-coordinate of the centroid in mm. z-coordinate of the centroid in mm. = ¢) the SOLUTION Ai = Yex(400)? = 40,0000 %1" 21 = 4(400)/3n = nnd (400}/n = 169.77 * As on) (600) = 129, y= 1,000 aa 37 1333; 30% 200 ox ee. - Ya = 24 = 200Fundame, ee Structural Stee) po Chapter 01 - Introducti a 30 and Properties of Section Aa eer 000 + 120,000 ~ 10,0007 A= 454,268 mm? ® - Ag x4] [Ax ee mae rpaptie 169.77 + 240,000(0) + 120,000 (133.8) ~ 10.0094) ¥ =8218mm AG = Ary + Aaya t As ys Aa yal ; lay 454, 8 ¥ = 40,000n(0) + 240,000(300) + 120,000 (200) ~ 10,000(300) ¥ = 190.6 mm AZ = A,z1 + Agzz+ Ap 23- Ag za] 4542487 = 40,000n(167.77).+ 240,000(200) + 120,000 (0) - 10,000n(200) 2 = 138.25 mm Probiem 1-6 For the shaded area shown in Figure 1-13, determine the following: 2) the area of the shaded portion in square mm. 4) the X-coordinate of the centroid of the area in mm ) the moment of inertia of the composite area with respect to the X-axis in mm4 Y Figure 1-13Chapter 01 ~ inj ntals of E troduct aera Stee! Design and Properties of Section 31 SOLUTION F jangle: : Tria 4(90)(100) = 4,500 mm? x= 2 (90) = 60 y= 3 (100) = 200/3 Tpe = 90(100)3/36 = 2,500,000 mmt* Igy = 100(90)2/36 = 2,025,000 mms Semicircle:’ As = Yai(45)? = 3,181 mm? x=45mm y= 100+ 4 £1191mm Ig = 0.1098Ré = 0.1098(45)+ Tyr = 450,249 mm+ mR _ 7(45)* aes SO By Ye 4 3 Izy = 1,610,312 mm4 Circular Hole: Ac = n(20)2 = 1,257 mm2 x=45mm y=100mm 20)4 i Ter Iyy= at i ye 125,667 mm! For the composite area: Wr Ar+ Asad] A= 4,500 + 3,181 1,257 A= 6,424 mm? WAR= EAs] Gana = 4,500(60) + 3181(45) - 1257145) x =55.51mm = 20+ Ay] 1+ [2:500,000 + 4500(200/ 3)2] + [450,429 + 3,181(119.1)] 7 1125,667 + 1,257(100)3] = 55,376,843 mm‘, Chapter 01 - introduction - Funda 32 and Properties of Section Structural Seq pa - Sign Problem 1-7 + For the shaded area shown in Figure 1-14, determine the following: a) the area of the shaded portion in square millimeters. b) the x-coordinate of the centroid in millimeters. ¢), the y-coordinate of the centroid in millimeters. SOLUTIONChapter 01 ~ 1 ; entals of Introduction fra steel Design and Properties of Section 33 2 : 7 800(700) = 560,000 mm‘ A faust yi = 700/2 = 350 mm ‘Ay Yer( 9300)? = 141,371.67 w= -[400- $GOD = -272.68 y2= 100 +300 = 0 00 nn ‘Ay = ¥4(200)(400) = 40,000 mm? ‘ x5 = 200+ 2 (200) = 333.33 mm ys=00 + 3 (400) = 566.67 mm Total area, A = Ay - A2- A3 Total area, A = 378,62§.33:mm? - [AX = Aix - Ag x2- As x3] 378,628.33 ¥ = 560,000(0) - 141,371.67(-272.68) - 40,000(338: 33) X= 666mm [Ay =Aiys - A2yo- As ys) 378,628.33 ¥ = 560,000(350) - 141,371 -67(400) - 40,000(566. on Y= 308.4 mm Problem 1-8 (CE November 1993) A tee section is made up of a 30 mm x 150.mm flange and a 30 mm x 160 mm web Tine the properties of the section. SOLUTION Ai = 150(30) = 4,500 mm? w*15mm A= 160(30) = 4800 mrh2 30 mm, Yo ¥2= 110mm Jeg Ar™ Ay + As= 9300 mm? Yom Aug Aaya 00 V5 = Yo= 6408 20005) + 4,800(110)“ * Fundame; Introduction swine "a Chapter 01 34 craproperties of Section e = Y¥e- 157 49.08 mm — = 110- Yo= 45.97 mm . X-Axis: a iia 30(160)° a soo 4+ 4,500(39.03)? + meer + 480008 973 i= ann 790 mm* ge 280 = 2 x= (190- 64.03) Sx = 250,367 mms - 31,538,790 " - &* ¥7" 9300 ry = 58.23 mm Y-Axis: 30(150)*' _, 160(30) [y= L(+ A #)] y= 0S. HAS ly = 8,797,500 mums ‘ - _ ly _ 8,797,500 (Ssy= +] 5, ue Sy = 117,300 mm? 7, = [8297500 »* ¥9,300 7, * 30.76 mm Problem 1-9 For the section shown in Figure 1-15. a) Determine the moment of inertia with respect'to the X-axis. b) Determine the moment of inertia with respect to the Y-axis. c) Determine the moment of inertia with respect to the X’-axis.Chapter 01 ~ 4 tals of Introduction Fue see Design and Properties of Section 35 ay WIL LTE Y ee ry } de 40. mm 4 .—__4___| WLLL ' oY 5 ; ' ele x e * /: ElEL-- - ----r-.--.- = . : . t =40'mm Saar R= 126.75 » 181.25 308 40mm 200 mm Mohr Circle 200(300)? . 80(220)? he » 80(220) 5] m*? 1, = 308,03 x 106 mm ya2x “200 4 220(40)* 2 'y= 54.507 x 105 mmé From the Mohr Circle shown, (8 = 30°) Te = 181.25 + 126.75 cos 60° Tie 244.625 x 196 mm‘Funday ~ Introduction Structural Steet or Chapter 01 ~ 36 and Properties of Section 4 Problem 1-10 = 40 x 105 mm$ I, = 100 x 106 rng ‘ i ies: ‘A certain area has the following properties: !x Oe ian Heine ot ay - , Determine the maximum anc mt 0 ° ie at atta axis of maximum moment of inertia makes with the x-axis, SOLUTION Ty x 108 A t Plot the points having coordinates (I, = 4, Try = 40) and (ly = 100, I= 40) [Center, C = ath cu 404100” . Fe c=7 R= ¥(40)? +(100-70)2 “Rei : Umax ™ C+ R] ectohe oh : Twax™ 120 x 106 mms enter Inia = 70-50 Tmin = 20 x 105 mmé tan (180 - 29) = 7 20 = 126.87° 0 =63,4°Chapter 01 — tals of : Introducti and Properties fF J incerta Design Perties Of Section 37 stfuc it problem in Fi -16, determine the foll ion shown in Figure 1-16, i gor he angular re centroid from the X and Y-axes ”) the location moments of inertia I, and Igy, ay the cents of inertia fy andl ty * @ the re uct of inertia Ir and (ly). Doe iment of inertia ig area. A ¢) the polar: um and minimum moments of inertia about the a: A tes ; 7 ee of inertia about and axis through O making and angle of 20° ) with the horizontal. lowing: xes and its rotation 125 mm Figure 1-16 SOLUTION Part a: Centroid X¢ and Ye At = 125(10) = 1,250 mm2 4=5mm, y= 625mm Az = 65(10) = 650 mm? "425mm, y=5mm Ar=Al+ A, Ar= 1,900 mm2 rom ay)! 1900 ¥¢= 1,250 (62.5) + 650 (5) . Yo" 428mm lar Xe= ray $0 Xe 1.250 (10/2) + 650 (10 + 65/2) X= 17.8 mm— Chapter 01 - Introduction Fung 38 ang Properties of Section Seructura set, Part b: Moment of inertia Igx & Igy: [gr * E (Ip + Aa?) x] . Ige = [gn + Aa (Yea)? + Iga + Aa (Yer)? ya * 67.5 - 42.8 = 19.7 mm Yo = 42,8 -5= 37.8 mm ° 65(10)3 : = ee 1,250(19.7)2 + ar + 650(37,8)7 Igy = 3,046,879.33 mm4 Uey = (ly + Ad?)y] Tey = Ig + Ar (Xa)? + Tyo + Aa (x1)? Xa =178-5=12.8 mm Xa = 425-178 = 24.7 mm 125(10)3 3 ly = aor ) + 1,250(12.8)2 + a * 6508.79 gy = 840,629.33 mms Part c: Moment of inertia about the lyand i, Ih = In + AY@ J Jy = 3.047 x 100 + 1,900(42,8)2 !, = 6.53 x 106 mm 3 3 or = Iiy + fa, = 10125)", e5qioy? _ 6.53 x 106 mm! 3 Uy = Igy + AX¢2] i = 840.63 x 103 + 1900(17.8)2 v= 1.44 x 106 mms 3 or catty 125(10)° 10165)? oz 65/2) 19°, 'y= 1.44 x 106 mmChapter 01 ~ j Is of INtroduct) ne ir ste! 65399 and Properties of Section 39 Part Product of inertia wi ith respect to x and yaxes, Iny 7 Tyo Axyh tw Mle *A#yb Since a rectangle has an axis of symmetry, (hy)¢ and (Iry)ac is zero, then fy (Axynt (Axyp xy = (1250)(5)(62.5) + (650)(42.5)(5) Igy = 528.75 x 108 mm! 75mm Product of inertia with respect to x, and y, axes (Iny)g By transfer formula: ly = (Iny)g + A Xe? Yo? ley = 528.75 103 mmé 528.75 x 103 = (Iy)c + 1,900(17.8)(42°8) (hy)o = -92 x 104 mmé Part ¢: Polar moment of Inertia /o and [a: Vor h+iy Jo = 6.53 x 108 + 1.44 x 10° Jo = 7.97 x 106 mm‘ Uc tex ty] © Jo 3,047 x 106 0.84063 x 10° Ic = 3.888 x 106 mm¢ P; ‘art f Maximum and minimum moment of inertia day = 0.52875 = =r 10Fund: Structural Steet pa ‘Sig, introduction 40 Serotec The Mohw’s Circle shown ay cen (653+ 4) penmeth sO) Ca 398s : 2 R= yl 9875)" + (6.53 85) R= 2.599 =c+Rl eee me 6.584 x 106 mm* flan 2 C= R] toon 3.985 - 2.599 nn C I 8 Location of principal axes 0.52875 653 - 3.985 20p = 11.7368 Op = 5.8684° “Therefore, the principal axis is rotated clockwise from ‘the orign! reference axis through an angle of 5.8684°. tan 26p = Part g: Moment of inertia about an axis making an angle of 20° witht horizontal th #xes obtained in Pury oTBE thatthe new axis makes withthe oe o= = 20° + 6p = 25; . 28 = 51.7368" 8684f Chapter 0) ~ Introduction iso and Prope) ie nwaoer on : Perties Of Section 4] seruct From the Mohy’s circle shown: ro) 28] 1 = 3.985 + 2.599 cos 51.7368° liye C+ Rcos 20 ly=5594x108mm* = Rcos 28) v= 3.985 - 2.599 cos 51,7368° eg GRA) ly = 2378 x 106 mm 1-12 : te ite section shown in Figure 1-17 is made up of C15 x 50 and W 21 x 83 ane the properties of the composite section. et . v g Ucceccecccccceiilli) Uy KEP Y y Z SOLUTION Properties; Channel Wide Flange 4= 381.00 mm d= 544.30 mm d to = 18.20 mm = 94.40 mm = 1650 mm A= 9,484 mn? W=74.60 kg/m W= 123.31 kg/m <= 20.27 mm r= 54.61 mm 1 = 168,157,000 mm* 1, = 761,704,000 mm* 1 = 4,579,000 mm4 1, = 33,881,000 mm?Funda ~ Introduction Structural Seay ! Chapter o f Section 42° and Properties O! NA of W shape. i Ay = 9,484 mm? yn = 20.27 mm Az = 15,677 mm? y2 = 290.35 mm Ar= A; + A2 = 25,161 mm? [Ar Yo = Ar yi + A2 ya} 25,161 Yo = 9,484(20.27) + 15,677(290.35) Yo = 188,55 mm dy = 188,55 - 20.27 = 168.28 mm d, = 290.35 - 188.55 = 101.8 mm X-Axis Properties: [l= E(ly + Ad)] Te = Icgy + Ac di + Iwgr + Aw a2 I, = 4,579,000 + 9,484 (168.28)? + 761,704,000 + 15,677(1018? I, = 1,197,316,928 mm¢4 (242) 5= 197.316.9268 _ 544.3 + 18.2 - 188.55 $y = 3,201,810 mm3 tree fe en CAT 25,161 * = 218.14 mmChapter 01 - Introduction and Properties of Section 43 if mentals ol 5 eal steel Desig! is Properties: y-Axis oe (iy 2s Siete ‘ tex 57,000 + 33,881,000 | j, = 202,088,000 mm* 202,088,000 (=) Sv 38172 5, = 1,060,567 mm? ‘fly 202,038,000 = Ehy q@ ena (w= VA | 25,161 r= 89.61 mm Problem 1-13 Determine the properties of the double angle shown in Figure 1-18. The section is made of 2L.150 x 90. 12 with long legs back-to-back and spacing s = 6 mm \ B ES en \f LiL N' Ni N N: NE N \ N Figure 1-18Chapter 01 - Introduction 44 and Properties of Section SOLUTION Properties of single L150 x 9 x 12: Area, A = 2,751.45 mm? Weight, W= 21.60 kg/m Width, B = 90,00 mm? Height, H = 150.00 mm? Thickness, f = 12.00 mm? x= 21.16 mm? y= 50.82 mm? I, = 6,272,989.95 mm* Sx = 63,250.87 mm? r= 47.75 mm 1y = 1,708,656.95 mm* Sy = 24,820.91 mm3 ry = 24.92 mm A= 2(2,751.45) = 5,502.9 mm2- [s= 2% Jp] 1k = 2(6,273,989,95) i = 12,545,979.9 mm I (r= 4) 5 = 12,545,9799 c *" "750-5082 Sr= 126,497 mms 7 Ine fe 1 n= [2B I9 As” 5,502.9 "= 47.75 mmChapter 01 — Intr ‘Oductior and Properties of Section 45 mentals of funeral stee! Design 1y = 2[1,708,656.95 + 2,781.45(24.16) (= 2 A”) [, = 6,629,387 mm* 6,629,387 (S)" 41 = Se $,= 71,284 mm' i 6,629,387 bal = [6629387 In i lt soe 1 = 34.71 mmFunaamematsg, Chapter 01 ~ introguction Structural Stee! Deo! 46 ana Properties of Section 46 and Properties of section Chapter 0? - Botte & iveteq Fundam Design Connections and Tension Meme ructural 47 a Chapter 02 Bolted & Riveteg Connections and Tension Members 2.1 Types of Bolted & Riveted Connections Individual parts or members assembled to members must be fastened together by me gether compose every structure, These ans of welding, rivets, or bolts High-Strength Bolts High strength bolts hay 've replaced rivets as the means of making nonwelded Rivets Installation of iy inserting it eye FaUItES heating the rivet into a hol ght chetry-red color while atthe ole and the preformed head Produced Secounted 50°48 Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Fundamentals of sty SI Ucturay Connections and Tension Members - tee! p, ‘CSign, Bolted Connection — Standard size Holes Long-stotted Holes ke jotted Holes (Parallel load) eee load) Riveted Connection @ — <—— | Rivet (hot driven)Chapter 02 - Bo! entals of Ite & Riv frou steel Desio? Connections and Tension Menibes 49 es of bolted ‘connections Typ! Lap joint ee (single shear) ee, Shear connections Eccentric shear an Combined shear and tension connections Figure 2 - 1 - Types of bolted connections.. Fundamentals of 51 _ Bolted & Riveted truct Chapter 02 - Bo! mbers Stee! Desig 50 Connections and Tension Me (a) Shear failure of bolt (b) Shear failure of plate ae Sd (a) Bearing failure of plate (c). Bearing failure of bolt “pop (d) Tensile failure of bolt (e) Tensile failure of plate Figure 2 - 2 - Possible modes of failure of bolted connectionsFundamentals of structural Steel: Design Chapter Connections i Bolted & riy, ENnsi ete Table lowable Stress on — Sion Member 51 Stes Deseription of Fasteners Tension? Standard size Holes readed parts meeting the requirements of Sec A3.1 and A3.4 and A449 bolts none the requirements of 0.33F use" ‘A3.4, when threads are not excluded from shear anes _.Phireaded parts meeting the] requirements of Sec A3.1 and A3.4 and A449 bolts 033F. the requirements of mn Sec A3.4, when threads are ¥ | excluded from shear planes, a Kid bolts, when threads are =i not excluded from shear 303¢ 17 403 Rad5 bolis, when threads are excluded from shear planes 3038 Mf bd Aa) bolis, when threads are not excluded from shear or planes . FAQ) bolls, when threads are excluded from shear planes. "Slat loading only » Threads permitted in shear planes : t * Tensile | opacity of the Wiveaded portion of an upset rode, pase Re psettng diameter Ay shall be targer than the nominal body. are of the 1551S er) species 4For A325 and A490 bolts subject to tensile fatigue loading, See s ftaces ‘with Class A coal ce Mndions may O° . Clase A (clip coefficient 0.33). Clean mill scale ard dias eae on facting specta (ayia resus jesigner, the allowable shear stress, Fv, {0° 5 n 5 7 tre 10 the applicable value given i 1 CSO SP rs have a taser pao whose en ecti sed to split bd) me hen Dearing Yee cond 1250 mm SPiviated values shall be eee ations. pekitic ASTM stae! specific fot. $ See Section 6015.2, * See Table 2. Numerical Values Section for values for SPeIT As 10.4.2. For imitations on use of oversized and slotted oles, S82 . 1 tons Ouse cation relative 1 long axs olin 2 Connections and Tension ig . ‘Table 2 - 2- Nominal Hole Dimensions, mm Hole Dimensions, mm Short-slot Standard (wieth x (Diam) length) len [tax t7 | taxes] ta ite 21x25 21x48 24x28 24x55 27x33 27x63 (d+ 1.6)x (d+ 1.6) x (d + 10) (2.5 +d) Note: For hot-driven rivets, the diameter of the rivet and hole are equal. 2.2 Minimum Spacing of Fastener Holes op According to Section 510.4.8, the distance between centers ‘of standard, oversized, or slotted fastener holes shall not be less than 24 times the nominal diameter of the fastener nor less than that required by the following paragraph, as applicable. Along a line of transmitted forces, the distance between centers of holes s shall be not less than 3d when F, ? is determine by equation Eq. 2.3 and Eq. 2.4. Otherwise, the distance between the holes shall not be less than the following: (a) For standard holes: s2 BP ag Eq. 2.1 Ft 2 where : : Ps force transmitted by one fastener to the critical connected part, kN i “Specified minimum tengile strength of the critical connected part, MPa : thickness of the critical connected part, mm “Nominal diameter of the fastener 0 Ha Cversized and slotted holes, the distance required by standard holes in ra disten 4 Plus the applicable increment Cy from Table 2 - 3, but the clear ‘stance between holes shall not be less than one bolt diameterntals of Chapter 02 ~ Boit aco Steel Design Connections ang Tension ated i ers, Table 2 - 3 - Values of Spacing Increment Nominal versized ; diameter of oem Perpendicular to line of fastener force reduced by the difference between the maximum and actual slot lengths. 2.3 Minimum Edge Distance The distance from the center of a standard hole to an edge of a connected part shall not be less than the applicable value from Table 2 - 4 nor the value from Eq. 2.2, as applicable, : £ (@ Along a line of transmitted forces, in the direction of the force, the sues between centers of a standard hole to the edge of the connected rae ; shall not be less than 1.5d when F, is determine by equation Eq. 23. and Eq. 24, Otherwise, the edge distance shall not be less than: | : ‘ .2P Ea: 22 es ‘ ar / i dge of (®) The distance from the center of an oversized or slotted hole to oil gi a Connected part shall be not less than that required for in in. 5. "" Paragraph (a) plus the applicable increment C2 from Table?54 Fundamentals of g, iveted tr _ Bolted & Rivete Stee) yt Chapter 02 - Bo f mbers Rel Df Connections and Tension ME ‘ge Distance, mm a ' Edge Di: * 2 Table 2-4- Me sane of Connected Part) (Center of Standard At Rolled Edges of Plate, Shapes or Bars, Gag ¢.* or Saw-cut Edges? ‘ut Nominal Diameter ‘At Sheared Edges of Fastener 42 1.25 x Diam 56 1.75 x Diam. rsized oF slotted holes, See Table 2-5 Aneoge distances’in this column may be reduced 3 mm when the hole is at a point where stress does not exceed 25% of the maximum design strength in the element, © These may be 32.mm at the ends of beam connection angle. Table 2-5 - Values of Edge Distance C2, mm Nominal Slotted Holes | ized diameter of | OvetS2@4 |—seraieiio | __ Perpendicular fo Edge fastener Edge Short-slots_|_ Long-slots* * When length of slot is less than maximum allowable (see Table 2 - 2), Cp may be by one-half the difference between the maximum and actual slot lengths. Table 2 - 6 - Minimum Pretension for Fully-tightened Bolts, KN* Bolt Size mm A325 Bolts A490 Bolts 12 @33 a7 16 84.5 106 20 124 155 1378 538 a 2 458 658 Equal to 0.7 of minimum tensile Strength of bolts as ‘Specified in A with UNC. tae Specification for A325-and A490 boltsntals of Chapter 02 ~ : : Bolted funderasee! DESI" Connections and Tension meted sg ers 34 ‘Allowable Bearing Stress on Plates at Bolt Holes (Secti i on 510.4.7) ‘ba projected area of bolts and rivets in shear connections with end di i fine of force not less than 1.5d and the distance center-to-center of ane in the ee 34, the allowable bearing stress F, are as follows: olts not less 4, Instandard or short-slotted holes with two or more bolts in the line of f when deformation around the hole is of concern, once, Fp = 1.20 F, a 2. Inlong slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of load and with two or more bolts in the line of force, Fy = 1.00 Fy, Eq. 24 On the projected area of bolt or rivet closest to the edge in standard or short-slotted holes with the edge distance less than 1.5d and in all connections with single bolt in the line of force: F,= ae $1.20F, Eq. 25 where: L. = distance from the free edge to center of the bolt inmm 4=bolt diameter in mm F deformation around the hole is not a design consideration and adequate ane itted and edge distance is as required by the Code, the following equation is perm! N lieu of Eq. 23: : i Eq. 26 Fp = 1.50 Fy aNd the limes ; the limit in Eq, 2.5 shall be increased to 1.3F,:Chapter 02 ~ Bolted & Riveted Fi 56 Connections and Tension Members undamentals of Structuray Stee! Des an 25 Combined Shear and Tension ‘The allowable shear stress for members subje ae cted i force is a5 even in Table 2 - 1. oviever ia a oepined shearing and tensij caer pies, Dy yittie of the simultaneously actin, ie is reduced from ii tensile stress ers in bearing-type connection i i shear. The allow, fis givenin Table 2-8, in the presence of shears Stress Figure 2 Qe 5 r - Typical combined shear and tension connectionFundamentals of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted 57 Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members Table 2-7 - Allowable Tensile Stress F, for Fasteners in - Bearing-type Connection in the Presence of Shear Stress fo (MPa) Threads Excluded from Description of Threads Included in Shear Fasteners Planes Shear Planes A307 bolts 179.2-18f, $137.8 "A325 bolts (303)? -439f,2 (903)? 2.15f,? ‘A490 bolts \(a72)? -3.75f,2 (372) 2 fo? Threaded parts, A449 bolts over 38 0.43F, - 1.8/0 $ 0.33Fy 0.43F, - 1.4foS 0.33F mm diameter A502 Gr. 1 rivets 207 - 1.3f) < 159 A502 Gr. 2 rivets 262 - 1,3f, <$ 200 ‘omputed shearing stress, MPa pecified minimum tensile strength of fastener, MPa 2.6 Allowable Tensile Stress on Plates The allowable tensile stress in plates is based on the following modes of failure of the member: excessive elongation (or yielding) and fracture. Section 504.2 of , NSCP states the following allowable tensile stress on plates: Except on pin connected members Allowable stress on gross area (yielding) F= 06 F, Eq 27 Allowable stress on net area (fracture) . FLA05F, £q.28 For pin-connected members: Allowable stress on net area of pinhole: Fi=0.45 F, Eq. 2.9 Allowable stress on the body area of eyebars. Fi=O.6-F, Eq. 210eructural Qf St Fundamentals el Design steel se Riveted 3 papter 02 ~ Bolted 58 Comecionsand Tension sayin fn - oss ratio limitation Trsendemess Ratio ce, there it slender mnowever, itis rot bu er ema aera moverent end Vr eer rods ‘Table2-8-Namerical values of Fyand Fi 2 3 z ‘Stopes, Plates, Bars, Sheet 28 Gress and Net Area (Cros Area (Section 5022) The ross area A, af a member at any point shall be determined by cst Products ofthe thickness and the gross width of Ranaut rorel to theadsofthemember, "tof each element Forangles, wi things” 5 wih shall be the sum oth width of the légs less the Net Ate Section 23) When terson members ace iv sulle for tasiernng ee, Ng the total cross sectional Net Width, w, The width ofa ret the nominal diameter sto esl be ofthe hole ‘aken as 16 mm greater than , Chapter 02 - Bonted & Riveted gg Connections and Tension Members see Holes “are sometimes staggered, ay shown in Figure 2 - 4 Staggering of the holes increases the net area of the section diameters or slot dimensions of all holes in the chain, and adding for each gage space in the chain the quantity = E9219 4e Wr = Waren» BHoles + 55 Fo 212 4g OF An Agua BHoles x 1 35 Ea 213 4a where. 5 = longituchinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes & = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between fasteners gage lines, mmof Structural Funder es Design be the sum of ite legs shall ‘angles fort espe los 100 g= 90+ 80-10= 160 ‘The enical net area Ay of the part is obtained from that chain which give the least net width, In determining the net area across plug or slots weld, the weld ‘etal shall not be considered as adding to the net area, Figure 2-5 ier the numberof ies nog ABCDE and ABDE, the aan See Ralove sin Fgure2-5 bth pat Fundamentals of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted gy structural Stee! Design Connections and Tension Members ete 2.9 Load Transfer at Axially Loaded Connections “The holes in tension members ere normally one tension member into another. The assump! transfers equal share of the load when they respect to the centroidal axis of a tension mer " splice are arranged in two or more unstaggered ro d if the rows have unequal number of fasteners, each fracture line should be checked for tension capacity assuming that the previous fracture lines have absorbed a proportionate share of the load. (2) Tearing along first row (@® Tearing along succeeding row Figute 2-6 Uf tearing occurs along the first row as shown in Figure 2 - 6 (0), the full tensile foree P acts on the net aréa, and thus, P= F;A’,, where A’, = Ay, If tearing occurs along succeeding rows as shown in Figure 2 - 6 (b), less than 100%, CL? acts on the net area since part of that force will have already been transferred that other plate. From the figure, only P- P/5= 0.8? or 80% of Pnow wee across the second row, For this case, P = F, A’, where A ‘nis given by:Fundamentals of Structural Stee! Design ited & Riveted Tension Members An Eq. 2.14 Chapter 02 ~ Bo 62 Connections and ‘Ay actual net area s 85%Ay N= total number of bolts iro niber of bots in front ofthe section being considered where: 2.10 Effective Net Area, Ac When a tension member frames into.a supporting member, some of the toad. Mining ability will be lst unless all connectors are in the same plane and All Clements of the tension mentber are connected to the suppor case of an angle, only one leg may be connected to the ‘coefficient, U, is therefore used to calculate the effective net are 110 if all cross-sectional elements are connected to the support, When the load is transmitted by bolts through only some of the cross-sectional elements of the member, the efective net area, A, is calculated by using the following Formula (ection 5024.3) int. A reduction Ucan be taken as Ac=UAy | Ea. 215 where Aq = netarea of the member U-= a reduction coefficient Unless a large coefficient can be justified by test or other recognized criteria, the following values of U shown in Table 2 - 9 shall be used in computations: Effective Area of Splice and Gysset Plates (Section 5024.8) Riveted and bolted splice and gusset plates and other connection fitting subject to tensile force shall be designed in accordance with the provisions Section 504.2, where eet sat ria shal tn oth ctl net atm, ess ih, forthe srpose of design calculations, it shall not be taken a greater than 85 percent of the mo jaken a greater than 85 percent of th Act Ay S B5%A, Eq, 2.16 4 Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design, Crate citar piven 63 c Ee onnections and Tension Members Sctive Net Area Coefficient for Fastener, U Minimum number of faste r ners per line in the direction of tension Types of members @ All segments are x snsmit the tension i z 1 -[@W.M, or sections including built-up sections (@) All sections. 2.11 Allowable Shear Stress on Plates to Section 510.5, at beam end connections where the top flange is coped, ar situations where failure might occur by shear along a plane through the fasteners, or by a combination of shear along.a plane through the fasteners plus tension along perpendicular plane: On the net shear area, Av F= 00 Fr Eq. 217 jon area Ar On the net tension. ae ae ’entas of Structural = Bolted & iveted Fundamen reel Design Chapter 02 - 64 Connections and Tension Members Fundamentals of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Se Connections and Tension Members 5 2. Tension on effective net aren Actual stress, = D/A, Allowable stress, F\= 0.5 F, (fracture) Doub shear Figure 2-7- Combination of shear and tension (Block Shear) Allowablé shearing stress, F, depends on the type and material of bolts. See Table 2-1 in Page 51. 2.12 Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted Connection The following stressas must be investi 4, Bearing on the projected area between the bolt and the plate: P {oaded terson connections: Actual ates, y= 7 Ay= E(Bolt diameter x plate thickness) Allowable stress, F, ~ 1.2 Fy Gee Page 55) gated in the design or analysis of axially ig e _ 5. Combined. shearing and tearing (shear rapture or block shear}: ross aes Net ares Mews 0854, Gross area, Ay Wa Meee A TT Bole 6151 5 4 4, 1 Tension on Gross Are ‘Actual sbesa ft Alowablesten Fo eg P= Flot Arf: OF Gtading Allowable shearing stress, Fy= 0.3 Fy Allowable tearing stress O5 Fe66 Connections and Tension Members Steel Design Flowchart for analysis of tension members (not including the fasteners) Calculate P, based on fracture In the effective net section AOE UA P= OS Fhe in the gross section: B= 06 F, Ay Calculate P, based on block shear: PEF A +RA, Flowchart for the design of tension members Determine the required area based on yielding in the gross section: Ay = P/(0.6F,) (Use this as initial triat section) Determine P, L, Fu, art) and Fy & assume shape type to be used. Assume a reduction coefficient U based on the shape and Connection details Determine P, based on fracture in Ags Determine Pt based on block’ shear, Pu = Fy Ay + FikeFundamentals of Structural Steet Desi apt 02 - Bolted & gn Connections and Tension mae 67 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS Problem 2-1 The single 200 mm x 10 mm steel plate is connected to a'12-mm thick steel plate by four 16 mm diameter rivets as shown in Figure 2 - 8, The rivets used are A502, Grade 2, hot driven rivets, The Steel is ASTM A36 with F, = 248 MPa and F, = 400 MPa. Determine the value of P in all possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the connection can resist.Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted ' Fundamentals of Structuray 68 Connections and Tension Members Steel Design Figure 2-9 Figure 2-10 Tension on net area Tension on gross area Tension on gross area: Fy = 0.6Fy = 0.6(248) = 148.8 MPa Section 504.2.1 Ag = 200(10) = 2,000 mm? P =F, Ag = 148.8(2000) P = 297,600 N = 297.6 kN Tension of net area: , F, = 0.5F, = 0.5(400) = 200 MPa 4 Section 504.2.1 Net area along section a-a; _ Ae = [200 - 2(17.6)](10) Ac = 1,648 mm? 85% Ag = 0.85(2,000) 85% Ag = 1,700 mm? P =F, A, = 200(1,648) P= 329,600 N = 329.6 kN Bearing on projected area: F, = 1.2F, = 1.2(400) = 480 MPa Ap = Zdé = [16(10)](4) = 640 mm2 P= F, A, = 480(640) P = 307.2) $s -307.2kN. Section 510.4.7.1Fundamentals of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members 69 Shear on rivets (From Table 2 - 1, Page 51) F, = 152 MPa Ay = Ax (16)? = 804.25 mm? P= Fy Ay = 152(804.25) P = 122,246 N = 122.246 kN Shear Rapture (block shear): Hole, 17.6 mm P= FeAy + Fi Ay Fy = 0.3 F, = 0.3(400) Fy= 120 MPa Ao = 2 Are 2{[135 - 1.5(17.6)](10)} Av* 2,172 mm? Fi=0.5 F, = 0.5(400) F,= 200 MPa Ai™ 2A) = 2{[50 - 0.5(17.6)] x1 Ai = 824 mm? aie P= 120(2,172) + 200(824) P= 425,440 N P= 425.44 kN The , i tefore, the safe load is 122.246 kN governed by shear on rivetsChapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Fundamentals of Structuy, 70 Connections and Tension Members, Stee! Design Problem 2-2 (CE May 1998) . A plate with width of 300 millimeters and thickness of 20 millimeters is tg connected to two plates of the same width with half the thickness by 25 millimete Siameter rivets, as shown. The rivet holes have a diameter 2 millimeters ja a than the rivet diameter. The plate is A36 steel with yield strength Fy = 248 Mp, ‘Allowable tensile stress on net area is 0.60F and allowable bearing stress of 1.357 The rivets are A502, Grade 2, hot-driven rivets with allowable shear stress of 15) MPa. See Figure 2- 11. a) Determine the maximum load that can be applied to the connection without exceeding the allowable tensile stress in the plates: . b) Determine the maximum load that can be applied to the connection without exceeding the allowable shear stress in the rivets: és c) Determine the maximum load that can be applied to the connection without exceeding the allowable bearing stress between the plate and the rivets: 300 mm Figure 2-11 SOLUTION Part a: Tensile stress in plates: Since the side plates have equal gross area as the main plate, either of te two can be analyzed. Let us analyze the main plate. Tension on net area: F,= 0.6Fy = 0.60(248) F, = 148.8 MPaFundamentals of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted 71 Structural Stee! Design Connections and Tension Members A, = net area of plate An = [300 - 2(25 + 2)}(20) Ay = 4920 mm2 P=Fix Ay P = 148.8(4920) = 732,096 N P= 732 KN Figure 2-13 Figure 2-12 | Shear on rivets Tearing on net area Part b: Shear on rivets P=FyAo Fy = 150 MPa Ay = total sheared area (double shear) Av = 2A5x 4 Ay = 2[(n/4)(252)] x 4 = 3927 mm? P= 150 (3927) _ P= 589,050 N = 589 kN Part c: Bearing:stress Bearing area Bearing area Figure 2-14Fundamentals of Structury Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Stee Design 72 Connections and Tension Members Fy 135Fy F,=1 "35(248) = = 334.8 MPa (Ap bearing area of four rivets Ap = 25(20) x 4 = 2000 mm? P = 334,8(2000) P = 669,600 N = 669.6 kN Problem2-3° -. A W 14 x 211 beam is connected to a steel girder by 4-25.mm bolts as shown in Figure 2 - 15. The bolts are A325 with threads excluded from shear plane. The steel beam is ASTM A53. >The angles and its connection to the girder can be assumed adequate to carry the loads. Determine the maximum end reaction that the beam can resist. 60 mmChapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted if C : Funda seee! DESI? Connections and Tension Members 73 tr OLUTION ; Relevant properties of W14 x 211 d= 399.30 mm fy = 24.90 mm fe = 401.30 mm . ; 1 = 39.60 mm re ‘ For ASTM AS3 Steel: Table ee 8 Ie Fy=241 MPa ie 3 F, = 414 MPa’ Shear on bolis (double shear) Re " oy MPa Table 2-1, Page 51 ° 4 (25)2x 4x2 = 3927 mm? R=207(3927) = 812,889 N R= 812.889 kN 1 Bearing on contact area: R=FyxAp 4 F,=1.2F, Section 510.4.7 1 F, = 1.2(414) = 496.8 MPa Ay= Bolt diam x ty x 4 Ap =(25 x 24.9) x 4 = 2,490 mm? R= 496.8 (2,490) = 1,237,082 N R=1,237kN “ee tension and shear on net area (Block shear): he oo : In\05.E,) + hear w x )(03Fy) R=875,200N< ‘ EOE +163 «3+ 46.5)(24.9)1(03 x 414)Fundamentals of Structuray - Bolted & Riveted a of Sura 74 Cra ars and Tension Members * ” shear Tension Problem 2-4 two 100 x 75 x 10 A W 18 x 50 beam is attached to W 12 x 65 column by means of 19-mm-diameter bolts attached the angles to the web of the beam, angles. Four ach the beam to the column through and eight 19-mm-diameter bolts are used to atti the same angles. Determine the maximum beam end reaction the connection can resist based on shear and bearing. Allowable shear on bolt is 93 MPa allowable bearing stress on contact area is 186 MPa. SOLUTION The relevant properties of the sections are as follows W 18 x 50 beam: to = 9mm W 12x 65 column to = 9.9 mm y= 154mm L100 x 75 x 10° =10mm Based on bolt shear: For bolts on the beam web (four bolts in double shear) P=Fx Ay F, = allowable shearing stress = 93 MPa *Fundamentals of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted 75 Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members Ap = total shearing area = (2 Aton) x 4 Av = [2x 3 (19) x4 Ap = 2268.23 mm? P= 93 x 2268.23 P= 210,945 N P= 210,945 kN For bolts on the column (8 bolts in single shear} P=FyxA; : F, = allowable shearing stress = 93 MPa Av = total shearing area = (Aton) x 8 Ae= [U9] x8 Ay = 2268.23 mm2 P= 93 x 2268.23 10,945 N , P = 210.945 kN Based on bearing stress; P=F,x Ay F, = allowable bearing stress = 186 MPa Ap = bearing area A, = bolt diameter x plate thickness x Number of contact area The critical portion in bearing is at the web of beam with t= 9mm: Ay = (19 x 9) x 4 = 684 mim? P = 186 x 684 P= 127,224N P=127:224kN > Governs Therefore, the safe P = 127.224 kN governed by bearing at the web of the beam.=—_ EE 76 Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Fundamentals of Structural Connections and Tension Members Steel Design Problem 2-5 A riveted lap joint is shown in Figure 2 - 16. The rivets used are A502, Grade 2, hot-driven with diameter of 16 mm. The steel is ASTM A501, 200 mm wide and 10 mm thick. Determine the value of P in all possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the connection can resist. eo Figure 2-16 SOLUTION Plate stresses (ASTM A501), Table 2-8 'y = 248 MPa, F,, = 400 MPa Shear on rivets (single shear): P= Fy Ay Fy=152 MPa Av= ¥ (162 x5 Ay = 1005.3 mm? P= 152 x 1005.3 , P = 152,807 N P = 152.807 kN Table 2-7 Bearing on contact area: P= Fy Ay ": Fy = 1.2F, = 1.2(400) Section 510.47 F,= 480 MPaFundamentals of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted 77 Structural Stee! Design Connections and Tension Members ‘Ay = 16(10) x 5 ‘A, = 800 mm? P = 480(800) = 384,000 N P= 384kN Tension on Gross area P=F.x A, : F, = 0.6F, = 0.6(248) Section 504.2.1 E,= 148.8 MPa 'g P = 148.8(2,000) = 297,600 N a aes ey P=297.6kN , ee ‘ a Tension on Net area F, = O.5F, = 0.5(400) Section 504.2.1 pi F, = 200 MPa ae ™, Hole diameter = 16 + 1.6= 17 mm oe > < > o PHF A's Gere Along first row: ‘ | A= An <4 Ag = Wret Xt Ay = (200 - 17.6)(10) Aq = 1824 mm? 85% Ay = 1700 mm? . Use A, = 1,700 mm? A’, = 1,700 mm? e Along second row: A= Aa i= N An= Whee t An = (200 - 3 x 17.6)(10) An = 1,472 mm? 85% Ag = 1700 mm? Use Ax = 1,472 mm?Fundam is of Structural Stee! Design iveted Chapter 02 - Bolted & Rive! 78 Connections and Tension Members 1,472 = 1,840 mm? AV® 1-7 Use A'y = 1,700 mm? (governed by tearing along the first row) P=F An P = 200(1,700) = 340,000 N P=340kN Thus, the safe P = 152.8 kN (governed by shear on rivets) Problem 2-6 . For the lap connection shown in Figure 2-17, the rivets are 19-mm diameter and the plates are 8 mm thick. The rivets used are A502, Grade 1 and the plates are ASTM A36 with F, = 400 MPa. Determine the value of P in all possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the connection can resist.Fundam Struct Steet aah Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted gn Connections and Tension Members 79 SOLUTION For A36 steel, Fy = 248 MPa Shear on rivets (single shear): F, = 120 MPa Table 2-1 Ay F(192 x9 Av = 2,552 mm? PHAyFy P = 2,552(120) = 306,240 N P = 306.24 kN Bearing on projected area: Fy=1.2F, Section 510.4,7.1 F, = 1.2(400) * 480 MPa Ap = (19)(8) x 9 Ap = 1,368 P=ApFy P-= 1,368(480) = 656,640 N P= 656.6 kN Tearing (tension) on gross area: F, = 0.6F, F, = 0.6(248) = 148.8 Ag = 250(8) Ag =.2,000 mm? P=A;F, P = 2,000(148.8) = 297,600 N P= 297.6 kN Section 504.2.1 - Tearing on net area: . F, = 0.5Fy Section 504.2.1 F, = 0.5(400) = 200 MPa Hole = 19 + 1.6 = 20.6 mm 85% Ag = 1,700 mm? Along first row: ‘An = (250 ~ 20.6)(8) A, = 1,835.2 mm? Use A, = 1,700 mm? A’y = An = 1,700 mm?ed Fundamentals of Structural jolted & Rivet Stee! Design Chapter 02 - B Tension Members 80 Connections and Along second row: ‘ Ay = (250 - 2x 20.6)(8) ‘Ay = 1,670.4 mm? ah LS An” n/N * +. 16704 sony _ Aly = 1,879.2 mm? Along third row: An = (250 ~ 3 x 20.6)(8) Ag = 1,505.6 mm? oo Age Ae ©. I-n/N Ere 2 Ayn MS QS a 3 1-5 At, = 2258.4 mm? Use A’, = 1,700 mm? (governed by tearing along the first row) P=F An P = 200(1,700) = 340,000 N P=340kN The safe load P = 297.6 kN, governed by tension on gross area.Fundamentals of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted 8 1 Structural Steel Wesign Connections and Tension Members Problem 2-7 Determine ‘the value:of P in all possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the connection can resist. Figure 2-18 - SOLUTION Rivet diameter ~ 20 mm Hole diameter = 20 + 1.6 = 21.6 mm Rivet (A502 Grade 1), Fy = 120 MPa Plate (A53), Fy = 241 MPa, F,, = 414 In this case, we need to analyze one side of the connection as shown:a6 Fundamentals of Structural * — Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted eel Deng 82 Connections and Tension Members Shear on rivets (6 rivets in double shear): Av™ % (202 x 6x2 Ay = 3,770 mm2 PaAy Fy P= 3,770(120) = 452,400 N . P=452.4kN Bearing. on projected area: tous Af = 1.2(414) = 496.8 MPa Ap= dx tx number of rivets Middle plate, t= 16 mm Side plates, total t= 24 mm Ap = 20(16) x 6 Ap = 1,920 mm? P=A,F, P= 1,920(496.8) = 953,856 N P= 953.856 kN Tension-on Bross area (; Ag = 250(16) Ag = 4,000 mm2 ; Fi=0.6F, Section 504.2.4 F,=0.6(241) = 144.6 MPa P=A,F P= 4,000(144.6) = 578,400 N P=578.4kN governed by the middle plate): Tension on net area: F,=O5F, a + Section 504,2.1 F,= 0.5(414) = 207 MPa ‘ : P=EA’, 85%A, = 3,400 mm? Middle plate, = 16 mm First row: An= (250 « 21.6)(16) ° Au = 3,654.4 mm? Use Ax, = 3,400 mm2 A‘, = 3,400 mm?Fundamentats of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted 83 Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members Second row: Ay * (250 = 2 x 21.6)(16) Au @ 3,308.8 mm? +. 3,308.8 Aye 6 A'y = 3970.56 mm? ‘Third row: Ay = (250 ~ 3 x 21.6)(16) Ay = 2,963.2 mm2 wy» 2882 A’n = 5,926.4 mm? Side plates, combined f = 2x 12 = 24 mm ; f First row: Ay = (250 = 3. 21.6)(24) Ay = 4,444.8 mm? ee 85%Ay = 0.85(250 x 24) Z, 85%Ag = 5,100 mm? GB Use A, = 4,444.8 mm2 A‘n = An = 4,444.8 mm? For this arrangement where the first row have more bolts than the rest of the rows, it is impossible for the plate to tear along the other rows. . Least A’, = 3,400 mm? P= FA’, = 207(3,400) « P= 703,00N P= 703 kN Safe value of P = 452.4 kN (governed by shear on rivets)Fundamentals of Structural Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Steet Design 84 Connectlans and Tension Members Problem 2-8 : te is attached to another plate by three 16- are not excluded from shear planes. The the safe tensile load P the connection The 300 mm wide, 8 mm thick steel plat mm diameter A490 bolts whose threads a plate is A36 with Fy = 410 MPa. Determine can resist. SOLUTION Bolt diameter = 25 m: it Hole diameter = 27 mm (standard hole fr Use hole diameter = 27+1.6= 28.6 mm Bolt (A490), F,= 193 MPa - : Plate (A36), F, = 248 MPa, F, = 410 MPa ‘om Table 2 - 2) Shear on bolts (3 bolts in sin, Av= 4 (2523+ Av= 14726 mm? P=A,F, P=1,4726(193) = . P= 2849 1N ) = 284,211:8 N gle shear): Bearing on projected area: = 12F, : F,= 1.2410) = 492 MPa Ap=dx tx number if Ap™ 25(8) x 3 of bolts, Section 540.4.7.4Fundamentals of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted 85 Structural Stee! Design Connections and Tension Members A, = 600 mm? P=AyF, P = 600(492) = 295,200 N P= 295.2kN Tension on gross area: Az = 300(8) Ay * 2,400 mm? Frm 0.6F, F/=,0,6(248) = 148.8 MPa P=A,F, - P = 2,400(148.8) = 357,120 N P= 357.12 kN Section 5042.4 Tension on net area: F,=0.5F, F, = 0.5(410) = 205 MPa P=FA, se 85%Ay = 2,040 mm? ; 300 - 3(28.6)|(8) Au = 1,713.6 mm? P = 205(1,713.6) = 351,288 N P = 351.288 kN Section 504.2.1 Shear rapture: P=FoAy+ FrAr Fy = 0.3 Fy = 0.3(410) Fy = 123 MPa Ay Aa + Agn™ 2m Av = 2x [50-¥4(28.6)|(8) + Ay = 571.2 mm?mentals of Structural Funda Steel Design 02 - Bolted & Rivete 86 on ctons and Tension Members r= 0.5 Fu = 0.5(410) re = 205 MPa Ay = Bott Ag = Act ‘Ay = 2{80 - 28.6](8) A, = 822.4 mm? p= 123(871.2) + 205(822.4) 8,819.6 N P= 238,849 kN The safe P = 238.849 kN (governed by shear rapture) Problem 2-9 . igure 2 - 19, assuming Plate 2 has adequate net area A single lap joint is shown in Fi and does not control the strength, calculate the governing net area for Plate 1. Plate 2 22mm diameter bott in standard holes 16 mm thick plate Figure 2-19Fundamentals of Chapter 02 ~ Bolted & Riveted 87 Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members SOLUTION Gross area, Ay = 380(16) =.6,080 mm? 85%A, = 5,168 mm? 22mm diameter bolt in standard holes { { 1 1 1 I ' 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 t ' ' 1 ' ' ' 16 mm.thick plate Standard hole of 22 mm bolt = 24 mm (From Table 2 - 2) Use hole diameter = 24 +, 1.6 = 25.6 mm Path ace: An = Wi x t An = [380 - 3(25.6)](16) = 4,851.2 mm? Path abcde (5 holes and 4 equal gage spaces): An = Wy xt 2 Wr = Weross - ZHoles + a 502 = 380 - 5(25.6) +4 = 2853 Wr = 380 - 5(25.6) 43) 3mm An = 285,33(16) = 4,565.28 mm? Path abde: An= Wax 2 Wa = Wess BHoles + 27Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted Fundamentats oe oe 88 Connections and Tension Members 50 2 4(75) An = 294,267(16) = 4,708.27 mm? = 294.267 W,, = 380 - 4(25.6) + 2 Under this path, ore bolt (bolt c) has already transferred its share to the other plate, hence: A= 41, wheren= Land N= 10 n N Aly = 4208.27 5959 41 mm? Ina Thus, path abcde governs with Ay = 4565.28 mm? Problem 2-10 (CE May 2002) A plate with width of 400 millimeters and thickness of 12 millimeters is to be ponaccted to a plate of the same width and thickness by 34 millimeters diameter bolts, as shown in Figure 2- 20. The holes are 2 mm larger than the bolt diameter, The plate is A36 steel with yield Strength F, = 248 MegaPascals. Assume allowable tensile stress on net area is 0.60F,. It is required to determine the value of b such that the net width along bolts 1-2-3-4 is equal to the net width along bolts 1-2-4. 4) Calculate the value of b in millimeters. 5) Calculate the value of the millimeters, ©) .Calculate the value of P not be exceeded, net area for tension in plates in square So that the allowable tensile stress on net area will 60mm, bFundamentals of Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted 89 Structural Stee! Design Connections and Tension Members SOLUTION 150 mm At any critical path of the top plate shown above, the load is 100% of P, hence no reduction of net area is required. For the bottom plate, for path 1-2-3, only 75% of P acts on the net area, while for path 1-2-3-4, 100% of P acts on the net area. “ Part a: . 2 Net width = Gross width - 5 holes + 5 i ’ : y Net width (1-2-4) = Net width (1-2-3-4) 602, (150-b)? 490 - 3(34 + — + ST = 40g 96-34 2 Tay * 4(200) p5- 404 +2) 2 2 2 + 7 ,_# , 150 400) " 4(100) ~ 4(100) (150-8)? 4(200) —4(100) 22500 - 300 b + b2 - 2 = 16200 2 + 300b - 6300 = 0 pa 73004 (00)? - 4(1)(-6300) 2(1) = 20.25 b=19.71 mmChapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted 9 Connections and Tension Members Part b: Considering path 1-2-3-4 or 1-2-4: 60? 4(100) 60? 4(100) Net width = 400 - 3(34 + 2) + Net width = 400 2 3(34 + 2) + i Net width =322.22 mm Considering path 1-2-3: . 60? Net width = 400 - 3(34 + 2) + Net width = 301.97 mm ——+ 4(100) Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design (150-b)? 4(200) (150- 19.71)? 4(200) b? 4(100) Critical net Area = 301.97(12) = 3624 mm? Part c: P=A, x F, P = 3624 x [0.6(248)] = 539,251 N P= 539.2 kN \ Problem 2-11 (CE November 1997) A steel plate is 360°mm wide and 20 as shown in Figure 2-21. Calculate # 45mm 45mm 60mm, Figure 2-21 mm thick with four bolt holes cut into a plate he critical net area of the section, 3@90mmFundamentals of - Riveted Structural Steel Design Chapter 02 - Bolted & Rive! 91 Connections and Tension Members SOLUTION 45mm | 45mm 25 thm Hole Typ. 3@90mm 60mm Note; At any critical path shown above, the load is 100% of P, hence no reduction of net area is required. Au t[b- = (H) + £(6/4g) ]= t Wn Solving for the critical net width, W, Wi = Weross - ZHoles + © (s?/4g) - Path ABEF: [s = 90 at inh 3-20) = 270mm | 02 —— = 310.83 ~B60-25(2)* a om "Path ABCEF. ar 45 290.94: 360-253) * 79) * aasn) Oa" Path ABCDEF: a x2+ 281.25 mm = 360-2519) * Figo) oo," wz mm Use W = 281.25mm then; A, = fx Wi = 20 x 281,25 = 5625 mm?Fundamentals of Structural Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted i Steel Design 92 Connections and Tension Members Problem 2-12 Calculate the service tensile load capacity for an L150 x 90 x 12 A53 steel connected with 22-mm diameter A490 bolts in standard holes as shown in Figure 2 - 22. SOLUTION Gusset plate | \ Relevant properti ‘ \ Am D7 ee OF U50% 90 x 12: B=90mm 4= 150 mm ‘ t=12mm / Bolt diameter =22m Standard hole = 24 mmm Use hole diame : ster = 2441.6 6= 25.6 mmFundamentals of . Chapter 02 - Bolted & Riveted 93 Structural Steel Design Connections and Tension Members -_— For A53 steel: . Fy= 241 MPa Fy, = 414 MPa Shear on bolts (8 bolts in single shear): F, = 276 MPa . Table 2-1 P= FyAy™ 276[8 x ¥ (22)3] P = 839,333 N P = 839.33 kN Bearing on projected area: ‘ 2 Fy 1.2Fy Section 510.4.7.1 F, = 1.2(414) = 496:8 MPa Ay = dx tx number of bolts Ap = 22(12) x 8 Ay = 2,112 mm? P= A, Fy P = 2,112(496.8) = 1,049,241.6 N P= 1,049 kN ‘ Tension on gross area: Z = 0.6F, = 0.6(241) = 144.6 MPa P= FA P= 144. 6 (2,751) = 397,794.6 N P = 397.79 kN Tension on net area: PeFxA. F,=0.5F, = 0.5(414) = 207 MPa In this tension member, the tension’ connection is not-made in a manner that results in the attachment of all parts of the section. Only one:side of the angle section is attached to the plate. Section 502.4.2 of NSCP requires that the effective net area shall be A, = U Ay. U=0.85 Sec. 502.4.4 (Table 2 - 9, See page 62) Path abd: An = Ag~ 1 hole x t= 2,751 - 25.6(12) An = 2,443.8 mm?