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Adobe Scan 02 Mar 2023
Adobe Scan 02 Mar 2023
spherometer.
surface by a
of a given spherical
the radius of
eurvature
To determine
eraser.
W1AYU REQUURE
mirror, a scale (15 cm), a sharp pointed pencil,
plane glass strip, a convex
a
A sphermeter,
PREREQUISTTE
radii
measuring
It is used for
principle of micrometer screw.
Spherometer
isdevice based on the
a
Pranciple: Spherometer upto 0.001 cm. whose
of spherical surfaces accurately on three fixed legs
frame, F supported
of cunvature
triangular metallic
Cosruction:
A spherometer consists of a
an equilateral triangle. be moved
tips form the vertices of uniformly cut screw, S can
which
the triangular frame in
a
is fixed at the centre of scale is engraved
A vertical nut. N below it. Circular
circular metallic disc D attached slightly made pointed
with the help of knob,
K having the screw, S is
divisions. The lower end, N of
circumference into 100 or
200 equal the s c r e w clockwise
or
Knob K
Circular Scale
(Circular metallic disc 'D)
Vertical-
Metallic
Linear
Scale Screw 'S
Triangular metallic
frame 'F
Pitch (P)
Least count, LC =
Total number of divisions on the circular scale (n)
if three fixed and the central screw are at
legs
Zero error: On placing the spherometer on a plane surface,
zero mark the disc is in line with the zero mark
level, i.e., touching the plane surface and the
on
the same
no zero error. Otherwise the instrument possesses zero error.
on the main scale, then the instrument possess
It may be of two types:
Section A: Experiments 43
() Poiilive zero rror, n d ( ) nogutive zUro error
the bulged out surtace,
just touchen the convex murface. To ensure that all the four tips are resting on
'aIve ritorthe zero mark on the circuliar -Knob 'K pass a paper strip under each of them.
zero mark on the
main
HCul lies u little above the
NC'ule (verlical neale), the zero e r r o r 1N pONitive,
To Votu at
Cucular Salo
(Circular metallc
6. Now rend the main scale. Let the number of complete main scale divisions below the edge of the circular
scale be m. The main scale reading = m x LC of main scale.
let the N" Metalie disc D)
determine the mugnitude of this error, of main scale. Let t
divinion of circular senle lying in line with any
Note the number of divisions on the circular scale which coincides with the edge
cal
be C. The circular scale reading = Cx LC of the spherometer.
Krduntion on the vertical sCale is multiplied by Hence, the total reading main seale reading + circular scale reading = m x LC of main scale + C x L
tle least count, 1.e.,
of the spherometer.
Positive zero error = N x LC. orror
Flg. A-6.2. Positlive zor0 without
(u1) Negalive zero erTr It the zero mark on the cireular
6. Remove the spherometer from its position and remove the convex mirror, place the spherometer
disturbing on the glass slab.
scale lies a little below the zero mark on the main
HCle, the zero error is neg:ative. To determine the
magnitude of negative zero error, read the division
Knob 'K°
of circular scale coincuding with the edge of the
main seale (or piteh scale). Lt it be N'. Then the Ventical Circular Scalo Knob K
Motal
(Circular motallic Vertical Circular Scale
Negative zero error = - (n - N') x LC. delliil disc D) Metalic
inoar (Circular metallic disC 'D)
Working: When a spherometer is placed on a spheriealScalo Linear
Scalo
surface (a part of large sphere) such that tips of three
fixed legs are touching it, the tip of the serew S will be Screw
a little higher on the bulged out portion of the convex Fig. A-6.3. Nogalive zero error
Nurface. This height called Sagitta (h) is related to the
Triangular metallic
radius of curvature of the surlace (radius of the large ram 'f
sphere whose part is the spherical surface).
P'rom the geometry. figure A-6.4 shows that
AO x OB = Q0 x OF Covex Mirror
rxr=h x
(2R -h) Glass Slab
2 h R - h*
Hence, radius of curvature, k: The difference between two sets of observations with proper sign i.e., the (curved surface
reading gives the value of h.
plane surface)
2h
8. Repeat the steps 4, 5, 6, 7, two times and get the mean value of h.
R 6h 2 Fig. A-6.5. Section of the sphere
cut by the plane containing 9. Now place the spherometer on the plain sheet (left page) of the notebook and press it. Thus, you will
B and C of three leg9s.
tips A,
Hence, R may be calculated by substituting the values of l and h. get the impression of between
the tips the Join the pricks
of the threewithlegs.millimetre with the help of sharp pencil and scale
cm
reading
S.No. MSR CSD CSR Curved MSR CSD CSR Plane surface h' (1)- h' =- ( e)
(cm) (cm) surface (cm) (cm) Total reading (2) (cm)
h Cm
hg cm
RESULT
R 6h
cm
PRECAUTIONS
1. Select the spherometer according to the size of the spherical surface, i.e., the three legs should lie on
the surface.
2. Before starting the experiment examine the working of the spherometer that the main scale is
legs are not shaky and the vertical
screw moves
smoothly in the nut.
3. Central should just touch the
screw
plane or curved surface.
4. To minimize the backlash
error, rotate the screw in one direction at one
5. The distance between the
time.
legs should be measured accurately as in the
6. Note the curved surface and formula 12 is involved.
plane surface readings with proper sign.
sOURCES OF ERROR
1. The main scale
may not be exactly vertical.
2. The
graduations
on the scale may not be uniform.
3. The screw
may be loose.
4. Precautions are not
properly observed.
5. Personal error.
46
7agethen with Physics Lab Manual-11