Induction

Motors
NTRODUCTION

machines are also called asynchronous machines i.e. the machines which never run at
lnduc

ehropous speed. Whenever we say induction machine we mean to say induction motor. Induction
chronous speed.
S a b e single-phase or three phase. The single phase induction motors are usually built in
i e s (upto 3 H.P). Three phase induction motors are the most commonly used a.c. motors
Small:sizes

industry
thepower
becauseithey have simple and rugged construction, low cost, high efficiency, reasonably
elf starting torque and low maintenance. Almost more than 90% of the mechanical
factor, self;

wer used in industry is provided by three phase induction motors.

ower used
In this chapter, we shall deal with all the important aspects of a three phase induction motor.
1.CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF A 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
A 3-phase induction motor consists of two main parts namely stator and rotor.
1. Stator: It is the stationary part of the motor. It has (O) STATOR
Outer frame, (ii) Stator
three main parts, namely. ()
core

and (ii) Stator winding. CORE

( Outer frame : It is the outer body of the motor. TERMINAL

Its function is to support the stator core and to protect the BOX
inner parts of the machine. For small machines the fame is
casted but for large machines it is fabricated.
To place the motor on the foundation, feet are provided WINDING
in the outer frame as shown in fig. 1.
() Stator core: The stator core is to carry the
alernating magnetic field which produces hysteresis and eddy
Current losses, therefore, core is built up of high grade silicon
Fig. 1
siel
stampings. The stampings are assembled under hydraulic STATOR TOOTH SLOT
STAMPING
pressure and are keyed to the frame. Each stamping is LU
Sulated from the other with a thin varnish layer. The
SS to the stamping usually varies from 0.3 to 0.5
Slots are punched on the inner periphery of the
ampings, as shown in fig. 2, to accommodate stator
winding.
a) Stator winding: The stator core carries a three
Winding which is usually supplied from a three phase
PPy system. The six terminals of the winding (two of each
phase) connected in the terminal box of the machine Fig. 2
determined
by th r the motor is wound for definite number of poles, the exact number being
peed. It will be seen that greater the number of poles, the lower is the speed
requirement of spee
131
 13 INDUCTION MOTORS
and vie versa, since N, Ng 120 The three- phase winding may be connected
ted in ua
a stater.
d e l a esternally ihrough
motor. There are two
2. Rotor It is the rotating part of the SHORT
in 3 phase induction motors.
Vpes of noors, which are emjployed
) Squirrel cage rotor (ii) Phase
wound rotor.
CIRCUITING
(RING CORE cONDACTO
this type
Squirnel cage rotor : The motors employing
induction motors. Most of the AFT
of rotor are known as Squirrel cage
induction motors are of this ype because of simple and rugged
squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated.
oonstruction of rotor. A
having semi-closed circular slots at the outer Fig. 3
cylindrical core
bar condyctors are placed in
periphery. Copper or aluminium
end by copper or aluminium rings, called short
circuitinoe
these slots and short circuited at each
permanently
isshort circuited and it is Doe rings,
as shown in fig. 3. Thus,
the rotor winding
the rotor circuit.
not
possible s
add any external resistance in
not to the shaft but are skewed. Skewing of rotor h
parallel
The rotor slots are usually he
following advantages
running of a motor,
(a) It reduces humming thus ensuring quiet of the rotor,
curves for different positions
(b) It results in a smoother torque
of the stator and rotor,
(c) It reduces the magnetic locking
resistance due to the increased
(d) It increases the rotor
length of the rotor bar conductors.
SLIP RINGS wOUND ROTCR
wound rotor is also
() Phase wound rotor: Phase SHAFT
this type of
called slip ring rotor and the motors employing
rotor are known as phase wound or slipring induction motors. (

Slip ring rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core having

semi-closed slots at the outer periphery and carries a 3-phase SLOTS
The rotor is wound for the same number Fig. 4
insulated winding.
of poles as that of stator. The three finish terminals
are
terminals are connected to three cop
connected together forming star point and the three start

slipings fixed on theshaft (see fig. 4). rua

the
external resistance can be added in
In this case, depending upon the requirement any
circuit, In this case also the rotor is skewed.
A mild steel shaft is passed through the centre of the rotor and is fixed to it win N

purpose of -shaft is to transfer mechanical power.

2. PRODUCTION Fo REVOLVING FIELD
Consider a stator on which three different windings represented by three concent
b,b, and c,2 respectively are placed 120° electrically apart. currents willh
Let a shown in fig. 5, is applied to the stator, Three phase u
3-phase supply, as eof
of
through the three coils and produce their own magnetic fields. The positive halt
gative

alternating current is considered as inward flow of current in the start terminals and
 IONMOTORS 1
current in the start terminals.
o

utward iflow of
u t w a r d

0onsider :idered
as
is opposite in he finish terminals
drction
ofaf l o w ofcurrent

in coilside a, be inward andin

y r
S a i e c o i l

a n y ant
n s t a n t
fs, current
the current in the other sides of the
Whereas,
G outward,
i.e. in coil side a is outward and b, and
opposite
coils
is
resultant field
and its direction (F)is marked
The
à i n w a r d ,

in coil sides a, and b, is

60°, current 120
when 00 iis
0
when

instant , Whereas,the
Whereas, the
current iin the opposite
current
outward.

is
in C its direction is shown in
ind resultant field and
iward a nd Fig. 5
d a The
The
opposite.

an angle 0
60° from its =

ides
is rotated through
is
which
which
is
7,
g inward c, and in and a, is ourward
in coilside b, is
p e v i o u s p o s i t i o n .

current
n t when
when is i s 120°, angle =120
8. which is rotated through
an
instant
At direction is shown in fig.
Theresultant field field and its
eultant
first position. we conclude
that wben
from its one revolution. Hence,
electrical the resultant field completes revolves
cycle, produced which
Thus, in one
wound stator, a resultant field is
to a 3-phase
3phase supply is given
speed (N, =
120°f IP).
1200f
called synchronous
constant speed,
at a

-.

Fm
Oa2
t3
t2 0=120
t1 0-60
0-0
Fig.8
Fig.7 to coil a,a,.
b,
Fig.6 1,2 and 3 is given
supply
from phase to coil a,4, , b,b
In this case, we have seer een that when If the supply Thus,
field is produced. tield is
reversed.
and a n t i c l o c k w i s e rotating rotating
cc, pectively, an the direction of terunals are

and c is given from phase 1,3 ! and 2 respectively, two supPply

connections of any
to reverse the field the
of rotation of rotating
rection
inter changed.
revolvingg
3. a
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 3-phase
wound
induction
motor,

is shown in tig.
of a stator
When 3-phase : given to the stator
by the in
Supply is field set-up field is rotating
field IS set up in the stator. At any instant, the
magnetic
head F
Let this
speed.
9 The direction field is
marked by an
arrow

second i.e.
synchronous

an
resultant
radians per

anti-clockwis direction at an ingular speed

angul
of o,
 INDUCTION MOTORS
134
Thestationary rotor conductors cut the Fr
revolving field and due to electromagnetic T STATOR
induction an e.m.f. is induced in the rotor ROTOR

conductors. As the rotor conductors are X

C
short circuited, current flows through them
in the direction as marked in the figure. Fm F
Rotor current carrying conductors set up a

resultant field F This field tries to come

b1
in line with the stator main field F. Due S
a2
to this an electromagnetic torque T, is
developed in the anticlockwise direction.
(a)
Thus, rotor starts rotating in same direction Fig.9
in which stator field is
Altornotalu
revolving.