Entrance Rankers Class Notes - Straight Lines RN

PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES :

|
𝒂 𝒉 𝒈
𝑎𝑥2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦2 +2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 will represent a pair of straight lines iff ∆ = 𝒉 𝒃 𝒇 = 𝟎
𝒈 𝒇 𝒄 |
EXPLANATION : Multiply 𝑎𝑥2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦2 +2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 by 𝑎

𝑎2𝑥2 + 2𝑎ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎𝑏𝑦2 + 2𝑎𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑓𝑦 + 𝑎𝑐 = 0

𝑎2𝑥2 + 2𝑎ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑔𝑥 = ―( 𝑎𝑏𝑦2 + 2𝑎𝑓𝑦 + 𝑎𝑐)

Add (ℎ𝑦 + 𝑔)2 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 : (𝑎𝑥)2 +2(𝑎𝑥).(ℎ𝑦 + 𝑔) + (ℎ𝑦 + 𝑔)2 = (ℎ𝑦 + 𝑔)2 ― ( 𝑎𝑏𝑦2 +2𝑎𝑓𝑦 + 𝑎𝑐)

(𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 + 𝑔)2 = 𝑦2(ℎ2 ― 𝑎𝑏) + 2𝑦(ℎ𝑔 ― 𝑎𝑓) + (𝑔2 ― 𝑎𝑐)

This equation will represent a pair of straight lines iff the RHS is a perfect square

OR iff the discriminant of the quadratic in y is zero OR iff the quadratic has real equal roots.

( Reason : If the RHS becomes a perfect square like (𝑃𝑦 + 𝑄)2 , then

(𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 + 𝑔)2 = (𝑃𝑦 + 𝑄)2 will yield two equations of the linear format like :

(𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 + 𝑔) =± (𝑃𝑦 + 𝑄) which are the pair of straight lines

represented by 𝑎𝑥2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦2 +2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 iff 𝑫 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝑯𝑺

Thus the condition is 4(ℎ𝑔 ― 𝑎𝑓)2 ―4(𝑔2 ― 𝑎𝑐)(ℎ2 ― 𝑎𝑏) = 0

Or (ℎ𝑔 ― 𝑎𝑓)2 ― (𝑔2 ― 𝑎𝑐)(ℎ2 ― 𝑎𝑏) = 0

Or 𝑎2𝑓2 ―2𝑎𝑓𝑔ℎ ― 𝑎2𝑐𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐ℎ2 +𝑎𝑏𝑔2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎𝑓2 ―2𝑓𝑔ℎ ― 𝑎𝑐𝑏 + 𝑐ℎ2 +𝑏𝑔2 = 0

|
𝒂 𝒉 𝒈
Here 𝑎𝑓2 ―2𝑓𝑔ℎ ― 𝑎𝑐𝑏 + 𝑐ℎ2 +𝑏𝑔2 = 𝒉 𝒃 𝒇 = 0
𝒈 𝒇 𝒄 |
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒌:

𝒂 , 𝒃 , 𝒄 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝒇𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ, 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝒈𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝒉𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐

Entrance Rankers : 9748-20-8982 | 704-409-8181 | entrance-rankers.in

Entrance Rankers Class Notes - Straight Lines RN
SEPERATION OF A PAIR OF LINES FROM HETEROGENEOUS EQUATION :
𝑦
Step 1. Divide the homogeneous equation 𝑎𝑥2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦2 = 0 by 𝑥2 and replace 𝑥 = 𝑚

Step 2. If discriminant of the quadratic in 𝑚 is greater than or equal to zero, then obtain the roots of
this quadratic equation. Let the roots of 𝑏𝑚2 +2ℎ𝑚 + 𝑎 = 0 are 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2
Step 3. The required lines are then 𝑦 = 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑘1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑚2𝑥 + 𝑘2 where 𝑘1 & 𝑘2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛.
Step 4. Now express the lines in general form by converting from slope form as below :
𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 & 𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑏2𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 where 𝑐1 & 𝑐2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛.
Step 5. Solve for 𝑐1 & 𝑐2 : by comparing the coefficients of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Example : Let (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3𝑥 ― 𝑦 ― 2) = 0 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠

The joint equation of these pair of lines are : (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1).(3𝑥 ― 𝑦 ― 2) = 0

𝑜𝑟 6𝑥2 +7𝑥𝑦 ― 3𝑦2 ―𝑥 ― 7𝑦 ― 2 = 0

To obtain the lines back we follow the steps of separation of lines as given above :
𝑦
Consider the homogeneous part : 6𝑥2 +7𝑥𝑦 ― 3𝑦2 = 0 divide by 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑚

6 + 7𝑚 ― 3𝑚2 = 0 or 3𝑚2 ―7𝑚 ― 6 = 0

Here 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 > 0 Hence roots are 𝟑𝒎𝟐 ―𝟗𝒎 + 𝟐𝒎 ― 𝟔 = 𝟎 or 3𝑚(𝑚 ― 3) +2(𝑚 ― 3) = 0
2
Or (3𝑚 + 2).(𝑚 ― 3) = 0 Hence slopes of the lines are 𝑚 = ― 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 3

𝟐
Thus the required lines are 𝒚 = ― 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒌𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒌𝟐

Now representing them in General Form we get : 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ― 𝟑𝒌𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝒙 ― 𝒚 + 𝒌𝟐 = 𝟎

Hence 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟕𝒙𝒚 ― 𝟑𝒚𝟐 ―𝒙 ― 𝟕𝒚 ― 𝟐 = 𝟎 should represent (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 ― 𝟑𝒌𝟏)(𝟑𝒙 ― 𝒚 + 𝒌𝟐) = 𝟎

Hence comparing coefficients of 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 : 2𝑘2 ―9𝑘1 = ―1 …(𝐴)

Comparing coefficients of 𝑦 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 : 3𝑘2 +3𝑘1 = ―7 …(𝐵)

Comparing the constants we get : ―3𝑘1𝑘2 = ―2 …(𝐶)

1
Solving the equations (𝐴)& (𝐵) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 : 𝑘1 = ― 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘2 = ―2

Hence the lines represented JOINTLY By 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟕𝒙𝒚 ― 𝟑𝒚𝟐 ―𝒙 ― 𝟕𝒚 ― 𝟐 = 𝟎 are

(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏) = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑𝒙 ― 𝒚 ― 𝟐) = 𝟎 which are the lines we started with…

Entrance Rankers : 9748-20-8982 | 704-409-8181 | entrance-rankers.in