St.

Matthew College
ORAL COMMUNICATION

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Aristotle's Model is centered on the SPEAKER as the primary source of

the MESSAGE to be sent to the LISTENERS(AUDIENCE). As a teacher of rhetoric
which is the art of public speaking, he also emphasized that communication is
dictated by its SETTING, which he divided into three: LEGAL SETTING,
DELIBERATIVE SETTING, AND CEREMONIAL SETTING.

Legal Setting talks about the court, where ordinary people had to defend
themselves since there were no lawyers before.

Deliberative Setting means political gatherings or assemblies with which the highest

court was the Roman Senate.

Ceremonial Setting includes celebrations of victories in war, laments during death

of a king or lost in battle, and feast as a welcome to a king/ruler from other
countries. Such settings require welcoming speech, tribute, or lamentations.

SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

This model has more features than that of the first model presented. Here, the
information source is not identified/named as the speaker. Therefore, there
could be an interchanging roles between the speaker and the receiver/listener.

The transmitter, however, could be in the form of telephone/telegram where the

source has to send codes which will be delivered through the transmitter before
these codes will be decoded by the listener/receiver.

Also, as you noticed, there is the presence of the noise source which is the

primary reason why the communication process is hindered or hampered.

WILBUR SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

In this model, Schramm emphasized the importance of encoding the information

since it initiates the process of communication by converting the thought into
content. Once the information is delivered by the speaker, it is now the
responsibility of the receiver to understand what the speaker is pointing out. Unless
the second party is able to decode or understand the information/message that the
sender tries to communicate, the message is of no use at all.

According to Schramm, encoding and decoding are two of the most essential
components of effective communication.
He also made mention of human's "field of experience" which also dictates the
differences of how we perceive something or how we interpret the received encoded
information from the speaker.

For instance, one may insist that the sun is color yellow, but that can never be
possible to a blind person because all he sees is darkness.

One may feel good when someone smiles at him/her but smiling while the teacher
is on a serious mode may not be that fun.
EUGENE WHITE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

According to Eugene White in his definition of the model of communication, it is

a repetitive cycle. His 1960 model is that of a cyclical process composed of eight
stages. These stages are thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting,
receiving, decoding, feed-backing, monitoring and thinking. This model
suggests that there is no beginning nor end to communication. He is also the
one who introduced the concept of feedback-- a process that is now known to
close the loop (complete the cycle).  

The concept of feedback in communication

Feedback in communication refers to the response or reaction of the receiver of
the message to the sender's message. In this model, feedback is done after
decoding the message. Feedback is the receiver's reaction towards the message
being sent. It could also be done verbally or nonverbally.

For instance, when ask if you like the taste of vanilla ice cream, you can just
say "YES" if you like it or a "NOD" will do. On the other hand, if you don't like it,
you can just say "NO" or "SHAKING YOUR HEAD" might be enough

Remember that the purpose of communication, any communication, is to

convey messages--and by extension, that message has to be truthful as well.
Disinformation in the way of fake news is bad communication--because it makes
people confused and believe things that are not true or misleading.  

On the other hand, for those providing legitimate messages, feedback could be
a way to evaluate the effectiveness of the message you are trying to convey. If
reaction was negative towards a positive news, for example, maybe there is
something missing in the way the message was delivered--maybe there is a
need to simplify the words used.  

Prepared by: Mr. Richard John G. Lugtu, LPT

1. Why do you need to recognize the periods of Philippine Literary History
Recognizing our own Philippine literature endows us with great strength. We gain the ability to
create, influence, and share while also preserving it. Local literary works are priceless jewels that we
cannot replace; they are riches that retain their value through time and never cease to inspire. And as
we gain a deeper understanding of them, we'll be better able to share the authors' legacies and
persuade our fellow Filipinos to acknowledge Philippine literary history as well.

We can communicate with the authors' thoughts through Philippine literature. We can see what they
are thinking and believing, and we merge with them. Their writing style or the structure of their
literary works could even be used to influence the audience's thoughts. We will be able to appreciate
them and their unique talents as Filipino authors if we read more local literature. Even better, since
reading helps us cultivate our own critical thinking, we may learn from them and write ourselves.

2. In what way you can show a sense of adaptability to the diverse Philippine
Literary History?
I can show my adaptability to Philippine literary history by knowing its history and showing respect
for the time and phase that happened that day. Moreover, I can show not just by showing respect and
knowing it, but also by sharing and being proud of it in every single thing that happened and got
written in history. Understanding the value of history as a subject of study and a means of learning
about one's past is crucial for everyone learning about the rich history of the Philippines. Without
today's contributions, the future cannot be better. As a student, in this case, I can get to know what
happened before and why it became like this on this day and who made and became a hero to help
our nation.

The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the country’s history. This
can best be appreciated in the context of the country’s pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-
political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions. We should learn about our own
literature. Respect it, appreciate it, and demonstrate it in a way that shows you care about and
cherish the things or works that many people have contributed to Philippine literary history. They
created many unique pieces for many people to see and learn from. They gave us unique languages of
their own and for others too.

3. As a grade 11 student, in what way can you as a Filipino reader be affected by

such works that endeavor to open the minds of people on socio-political and
moral issues confronting the country?
Filipinos enjoy using body language to communicate. To communicate, they move their hands, lips,
brows, and eyes. They are less reliant on verbal communication. They possess a keen intuitive feel for
what is intended but not explicitly stated (known as "pakiramdam"). Even their smiles can indicate
different things. A grin can hide feelings of uneasiness, shame, or nervousness and is not necessarily
intended to express enjoyment. They might merely smile if you ask them a question and they decide
not to answer. Saying "po" (formal) or "ho" (informal) at the end of the sentence is a polite method of
addressing an elderly person (someone older or one with a highly respected position in society).
Parents and other senior citizens are never addressed by name.