ASSI

GNMENT
ON SOCI
OLOGY

Topi
c:POPULATI
ON

Submi
tt
edby: Submi
tt
edt
o:
Gr
oup-
(I
)Zaaki
yaAkht
ar, Mi
ssSukany
aSonowal

Nay
anmoni
Gogoi
,Chanchal
aMunda, Depar
tmentofSoci
ology

Ni
harDai
mar
y. Assi
stantPr
ofessor

S.
I.
P.E.LAW COLLEGE,
DIBRUGARH(ASSAM )

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Wewoul
dli
ketoext
endourgr
ati
tudetoourDir
ectorsi
r"Cheni
ram Borah"and
Pri
nci
palsi
r"RommelCheti
a"forpr
ovi
dingusallt
hefaci
li
ty.

Secondly,Wewouldliketoexpressourspecialt
hanksofgrati
tudetoourSociol
ogy
Teacher“MissSukanyaSonowal ’’f
orherabl
eguidancesupportandgaveusthe
goldenopport
unit
ytodot hiswonderfulassi
gnmentonthetopi
c“Populati
on’’whi
ch
hel
pedusindoingal otofresearchandwecamet oknowaboutsomany .

Dat
e:. B.
A.LL.
B(H)2ndSem.

2
 OBJECTI
VEOFTHESTUDY

1)ToSt
udyt
hecausesofpopul
ati
ongr
owt
h.

2)ToSt
udyaboutt
hepr
obl
emsofov
erpopul
ati
on.

3)ToSt
udyaboutt
heneedf
orcont
rol
l
ingt
hegr
owt
hofpopul
ati
on.

4)ToSt
udyt
heopt
imum t
heor
yofpopul
ati
on.

5)ToSt
udyaboutt
headv
ant
agesofPopul
ati
onGr
owt
h

6)ToSt
udyaboutt
hesol
uti
ont
ocont
rol
popul
ati
ongr
owt
h.

3
 METHODOLOGY

Theresear
chonthet
opic"POPULATI
ON"i sbasedont
heDescr
ipt
ivemet
hod.Al
l
t
her
esearchdat
aar
ecoll
ect
edfrom t
hebook.

4
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Popul
ati
ont ypical
l
yr ef
erstothenumberofpeopl einasingl
ear
ea,whetheri
tbea
ci
tyort
own,region,countr
y,cont
inent
,ortheworld.Gover
nment
sty
pical
lyquant
if
ythe
si
zeoftheresidentpopulati
onwi t
hinthei
rjur
isdict
ionusi
ngacensus,aprocessof
col
l
ect
ing,
anal
ysi
ng,
compi
l
ing,
andpubl
i
shi
ngdat
aregar
dingapopul
aton.
i

Thepopul ati
onofi ndi
ai sgrowingfast erthangl obal populati
ongr owth.Thereasons
forI ndia'
sr apidl
ygr owingpopul ationar epov ert
y ,illi
ter
acy ,highf er
ti
li
tyrate,r
api d
declinei ndeat hr atesormor tal
ityratesandi mmi grati
on.Al armedbyi tsswelli
ng
popul ati
on,Indiast artedt aki
ngmeasur est ost em t hegr owt hratequiteearly
.Infact
India,byl aunchingt henat i
onalfami l
ypl anningpr ogr ammei n1952becamet hefirst
count ryinthewor ldtohav eapopul ati
onpol i
cy .Thought hef amil
yplanningprogramme
yiel
ded some not i
ceabl er esult
s butf ail
ed t o achi evet he ulti
mat e goaland the
popul ati
onofI ndiasincei ndependencei ncreasedal mostt hreetimes.

Beingadensel ypopul at ednation, I

ndi
asuffersfrom humanov erpopul ati
on.Thet ot al
popul at
ionofI ndiai nt hey ear2018i sesti
mat edt obe1, 35,11,22,408( 1.35bi l
li
on) .
Wi t
hint henext10y ears,Indiawi llbecomet hemostpopul ouscount ryinthewor l
d
l
eav i
ngbehi ndChi na( most )popul ouscountryin2018) .Indiawi llreplaceChi naast he
wor l
d'smostpopul ouscount rydoesnotmeant hati tsdemogr aphict ransiti
oni snot
happeni ng.Thedemogr aphictr
ansi ti
onisthepr ocessi nwhi chacount ry'sdeathr ates
andbi r
thr atesdecl inewi theconomi cdevelopment .Asdeat hr atesst artdecl i
ning
earli
ert hanbi rt
hr ates,t hereisani ni
ti
alphaseofr apidi ncreasei npopul ati
on.Whi l
e
Indi
a'spopul ati
ongr owt hhassl owed r emarkablyov ert hel astf ew y ears,it'
sst il
l
growi ngfast erthanChi naandi sexpect edtosur passChi nai nter msofpopul ationby
2028,whenbot hwi llhav eabout1. 55bi l
li
onpeopl e.Al t
hought hecr ownoft hewor l
d's
mostpopul ouscount ryhasbeenonChi na'
sheadf ordecades,accor dingt oPRB( a
priv
at enon-pr ofi
t,collectandanal ysesdemogr aphicdat af rom acr osst hewor ld)India
i
nnext10y earswi l
lsur passChi nat obecomet hewor ld'smostpopul ouscount ry.

5
 ANALYSI
S

I
NCREASEI
NPOPULATI
ON

Thedi
sast
erofgal
l
opi
ngpopul
ati
oni
nIndi
acanber
ecogni
zedf
rom t
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
s:

1.I
ndi
awi t
h apopulati
on ofabout1, 210 mi l
li
on (in 2011)isalmostequaltothe
combinedpopulati
onofUSA,I ndonesi
a,Br azil
,Pakist
an,BangladeshandJapan-the
popul
ationofthesesixcount
ri
est ot
als1,214mi ll
ion.Atpresent
,alit
tl
emorethanone
outofev er
ysi
xpersonsintheworldisfrom Indi
a.

2.I
ndiaaccountsforameagr
eof2. 4percentofthewor
ld'
ssur
facear
eaof135.79
mil
l
ionsquarekms,whereasitsuppor
tsandsustainsawhoopi
ng17.5percentof
worl
d'
spopulati
on.

3.
AsChinaisconst
antl
yshowinglowergr
owthi
nit
spopul
ati
onov
erthel
astf
ewyears,
i
tisnow est
imatedthatby2030,Indi
awil
lmostl
ikel
yov
ert
akeChi
natobecomethe
mostpopul
ouscountr
yontheearth.

4.Thefourbigst
atesofRaj
ast
han,Ut
tarPradesh,Madhy
aPradeshandBiharaccount
forapproxi
matel
y40percentofcountr
y'
st ot
alpopul
ati
onandsti
llhav
eanal arming
highcr
udebirthr
ate.

5.Att hepresentrateofgr owth,l

if
ef ormostIndianswouldbeunbear abl
emedi cal
faci
li
ti
eswoul dbedi ff
icul
ttoprovi
de,expensesoneducation,housi
ng,etc.wouldbe
exorbi
tant
,t echni
caland pr of
es sionaleducat
ion would become the exclusiv
e
prer
ogativ
eoft heel
ite,andthescar
cit
yoff oodwouldonceagainpl
ungemor ethanhalf
ofthenati
onbel owthepov er
tyli
ne.

Thus,t herei s an immedi at

e need tof ocus seri
ous attent
ion on contai
ning
populationgr owthinI ndi
a.AsI ndi
a,witht hesecondlargestpopul
ationinthewor ld,
fi
ghtsv ali
antlytoovercomeahi stori
call
egacyofsocialandeconomi cbackwardness,a
steep popul ati
on growt h notonly negates t
he lit
tl
e achiev
ement s butalso puts
tr
emendouspr essur
eonoural readyoverl
oadedsy st
em

6
 CAUSESOFPOPULATI
ONGROWTH

Wemayi
dent
if
ythef
oll
owi
ngi
mpor
tantcausesf
orpopul
ati
onexpl
osi
on:

1)Wi
deni
ngGapBet
weenBi
rt
handDeat
hRat
es:

Theav erageannual birt

hr at
einIndi
a, whichwas42pert housandpopulati
oni n1951-
61, camedownt o24. 8pert housandin2011.Thedeat hr atealsocamedownf rom over
27pert housandpopul at
ionin1951- 61t oj ust8i n2011( CensusofI ndia,2011).
Although,si ncebi r
thr atehasshownamoder atedecl i
nebutt hedeat
hr atehasgone
downr athershar ply,andt hewi deni
nggaphasi ncreasedourpopul ati
onr apidly
.The
totalfert
ili
tyrate(av eragenumberofchi ldrenbor nperwoman)camedownf r
om about
sixint hefifti
estot hreei n2011.Yet,forthepastt eny ears,themedianhousehol dsize
i
nI ndi ahasst ayedoutatl essthanfourchi ldreni nci t
iesandbet weenf ourandf ive
childreninv i
ll
ages.

2)I
ncr
easedLi
feExpect
ancy
:

Whiletheaverageannualbir
thrateinIndi
a,whi chwas42pert housandin1951-
61,
decr
easedto24. 8perthousandin2011,thecount ryhasseeni t
sdecadaldeathrate
decl
i
neto8.5in2001-2011f r
om 42.6in1901-1911.Sincethedeathratehasal
sogone
downsharpl
y,thepopul
ati
onhast endedtogrowv eryfasti
nIndi
a.

3)LackofFami
l
yPl
anni
ng:

Ifweaddt henumberofmi scar r

iages( 6.20lakhin2010- 11)i nthecount rywi than
estimatednumberofbi r
ths(2.
05cr orein2010- 11)inoney ear,eveninthisageoff ami l
y
planning,onewoman,onanav erage,ispr egnantatanyt i
mei ntheagegr oupof15- 45
years.Allthishappensbecauseal argenumberofpeopl ei nourcount ryarei l
li
terate
withnoawar enessoft hev ar
iousadv ant agesoff amil
ypl anningandt hei l
l-
effectsof
overpopulati
ononsoci ety.Thef ai
lureoff ami l
yplanni
ngisdi rectl
yrelat
edt olarge-scale
i
ll
iteracywhi chalsocont r
ibut
est omar riageatanear l
yage, lowst atusofwomen, high
chil
d-mor t
ali
tyrate,etc.Uneducat edf ami li
escannotgr aspt heissuesandpr oblems
causedbyt heincreasi
ngpopul ationr ate.Theyar eleastawar eoft hev ari
ousway st o
controlpopulat
ion,usageofcont r
acept iv
esandbi rthcontr
ol measur es.

4)Ear
lyMar
ri
age:

Chi
ldmarri
ageisoneofthemajorsoci
alpr
obl
emsofourcount
ry.Ev
entoday,alar
ge
numberofboysandgir
lsaremarri
edatanagewhent
heyarenotprepar
edforfamil
y

7
responsi
bil
it
ieseithersocial
l
y,emotional
ly
,phy si
cal
l
yorment al
l
y.Marri
ageatanunripe
ageal soleadst oamor tal
it
yrateofi nf
ants.Earl
ymar ri
agesnotonlyleadtohigh-
populati
onandt hwar ttheprogr
essofoury oungpopul ati
on,t
heyentai
lanenormous
amountoft roubletoy oungmothers.Thesey ounggir
ls,i
nmostcases,arenotheal
thy
enought obearthebur denofachil
d.

5)Hi
ghI
ll
i
ter
acy
:

Fami l
ypl anninghasadi rectli
nkwi t
hf emaleeducat i
on,andf emal eeducat i
oni s
directl
yassoci atedwi thageatmar r
iage,generalstatusofwomen,t heirfert
ili
tyand
i
nf antmor t
alit
yr ateandsof or
th.Accor di
ngt ot hepr ov i
sionalr eportoft he2011
Census, theov eralll
it
eracypercentageinIndiais74.04ascompar edt o64. 83teny ears
ago.Themal el i
teracypercentageis82.14whi l
ethef emalel i
teracyper centagei s65. 46.
Educat i
onmakesaper sonl i
beral
,broad-minded,opent onewi deas, andr at
ional.Ifboth
menandwomenar eeducat ed,theywi l
leasil
yunder standt hel ogicofpl anningt heir
fami l
y,butifeitheroft hem orbothoft hem areill
i
terate,theywoul dbemor eorthodox,
i
llogicalandr el
igious-
mi nded.

6)Rel
i
giousReasons:

Anotherf actorthatencourages the growt

h-rat
ei sreli
gion.Some commu ni t
ies
consi
deranymandat eorstatut
orymet hodofprohibit
iontobesacr il
egi
ous.Indi
abei ng
asecul arst at
e,itcannotexer
ciseanycheckorr estr
aintonr el
igi
ousgr ounds.The
peoplewhoar econservat
iveandor t
hodoxareopposedt otheuseoff ami l
yplanning
measur es.Womeni nsuchf amili
esar enotallowedt ot akepar tinfamilyplanning
becauset heyarenotsupposedtogoagai nstt
hewi shesofGod.Ther earealsowomen
whoar guet hatchi
ldr
enarebornwithGod'swil
landwomenar edesti
nedtogivebirt
ht o
chi
ldren.

7)Rel
i
giousAt
ti
tudeTowar
dsFami
l
yPl
anni
ng:

Ther el
igiouslyorthodoxandconservati
vepeopleareagai
nstt heuseoffami
lyplanning
measur es.InIndia,Muslimshav eahi gherbir
thrateaswel lasfert
il
it
yrat
et hant he
Hindus( Musl
im womenhav i
ngf er
til
i
tyr at
eof4ascompar edto 3amongHi ndu
women) .Accordi
ngt osurveysconductedamongt heMusli
msf r
om ti
met oti
me,i tis
foundt hatdespi t
eawar enessaboutmoder nfami l
ypl
anningmet hods,mostoft he
respondents-bot hmal eandf emale-wer eei t
heragai
nstusi ngthem onr eli
gious
groundsort heylackedclearandadequateknowledgeaboutthem.

8
8)ThePr
obl
em ofMi
ndset
:

Generall
y,i
ll
it
erat
eanduneducatedchi
ldr
eninher
itt
hei
rfat
her'
sbehavi
ourandchoose
togiv
ebi rt
htoasmanychildr
enasisnecessaryt
oincr
easetheincomeofthei
rfami
ly
.
Asasoni ssupposedt
obet hebreadearnerofthefamil
y,thepoordesir
et obe
ult
imatel
yblessedbyamalechil
d.

9)Ot
herCauses:

Someoft heothercausesr esponsi

blefort
heincreaseinpopulat
ionare:j
ointfamil
y
system andlackofr esponsibil
it
yofy oungcoupl
esi nthesefamil
i
estobr i
ngupt heir
chil
dren,l
ackofr ecreationalfaci
li
ti
es,andlackofi nf
ormati
onorwr onginfor
mat i
on
aboutfamilypl
anning,etc.

Manypoorpar ent
sproducechildr
ennotbecauset heyarei
gnorantbutbecausethey
needthem.Thisisevi
dentfr
om thefactthatther
earesome13mi l
l
ionchil
dwor ker
sin
ourcount
ry.I
ffamil
iesstopthosechil
drenfr
om working,
thei
rfamil
yincomewillnotbe
suppl
emented.

10)Compul
sionsofPov
ert
y:

Povertyisanotherr easonf ortheincreasei npopulationinourcountry

.Manypoor
parentshav emor echildrennotbecauset heydonotknow aboutcont raceptives,but
becauset heyrequirechildrentoassistthem i nearningt hei
rli
veli
hood.Iti
sclearf r
om
thefactt hatthereisanunendi ngnumberofchi ldlabourersinourcount r
y.Ifpoor
famili
esst opthechi l
drenf rom working,theirfamilyincomet endstofallwayshor tof
meet i
ngtheirbasicneeds.Hav ingmor echi l
drenbypoorpeopl eil
l
ustr
atesthepar adox
ofthepopul ati
on-povertyinterr
elat
ionship.Pov ert
yisbot hthecauseandef f
ectoft he
populati
ongr owth.

PROBLEMSOFOVERPOPULATI
ON

1)Heal
thI
ssues:

Overpopul
ati
oni.e.highpopul at
iondensit
yisthecausetomanyheal
thissuesinthe
countr
y.Duet oani ncreaseinpr oxi
mit
ybet weenpeopl
eatpl
acesofresidence,t
he
chanceofspreadingi
nfectionsisquit
ehigher
.

Di
rtyandunhygienicsurr
oundingsandov erpopul
atedlocali
ti
escat chupdi seases
fast
er.Thi
sisbecauset oomuchact i
vi
tyandhumanwast eaccumul at
eataf asterrat
e.
Thisappli
eseventot hepubl
i
ctransportsyst
em andplacesli
kepar ks,hot
els,hall
s,etc.
Sodecreaseinpopulati
onwil
lcontri
butetoacleanerandhygieni
cenv i
ronment.

9
2)Unempl
oyment
:

Employmenti sanopt ionforonet owor kandear n.Butt henumberofposi t

ionsar e
al
way sfixedandl i
mit
edinanysor tofbusiness.Sohighert hepopulati
on, t
hediff
iculti
t
wouldbet oaccommodat eeveryonei nt
oj obs.Whent herear enosuf fi
cientj
obsand
meansofl i
vel
ihood,t
hechancesofcr i
minalacti
vit
iesandt hef
ttendstogr owcausi ng
di
sturbancet othesociet
yThei ssueisev enmor ecriti
calduet otheadv ancement sin
ar
ti
fici
ali nt
ell
igenceandaut omation.Aut omati
onl eadst ojoblossesoccur r
ingi n
pr
oduct i
onsect or
s.E-
commer cehasf ail
edt opi
ckupsof arduet oj
obcut s.

3)Pov
ert
y:

Theabnor malpopulationgrowthi scommonl ybel i

evedt o beoneoft hepr inci
pal
causesofI ndi
a'
spov er t
yandv er
yl ow standardofl i
vingforpeopl e.Ov erpopulat
ion
l
eadst othev i
ciouscircl
eofill
it
eracy,unempl oy
mentandpov erty.Lackofeducat ion
depri
vesthepeopl eoft heopportuni
ti
est oear ntheirli
veli
hoodandf ulf
ilthebar e
necessi
ti
esoftheirli
ves.However,i
tisalsoaf actthatwecannotexer ci
seanyef fect
ive
checkonpopulat i
onunlessther
eisanappr eci
ableriseinthest andardoflivingforthe
commonpeopl e.

4)Lawl
essness:

Law andor dersituati

oniscont rol
l
edbyl aw monitor
ingpersonnelandalsopr oper
technicalv
igil.Whent hepopulat
ionissohuge,itbecomesqui t
etoughtomanagel aw
andor dersi
t uat
ionast hepeopletosecur
it
ypersonnelrat
iohasawi degap.Al
soot her
factor
sduet ooverpopul
ati
onl i
keunemployment,povert
y,etc.encour
agecit
izenst o
neglectandv iol
atethelaw.

5)Unequal
Educat
ion:

Duet othehugepopul at
ion,
itwoul
dbet oughforanynat iontoprovidebett
ereducati
on
resourcestoal
lthepeopl ewhowi shtostudy.Si
nceeducat ionisexpensive,manyli
ke
topursueitatmi ni
malcost.Butduet oahugepopul ationthereisahugecompet i
ti
on
fortheseat sandsomehav etomi ssthedesiredoppor t
uniti
es.So,manyat imes
tal
ented and i
ntell
igentcandidat
es are unablet o pursue theireducati
on in hi
gh
populouscountr
iesandt ryt
omov etoothercountr
iesforbetteropti
ons.

6)Mani
pul
ati
onofDemocr
acy
:

Peopl
eofonereli
gionoret hnicbackgr
oundenhancethei
rpopul at
iondrasticall
yin
compari
sont
oanot hersectint hesamecount r
y.I
ndoingso,t heytendt ov oteen
massetocer
tai
npolit
icalpart
ieswhichencour
agethem.Thus,populat
iongrowt hisa

10
tooltoexpl
oitdemocracybyunet
hical
means.Al
so,
thepol
it
icalpart
iesgot
oanyext
ent
toappeasesuchcommuni ti
estogetv ot
esandretai
npower .Thi
ssometimesgoes
againstt
henational
inter
est
.

7)
Eff
ect
sofOv
erpopul
ati
onont
heEnv
ironment
:

Ov er
popul at
ionproblemsar enotl imi t
ed to societyalone.I tcanal so destr
oyt he
env i
ronmentduet oov eruseofnat uralresources.Mor ethepopul at
ion,themor eisthe
requirementofnat uralr esourcesl i
kewat er
,mi nerals,petroleum,et c.Duet ol ar
ger
demand,t hereis greaterexpl oit
ation ofgr ound wat er,mi nes and mi neral
s.Less
popul at
ionwi l
lhel
pav oi
dt hi
sov eruseofnat uralresources.Thei ncreasingpressureof
popul at
iononnat uralresour ceswi l
lr etar
dt heeconomi cpr ogressandmi ni
mi zethe
scopef orsocialservi
cesi nthef orm ofeducat ion,wealth,housi ng,etc.whichar e
essent i
all
yneededforapr ogressiv
est ate.

8)Pol
l
uti
on:

Pollut
ioni sharmfulcontaminati
onofnat uralresourceswhi
chcanbedet rimentalto
humanheal t
h.Therearediff
erenttypesofpol luti
onli
keair
,water,
land,etc.Duet omore
population,t
hereisahighhumanact iv
ityli
kemor et
ravel
,morev ehicl
es,mor erel
ease
ofsewagewat er,et
c.Theseissuesl eadtoenhancementi npollut
ion.MostI ndi
anciti
es
arebadl ypoll
utedandhav el
it
tlefr
eshai r.Thisleadstocount
lessairbor
nedi seasesand
skininfecti
ons.

9)Def
orest
ati
on:

Thepr esenceofatleast30percentofforestsinacount ryisagoodsignofanat ural

envir
onment .Butinmanycount r
iesot
hert haninEur ope,youdonotf i
ndt hi
sr ati
o
because ofexcess def or
estat
ion.To meett he demands oft he l
arge popul
ation,
government sgof ordeforest
ati
ont oprovi
dehousi ng,landforagri
cult
ure,air
ports,
roads,etc.Indoingso,mostoft henaturalhabi
tatforwi l
danimalsi
sdest r
oyedand
theygetextinct
.

10)Wi
deni
ngt
heRi
ch-
PoorGap:

Over
popul
ati
onleadstoanunequaldi
str
ibut
ionofweal
thandi
ncome.Consequent
ly,
t
hegapbetweentheri
chandt
hepooriswidenedf
urt
her.

11
 NEEDFORCONTROLLI
NGTHEGROWTHOFPOPULATI
ON

Overpopulat
ioni sindeedaser i
oussoci o-
economi cproblem ofI ndia.Thi sproblem
hasadv erselyaffectedt heprogressoft heeconomyandt hest andar dofl i
vi
ngoft he
people.Thepr obl em isanur gentoneandneedsani mmedi atesol ution.Therei san
absoluteneedt ocont aintherapidgrowt hofpopul ation.Ift
hisgr owt hisnotchecked, i
t
i
sgoi ngt oadver sel
yaf fectthev ariousaspect sofoureconomy .Ther apidgrowt h
bringsdownpercapi taandnat ionalincomewhi chbr i
ngsdownt hest andar doflivi
ngof
thepeopl e.Itbecomesdi ffi
culttofacet hechal lengesofpov er
t y,unempl oymentand
underempl oyment .Basicneedsoft hepeopl ecannotbemetwi th,pol it
icalunrestand
i
mmor alit
ycannotbeef fecti
velydealtwi t
h.Ov erpopul ati
oni srelatedtot hesizeoft he
populationandt heut i
l
izationofthecount ry'
sresour ces.Thepr oblem shoul dbet ackled
from bot hthesi des.First,pr
oductionshoul dbei ncreasedt omeett heneedsoft he
people.Second, thesizeoft hepopulat i
onshoul dbecont rol
ledandr educed.

(
a)Measur
est
oIncr
easePr
oduct
ion:

Growingpopul
ationofthecount
rycanbesupport
edt hr
oughincr
easedpr
oduct
ion.
Agri
cult
ural
andindust
ri
alpr
oduct
ionsar
etobei
ncr
easedfort
hispur
pose.

1.Increasei nagricult
uralproduct
ion:I tisnecessar ytor esorttomoder nsci
enti
fi
c
cul
tiv
ationinordert oincreaseagri
culturaloutput.Useofirr
igati
on,hi
ghy i
eldi
ngseeds,
rot
ati
onofcr ops,util
izat
ionofchemi cals,fer
ti
liser
s,manuresandsuchot hermeansare
tobeadopt edforthispurpose.Product i
onshoul dkeeppacewi thincr
easi
ngpopulat
ion,
i
fpossi bl
e,shoul
dout stri
pit.

2Increaseinindustrialproducti
on:Theprocessofi ndustr
ial
izati
onistobeaccel erated.
Moder nsophisti
catedt echnologymustbeusedf ori ndustri
alproducti
on.Thei ndustri
al
str
ategyshouldbesucht hati
tshouldbeabletoi ncreasepr oducti
onandatt hesame
ti
me pr ovi
de job faci l
it
ies to a si
zeabl
e numberofpeopl e.Industr
ies aret o be
establ
ishedindifferentplacesbymaki nguseoft hel ocal
lyav ai
l
ablerawmat eri
alsand
humanr esources.

3.Devel
opmentoftr
adeandcommerce:Thedevel
opmentoftradeandcommercewil
l
contr
ibut
etoaddi
ti
onali
ncomeandhel
pthecountr
ytosuppor
tthegrowi
ngpopul
ati
on.

(
b)Measur
est
oCont
rol
andReducePopul
ati
on:

Theprobl
em ofover
populati
oncanbeeffect
ivel
ydeal
twithonlyi
fther
apidgrowthr
ate
ofpopul
ati
oniscont
ained.Vari
ousmeasuresaretobeunder.t
akenint
hisregar
d.

12
1)Popul
ati
onPol
i
cy

Apol i
cy'isa' pl
anofact ion,statementofai msandi deals,speci al
lyonemadebya
government ,apoliti
calpar t
y,businesscompany ,etc'Itgui dest hepr esentandt he
fut
uredeci si
ons."Populat i
onpol icy,ini
tsnar rowersense,accor dingt otheUN( 1973:
632).isanef f
ortt oaf f
ectt hesi zestructureanddi st
ributionorchar act
erist
icsof
populati
on'Initsbr oaderr ange,i tincl
udes' effort
st oregul ateeconomi candsoci al
conditi
onswhi char elikelyt ohav edemogr aphicconsequencesNor tman( 1975:20)
descri
best henarrowermeani ngasexplicitpolicy'
whichdi rectlyaffectsthepopulati
on
character
isti
cs,and t he br oadermeani ng as ' i
mplicitpol icy'whi ch affect
st he
character
isti
csindir
ectl
y ,somet imeswi t
houtanyexpl i
citi
ntent i
on.

Theor
iesofPopul
ati
on:

ThomasRober tMal t
husproposedt hefi
rstsy stematictheoryofpopulati
oninhisbook,
Essayont hePrinci
pleofPopulati
on(1978).Mal t
huspr oposedthathumanpopul ati
ons
grow exponenti
all
y(1,2,4,8,16,32,..
.)whi l
ef oodpr oducti
ongr owsatanar i
thmet i
c
rate(1,2,3,4,5,6. ..
).Thi
sscenar ioofar i
thmet i
cf oodgr owthwithsimultaneous
geomet ri
chumanpopul ati
ongr owthpredictedaf utur
ewhenhumanswoul dhav eno
resourcestosurvi
veandtoav oidsuchasi tuati
on, Malt
husur gedcontrolonpopulati
on
growth.

Opt
imum Theor
yofPopul
ati
on:

Accordi
ngt othi
stheory,
ther
eisadi r
ectrel
ati
onshi
pbetweent
hesizeofthepopul
ati
on
and avail
ableresources i
nt he count
ry.The count
ri
es can be di
vi
ded int
ot hr
ee
cat
egories:

1.Over
popul
ated:I
fduetoincreaseinthepopul
ati
onpercapi
tai
ncomebegi
nst
ofal
l
,
thecount
ryi
ssaidtobeoverpopulat
ed

2)Under
populat
ed:I
fthenumberofpeopl
earelessthant heresour
cesoft
hecount
ry
andtheyareunabletomakefulluseoftheseresources,thecountr
yissai
dtobe
under
popul
ated.

3)Theopti
mum sizeofpopulati
on:Whenthesizeofthepopul
ati
oni
saccordi
ngt
othe
si
zeofnaturalr
esour
ces,percapitaout
putwi
llbemaximum andthecount
ryi
ssai
dto
haveanidealsi
zeoft
hepopul at
ionoropt
imum popul
ati
on

Twotypesofpopul ati
onpoli
cieshavebeensuggest ed:(
a)theante-
nat
alpolicy
whi
chaimsatdi scouragingthegrowthofthepopul ati
on,and( b)thedi
str
ibut
ional
pol
i
cywhichdeal
swi t
ht hedist
ri
but
ionali
mbalancesofthepopulat
ion.

13
 Thepopul at
ionpol i
cyofadev elopingcount r
yli
keI ndiahastoai m at(
a)decr easi
ng
bir
thr at e,(b)limitingt henumberofchi ldreninf ami l
yt otwo,( c)decreasingthe
mor tal
ity,(d)creat i
ngawar enessamongt hemassesr egardi
ngt heconsequencesof
galloping population,( e)pr ocuri
ng necessar ycont r
acept i
ves,(f)enacti
ng lawsl i
ke
l
egal i
zingabor ti
on, and( g)givingincentivesaswel lasdisincent
ives.Ontheotherhand,
i
tal sohast oai m at( a)checki ngt heconcent r
ati
onofpeopl eincongestedar eas,(
b)
prov i
ding necessar ypubl icser vi
cesf oref f
ecti
veset tl
ementi nnew ar eas,and (c)
rel
ocat ionofof fi
cest olesspopul atedar eas

Oncetheneedforthepopulat
ionpoli
cyi
sr eal
ized,
ithastobeframedbyappoi nt
ing
v
ari
ouscommi t
teesandcommi ssionsf
orst
udy i
ngandadv i
singandconsult
ingexperts.
I
thasthentobei mplementedthroughvar
iouspr ogr
ammesandal soeval
uatedf r
om
t
imetoti
me.

ADVANTAGESOFPOPULATI
ONGROWTH

1)Economi
cGr
owt
h:

The adv antages ofpopul ation gr owthi nclude i ncr

eased economi c development ,
avail
abili
tyofl abourandpossi bil
it
yofi nnov ation.Howev er,populat
iongr owthmay
resul
tinhi ghunempl oymentr ates,environment aldegr adati
on,foodshor t
ageandhi gh
dependencyr at
es.Thegr owt hofpopul ationequat est oincreasedpurchasesofi tems
suchascl othing,educat i
onalmat eri
al,
foodandot herhousehol dgoods.Inadditi
on, an
i
ncreasednumberoff amilymember sencour agest hemov ementoff amili
esintolarger
houses.Thi sresult
sinani ncreasedt rade, whi chinessencesuppor tsseveralsect
orsof
the economyl ike manuf actur i
ng,agr iculture,const ruction and home i mprovement
i
ndustries.Mor eover,ani ncreasedpopul ationt ranslatestoani ncreaseint axrevenue.
This enables t he gov er
nmentt o hav e easy access t or esources fori t
s nor mal
operati
ons, securi
tyandi nfrastructuraldev elopment .

2)Av
ail
abi
l
ityofLabour
:

Population growt h causes an i

ncrease i
nt he l
abourforce.Thi
s ensures ef
fi
cient
ut
il
izationofr esourcesandopt imalproducti
vi
tyinsectorssuchasagr icul
tur
eand
manuf actur
ing.Av ai
labil
it
yoflabourisanessenti
alt
oolforeconomi
cdevelopment.

3)I
nnov
ati
on:

Populat
iongrowt
hencour agesinnovat
ionsi
nf i
eldssuchasmedicine,agri
cul
tur
eand
producti
on.I
naddit
ion,populat
iongrowthhasledt oagreat
erconsciousnessf
ormore

14
i
ndustr
ialandagricul
tur
alproduct
ivi
tyt
omeetthedemandofalar
genumberofpeopl
e.
Forexample,theassembl yli
newasdev i
sedasanadaptat
ionfort
heneedformore
i
ndustr
ialproduct
ion.

SOLUTI
ONTOCONTROLPOPULATI
ONGROWTH

1)Fami
l
yPl
anni
ng:

Familyplanning i
s;now- a-day
s,consideredani ndi
spensabl
emethod ofcontroll
ing
populat
ion.Themot tooff amil
ypl
anningi s'chil
dbychoiceandnotbychance'or'chil
d
bydesirenotbyacci dent.Thesi
zeoft hef amilymustbel i
mit
edv ol
unt
ari
ly
.Fami l
y
pl
anningf aci
l
iti
esshoul dbepr ov
idedt or uralandpoorpeoplewhichatpresentar e
easi
lyavail
ableinurbanandsemi -
urbanar eas.

2)Cont
rol
l
edBi
rt
hRat
e:

Overpopulationcanonl ybesol vedbyspr eadi

ngawar enessofandi mplement ing
measur eslikebir
thcontrolandaccesstobir
thcontr
oldevices.Bir
thrat
emustbekept
wit
hinr easonableli
mitstomakeadef i
nit
eadvancementtowar dsahigherstandar
dof
l
ivi
ng, whichistheprimaryneedofIndi
a.Thetaskwil
lcer
tainlybemucheasierifpeople
getachanceofr eachingahigherst
andardofli
vi
ng.Itwi
llthenbyi t
sel
fserveasaki nd
ofincentivetobir
thcontrol
.

3)Pr
ovi
sionofSoci
alSecur
it
y:

Inthe absence ofcompr ehensive socialsecur i

tyespecial
ly,in ol
d age,sickness,
unempl oy
mentand acci dent,peoplehav et ended to depend on largefamil
iesf or
securit
y.Thepoor,inpar ti
cular
,consi derchildrenast hei
rweal t
h.Itisnecessaryt o
i
ntroducev ar
ioussocialinsuranceandsoci alsecur i
tyschemest ohelpthepoort o
developconfi
dencetof acethef ut
ure.Peoplewi thahigherstandardofli
vi
ngnor mally
optforasmal lfami
ly.Hence,i tisnecessaryt oincr
easethest andardofli
vi
ngoft he
masses.

4)
Reduct
ioni
nInf
antMor
tal
i
ty

Byr esor
ti
ngt osuit
ablemedi
calst
epstherat
eofinf
antmort
ali
tyi
stobereduced.Ifi
tis
reduced,thenparent
swill
def
ini
tel
yfeelt
hatt
hei
rchil
drenwi
l
lsurv
iveandli
velonger.

5)I
mpr
ovi
ngt
heSt
atusofWomen

15
Exper
iencei
nt heWesthasshownt hathi
ghst atusofwomeni scl
osel
yassociatedwi t
h
alow bir
thr
ate.Thedesiretori
sei nthesoci alscal
edevelopsastr
ongf eel
ingf ora
small
erfami
ly.Theeducat
ed,employedurbanwomenexhi bitadesi
reforasmal lf
ami l
y.
Eff
ortsmustbemadet oencour
aget heruralwoment ogointhedir
ecti
onofasmal l
famil
y

6)Cr
eat
ionofAwar
eness

I
nor dertoensurethatasociet
ydoesnothav etodealwit
ht henegati
veeffect
sof
overpopul
ati
on,conduct
ing awar
eness t
hrough campai
gns can be ofgreathelp.
Teachingpeopl
eabouttheimport
anceofhavingf
ewerchi
ldr
enisli
kel
yt ohel
pchange
att
it
udestowardsrepr
oduct
ion.

a)
Reduci
ng i
ncent
ives: Gover
nments shoul
d r
educe or el
i
minat
eincent
ives or
pr
ogrammest
hatencouragechi
ldbear
ing.

b)Guar ant
eeeducati
on:Makingitpossi
bleforal lgir
lsandboy stolear
nuptothe
highestlev
elwhichcanhelpcontr
olear
lypregnancies.Peoplewhoarecommit
tedto
secondaryeducati
onareunl
ikel
ytobecomepr egnantast heywi
llf
ocusmoreonthei
r
academi cwor
k.

c)Populati
onst
abi
li
typol
i
cies:Encouragi
ngleader
stofocusmor
eonpol
i
ciest
hatcan
hel
pstabil
i
zepopul
ati
ongrowthcanalsohelpinmanagement.

d)Wemustmakeanal l-
outdriv
etoeducatethemassesaboutthemethodsoff
amil
y
pl
anning.Itisagoodsignt hatasecti
onofourpeopl
eespeci
all
ythosebel
ongi
ngt
othe
middleclassaregr adual
lybecomi ngpopul
ati
onconsci
ousandar etaki
nganacti
ve
i
nteresti
nt hemethodsdev i
sedforpopul
ati
oncontr
ol.

e)Birthrat
emustbekeptwi thi
nr easonabl
elimi
tstomakeadef ini
teadvancement
towardsahi gherst
andar
dofl iv
ing,whichisthepri
maryneedofI ndia.Thetaskwil
l
cert
ainl
ybemucheasi eri
fpeoplegetachanceofreachi
ngahigherstandardofl
ivi
ng.I
t
wil
lthenbyitsel
fser
veasakindofi ncent
ivet
obirt
hcontr
ol.

16
 CONCLUSI
ON

Thepopul ati
onpol i
cyofourgov ernmentshoul dai m notonl yatcont r
olli
ngthe
unregulatedhumangr owt
hofnumer i
calstrengt h(popul at
ionexpl osion)butal soat
checkingt heunregulatedmov ementofpopul ati
onandt heincreasingconcent rati
onof
peoplei nt heurbanizedareas( popul
ati
oni mpl osi
on) ,andpr ovidingadequat el i
vi
ng
spaceand at tr
activ
eenv ir
onmentt o heterogeneousmi xt
ureofpeopl e(populati
on
displ
osion) .These goal s havet o be j ointl
yl inked wi tht he f ormulati
on and
i
mpl ement ati
onofpol i
ciesaimedatpopul at
ionr egulati
onandpl anningf orharnessi
ng
bothnat uralandhumanr esources.Thus,onl ypopul ati
ongr owthpersemaynotbe
perceivedasapr obl
em butitsrel
ati
onwi t
ht heav ai
labili
tyofresour cesmaybev i
ewed
withgreatconcer n.

17
 BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

1)Ahuj
a,
Ram ,
"SOCI
ALPROBLEMSI
NINDI
A"

Publ
i
shedby
:Pr
em Rawatf
orRawatPubl
i
cat
ions

Four
thEdi
ti
on:
2021

2)Rao,C.N.Shankar,SOCI
OLOGY(Pr
inci
plesofSoci
ologywi
thani
ntr
oduct
iont
o
Soci
ologi
cal
Thought)

Publ
i
shedby:
S.CHAND

Repr
int2019

18
 CONTENTSTABLE

Topi
cnames:
. PageNo.

1)Acknowl
edgement
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2)Obj
ect
iveoft
hest
udy
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3)Met
hodol
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hest
udy
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4)I
ntr
oduct
ion.
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5)I
ncr
easei
npopul
ati
on.
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.6

6)Causesofpopul
ati
ongr
owt
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9

7)Pr
obl
emsofOv
erpopul
ati
on.
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.9-
11

8)Needf
orcont
rol
l
ingt
hegr
owt
hofpopul
ati
on.
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9)Theor
iesofpopul
ati
on.
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10)Adv
ant
agesofpopul
ati
ongr
owt
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15

11)Sol
uti
ont
ocont
rol
thepopul
ati
ongr
owt
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16

12)Concl
usi
on.
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17

13)Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
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19