Preface The idea for this book arose by chance. At the end of a technical discussion we were having with a client, one of the participants asked why we couldn’t organize all the information and examples that we had just presented into a complete book. He had never seen such book in the market and knew it would be beneficial to him and his co-workers, Based on this simple request and our acknowledgement that the industry was void of this type of tool, we then decided to create a book that could be used within all aspeets of industry. We would compile and organize all the knowledge that our technical team possessed along with the information garnered from product application experiences that our partner/clients had, This application information was critical in establishing a precise correlation between theory and practice The guiding influence in our business philosophy is the “Market Driven” Research and Development. Active participation in product applications along with the continuous search for technical and scientific innovations puts us in an outstanding position as it relates to the knowledge of “Best Practices” and the development of the new, innovative solutions. We are always striving for product life cycle improvement and. recognize that the constant search for excellence is never ending. The search for excellence is evident in our Developmental Engineering, our Application Engineering and in our industry experts’ constant work in the field. Our knowledge and commitment shows through our ability to interact with our clients Production and Engineering departments and our close monitoring of product field performance. The goal is not just to satisfy our clients but also to educate. We hold ourselves to standards set by the leading edge technology, which is evident in our product and service offering We are fortunate to have developed an advantageous position as a Premier Global Manufacturer for more than 60 years. This experience, along with being a guiding member of the global standards setting and monitoring organizations for industry, has given us the ability to amalgamate the past experience with the present data and future prospective. Our purpose with this book is to create a directory of information that would be useful to the experts working in this field who are handling the vast majority of the daily issues present in the industry. Thanks to the outpouring of support and recognition we have received for this work. Though it encompasses a bit more than the original intent, it is our knowledge and our contribution to a better understanding of the use of gaskets for industrial sealing. This is a book of practical and easy reference. TEADIT GroupChapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 2 ~ Design. 1. Leaks... 2. Sealing. 3. Forces in a Flanged Joint 4. ASME Procedure 5. Maximum Gasket Seating Force. 6. Relaxation 7. 8. Minimum Gasket Operating Stress Determination of the Installation Force use 9. Example Calculation According to the ASME PCC-1 Procedures 10. Flange Sealing Surface Finish 11. Styles of Flanges 12, The New Gasket Constants. 13, Fugitive Emissions... Chapter 3 — Materials for Non-Metallic Gaskets 1. Material Selection 41 2. Service Pressure and Temperature 3. Compressed Fiber Sheet 4. Polytetrafluorethylene ~ PTFE 5. Flexible Graphite 6. Elastomers 7. Cellulose Fiber Sheet ... BR. COTK crn 9. Fabrics and Tapes 10. Tadpole. 11. Ceramic Fiber Blankets 12. Ceramic Fiber Millboard 13. Beater Addition...Chapter 4 — Compressed Fiber Gaskets Sheet Dimensions. ASTM Standard Test Methods EN ~ DIN Test Methods 7 9. Pressure x Temperature Diagrams. 10, Maximum Temperature ..... 11. Steam Tests 12. Compressed Fiber Gaskets Design .. 13, Manufacturing Tolerances .... 14, Large Diameter Gaskets 15, Gasket Width and Thickness 16, Bolt Load 17. Gasket Finish «0... 18, Finish of the Flange 1. Teadit Compressed Fiber Sheet 53 2. Fibers 3. Elastomers... 4. Wire Mesh... 5. Surface Finish .. 6. 7. & 65 ling Surface 19. Storage 65 20, Teadit Compressed Fiber Sheet Materials 65 Chapter 5 — PTFE Gaskets ... 1. Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) snes 2. Styles of PTFE sheets 3. Tealon® Restructured Filled PTFE Sheet 95 4, Teadit® TF1S10 101 5. Expanded PTFE (ePTFE)... 102 6. PTFE Spiral Wound Gaskets - Origin® Technology 0... 14 7. PTFE Envelope Gaskets 116 Chapter 6 — Materials for Metallic Gaskets 139 1. Preliminary Considerations... wn 139 2. Carbon Steel sone 140 3. Stainless Steel AIST 304 140 4, Stainless Steel AIST 3041 140 5. Stainless Steel AISI 316 140 6. Stain el AISI 3161... 140 7. Stainless Steel AISI 321 se 7 140 8. Stainless Steel AIST 347 141 9, Monel snore sow 141 10, Nickel 200... wldLL Copper. esse .. .. 141 12. Aluminum 141 13. Inconel. 141 14, Titanium 142 Chapter 7 Spiral Wound Gaskets 155 1. Spiral Wound Gaskets 155 2. Materials 156 3. Gasket Density 157 4. Gasket Dimensions ....snnmnnnnnnnunsnnnnnnnnnnnnesnsnnnnn 159 5. Thickness 160 6. Dimensional and Thickness Limitations 160 7. Manufacturing Toleranees .. 161 8. Finish of the Flange Sealing Surface... 161 9. Spiral Wound Gaskets Bolting Calculations... .. sescetsessee 162 10. Gasket Styles. 163 11. Style 911 Gaskets 163 12. Style 913M Gaskets per ASME B16.20 165 13. Performance Tests stn 168 14, Other Standards ste ste severesreeees 169 15. Style 913M Gasket Design 170 16. Style Echelon® HF 172 17. Style 913M-XHR 172 18. Style 914 vss 173 Chapter 8 —Jacketed Gaskets .. 187 1. Description. 187 2. Metallic Jacket 188 3. Soft Filler 188 4. Design 188 5. Styles and Applications 188 6. Gaskets for Heat Exchangers. 191 7. Style 927 Gaskets for Heat Exchangers : 196 8. Differential Thermal Expansion 197 9. ASME Code Gasket Factors 198 Chapter 9 —Metal Gaskets 205 1, Metal Gaskets 0.205 2. Flat Metallic Gaskets seventeen 205 3. Flat Metal Gaskets Materials 206 4, Finish of the Flange Sealing Surface 206 5. Styles of Flat Metallic Gaskets ... 206 6. Ring-Joints (RTJ)..... 210Chapter 10 - Camprofile Gaskets... 229 1. Introduction 229 2. Materials... . 231 3. Pressure and Temperature Limits. 232 4. Bolting Calculation 232 5. Surface Finish . enn 233 6 Design and Mamafacturing Tolerances 233 7. Shapes... 234 8. Camprofile Gaskets for ASME B16.5 Flanges 234 Chapter 11 — Gaskets for Electrical Insulation . Electrochemical Corrosion ..... 237 1. 2. Cathodic Protection... 239 3. Flange Insulation Kit ons 239 4. Insulation Gaskets Style Electron GS 241 5. Insulation Gaskets Style Electron CS 242 6. Insulation Gaskets Style Electron SCS ..... 7. Insulation Gaskets Style Electron FSS ..... Chapter 12 — Installation 247 The Importance of the Gasket Installation 247 1. 2. Bolts and Studs 247 3. Nuts... 2249 4. Washers 249 5, Friction and Lubricants... oe sevnnnnnnsees 250 6, Tightening Tools... 252 7. Bolt Load Calculation .. 254 8. Soft and Hard Gaskets... eens 255 9. Installation Procedure 257 10, Start-up Retorque 259 LL. Bolt Scatter 259 12, Troubleshooting 2259 13. Live Loading 266 Chapter 13 — Conversion Factors... Chapter 14 — References . 295