PROPOSAL

IDENTIFYING THE SLIP OF THE TONGUE BY THE PUBLIC FIGURES JOE

BIDEN AND DONALD TRUMP IN FINAL DEBATE OF THE PRESIDENTIAL
ELECTION

By:

REKSI HERLINA

2116002

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

LANGUAGE AND ART EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
INSTITUTE OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
TEACHER ASSOCIATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
(STKIP-PGRI LUBUKLINGGAU)
2021
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Sometime, people speak imperfectly. In addition, there are some faults in

pronunciation, grammar structure, etc. In pronunciation such slip of the tongue errors. It is the

phenomenon of the speakers, when they are not speaking clearly. In speaking, slip of the

tongue problem almost often happened in formal situation and also informal situation. There

are many cases found where the speaker is having some problems related to the mind so that

they could not pronounce some words well. This phenomenon can be called speech errors.

Speech errors are made by the speakers. It happens when human speak or do

conversation in daily. Usually, this case happen by people who uncontrolled the words which

want they speak. We are often influenced by the sound system of language. Speech errors

occur only frequently, but they provide us with important information on how our brain

operates.

Speech error may occur in any situation, whether formal or informal, in the

processing of speech. The speech errors are not random and unpredictable. Even somebody

could not predict the time the error will occur or what the errors would be. Speech errors can

be classified based on the language units involved, such as the phoneme, morpheme, syllable,

word, phrase, or the error related process (combining, replacing, adding, or deleting of units).

As an example, when someone says irregural verb instead of irregular verb. Based on that

example, it can be seen that the speaker made a mistake in uttering the phoneme /l/. The

phonemes /r/ and /l/ almost have the same sounds so that the speaker could not pronounce

irregular verb correctly.

 A slip of the tongue is one of the speech errors that often encounter in everyday life.

Many people may have experienced this phenomenon either consciously or not. However, it

would be different when a public figure made slips of the tongue. There are the public figures

often made slip of the tongue in politic. They made slips of the tongue when speaking in front

of public. Thus, the study is conducted to Investigating the types and causes of slips of the

tongue of one of the Indonesian female singers. Furthermore, the study is based on a

qualitative.

Slip of the tongue comes when someone speaks something unintentionally.

Slip of tongue is a fallacy in speech caused by a lack of fluency in speaking words. At a

certain time they can produce speech that is not in accordance with what they really want to

mean. Sometimes, someone needs a short break to get the right words. Fromkin (2006:1)

indicates that “it is normal to activate a number of words in the area of the required word and

suppress those which are not wanted.

The researcher investigates slip of the tongue in the video YouTube by the public

figures Joe Biden and Donald Trump is because of interest with their enthusiasm in final

debate and also want to know how many types the slip of the tongue they made.

Thus far, the researchers investigate slip of the tongue in various contexts, such as

Claudya Nabilla Riza Putri (2005) observed slip of the tongue on Great Britain, the news

anchor compilation video. She focused on the context of making slip of the tongue from that

video. The result suggested that slip tongue mostly used are perseveration and deletion.

Rodiya Ulfa (2016) observed slip of tongue on George W Bush’s interview at the

presidential scholar graduation. She focuses on the slip of the tongue George W Bush

produced on that video. This research focus on how the slip tongue appears and occurs on the

utterances of George W.Bush’s at the interview presidential leadership scholar’s graduation.

 Based on those explanations, this study is significant to get more empirical finding

about slip of the tongue. Then, this study try to get deeper understanding of the speech

production especially slip of the tongue related on Fromkin (1971: 194) about eight types slip

of the tongue.

From the explanation above, the researcher wants to conduct a research entitled:

“Identifying the Slip of the Tongue by the Public Figures Joe Biden and Donald Trump on

Final Debate of the Presidential Election”

B. The Formulation of the problem

1. What types are the slip of the tongue occurred on Final Debate of the presidential

Election by the Public Figures Joe Biden and Donald Trump?

C. The Scopes of the Research

In this research the researcher limits to the problem of the research, the limitation of

the problems are as follows:

1. This research is focus on analyzing about public figures Joe Biden and Donald

Trump’ error in speaking especially for slip of the tongue in pronunciation.

2. The subject of this research is focus on the speaking that produce by the public
figures Joe Biden and Donald Trump?

These subjects are gotten from Youtube on March 2021. The transcripts have
already exists on the video. The duration of this video is about 1 hour 33 minutes 36
seconds. In that video there are Joe Biden and Donald Trump who debates in final
debates of the presidential election.

D. Objective of the Research

1. To investigate the types of slips of the tongue produced by the public figures

Joe Biden and Donald Trump in Final Debate of The Presidential Election
 E. Significances of the Research

Hopefully, the result of this investigation will be rewarding to the readers especially

for the people who interest in speech error especially for slip of the tongue. There are some

specific significances of this research, as follow:

1. To give theoretically and practically for people who reach this research about

speech productions especially slip of the tongue.

2. To give the useful information about the kinds slip of the tongue by the Public

Figures Joe Biden and Donald Trump in Final Debate of the Presidential Election

3. To be beneficial reference for the next researcher who will be analyze the slip of

the tongue.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Theoretical Descriptions

1. Psycholinguistic Units

The linguistic is in a relatively fortunate position as compared with other

social scientists in being able to analyze his raw date, the sound materials that

constitute spoken messages into discrete units. Virtually all school of linguistics is in

agreement as to the two fundamental building blocks of all natural languages, the

phoneme and morpheme states by Osgood & Thomas (1953:50)

a) Psychological Bases of Unit Formation

Psychologists are more concerned with interpretation and prediction whereas

linguists are more concerned with description. Furthermore, psycholinguistics does

not find their material already formed into discretely coded even as is language,

sensory and behavioral events, at least on the level at which psychologists to vary in

their definitions of units from the minutely molecular according to Osgood & Thomas

(1953:50)

1. Unit Formation in Perceiving (Decoding)

It is unfortunate for our present purposes that so much of the work on

perception has been concerned with vision, it probably to be correct to say that over

90 per cent of the research here has dealt with one aspect or another of vision. There

are Phenomena of perceptual organization and General principles of perceptual

organization. States by Osgood & Thomas (1953:51)

 2. Units Formation in Behaving ( Encoding)

The flow of speech is rather than apt simile. In the midst of ordinary

conversation the adult speaker is operating rapidly, smoothly, and largely

unconsciously upon the outward-moving columns of air by alternately contracting and

relaxing a set of muscles into varying postures which modulate the rates and

amplitudes at which this air vibrates. There are Vocalic skill components, vocalic skill

sequences, and some research proposals by Osgood & Thomas (1953:57)

A number of the research proposals related to units in encoding are included in

section 5 on transitional psycholinguistics. Certain general possibilities may be

suggested here. 1) Detailed latency measurement, 2) Delayed auditory feedback, 3)

Slowed speech, 4) Interruption technique, 5) Backward-working skill modifications.

2. Language Production

Language production is an intrinsically more difficult subject to study than

comprehension, because although speech is observable, the ideas that lead to

productions are more elusive. Researchers have responded to this dilemma by using

convergent measures. Some investigators have made detailed and systematic analyses

of naturally occurring errors of production, and others have given speakers, under

laboratory conditions, more or less specific instructions on what to produce. Despite

these differences in approach, the findings from these varied investigations are

beginning to yield useful fruit, and the outline of an overall model of production is

becoming clearer.

Following Levelt (1989:193), we may distinguish four stages of production:

conceptualizing, formulating, articulating, and self-monitoring. First, we must

conceptualize what we wish to communicate. Second, we formulate this thought into

a linguistic plan. Third, we execute the plan through the muscles in the speech system.

Finally, we monitor our speech, to assess whether it is what we intended to say and

how we intended to say it.

a. The Stages of Producing Language

David McNeil stated that the event cycle in the creation of language consist

of the form of language.

1). Message

2). Encode message into linguistic for

3). Encode linguistics form into speech

4). Sound goes from speaker’s mouth the hearer’s ear (auditory system)

5). Speech is decoded into linguistics form.

c. The Tools of Producing Language

The study of how human beings produce language is called Articulatory

Phonetics. Talk about language production, certainly we know that we speak in

language by producing the sound which have meaning. The tolls of produce sound are

called speech organs. According to Dennett (1987) there are three kinds of speech

organs, they are: (1) Initiator (2) Phonator (3) Articulator.

1) Initiator

According to Giegerich (1992) the initiation process is the moment

when the air is expelled from the lungs. In English, speech sounds are the

result of “a pulmonic egressive air stream” although that is not the case in all
 languages (ingressive sounds). Dennet (1987) stated that initiator is the speech

organ that sets the air into motion for the production of speech sound; the main

initiator is the lungs, because most speech sounds are produced by pulmonic ai

2) Phonator

Tietze (2004) stated that phonation process is an airstream formed in

the lungs passes into the trachea and finally into the larynx, which is situated

on top of the trachea. According to Dennet (1987) phonator refers to the vocal

cords in the larynx, which are used to produce speech sound called ‘voice’ The

vocal cords are two elastic membranes situated horizontally in the larynx

which can be made to assume various positions

3) Articulator

Ogden (2009) argued that articulatory phonetics refers to the “aspects

of phonetics which looks at how the sounds of speech are made with the

organs of the vocal tract. Dennet 9 1987) also stated that the speech organs

that are used to obstruct the out-going air in the production of speech sound

are called ‘articulators’. There are two kinds of articulators; they are movable

and unmovable articulators. The movable articulators are, for instance, the

lips, the tongue, the uvula, and the vocal cords. While the unmovable

articulators are, for instance the teeth, the teeth ridge, and the hard palate.

d. The Way of Producing Language

The main thing to produce the speech sound is oxygen. It’s impossible if we

don’t have oxygen, we will not breathe and it means we are death. As a student who

get a language as the main study object, we have to know that how the language is
produced. Generally, producing language is concerned with the transformation of

aerodynamic energy into acoustics energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airflow

through the vocal tract. In vocal tract does kinetic form, it produces air pressure that

can be represented as sound waves. According to Dennett (1987:174) the ways of

producing language are:

1) The brain process the message that we will say

Message can be got from the other speaker (bottom up), and can be got from

our self/our main (top down).

2) The speech organs produce the sound

Oxygen is main thing to produce the speech sound. It can be explained that we

need oxygen to breath every time to biological needs. When we breathe restfully, the

air goes in and out uninterruptedly, there is no speech sound is produced. Speech

sound produced only when there are some interruptions of the out-going air.

e. The Series of Producing Language

1) The lung takes in air through nose

2) The lung retrains air to take out through nose

3) When the lung is restraining air to take out through nose, the articulators

work to make certain sound that we want to sound (the process of the working

articulators to produce the certain speech sound is explained in “phonology”

4) After the articulators produce the sound, the lung take out air through nose,

then back to the first step.

f. The Aspect of Producing Language

Fluency is the aspect in producing language. It can be defined in part by

prosody, which is shown by a smooth intonation contour, and a number of other

elements: control of speech rate, relative timing of stressed and unstressed syllables,

changes in amplitude, and changes in fundamental frequency.

Language is an instrument to stimulate our mind. For the first time, it has born

as an action from which is used to produce the strong feeling unconsciously. This

feeling handled by the brain and produced the language. Language production refers

to the process involved in creating and expressing meaning through language.

There are two insights into the production process. The first is it demonstrates

that speakers are constantly self-editing. The second is it suggests that speakers are

intuitively sensitive to what stage of production process went awry, if indeed a

mistake was made.

3. Speech Error

a) Explanation of Speech Error

Speech errors are made by the speakers. It happens when human speak or do

conversation in daily. Usually, this case happen by people who uncontrolled the

words which want they speak. We are often influenced by the sound system of

language. Speech errors occur only frequently, but they provide us with important

information on how our brain operates.

Scovel (2005: 32) stated that speech errors allow to us to peek in on the

production process because we know what the speaker intended to say, but the

unintentional mistake freezes the production process momentarily and catches the
linguistic mechanism in one instance of production. In formulation speech, we are

often influenced by the sound system of language. For example, big and fat--- pig and

fat; fill the pool---fool the pill.

b) Common Properties of Speech Error

Other patterns in these speech errors deserve a closer look. Garrett in Carrol

(1975: 195) has identified four generalizations about speech errors that reappear with

striking regularity. First, elements that interact with one another tend to come from

similar linguistic environments, as indicated by examples (2) through (4):

1) The little burst of beaden (beast of burden)

2) You’re not a poojin pitter-downer, are you? (pigeon putterdowner)

3) Children interfere with your nife lite (night life).

c) Model of Speech Production

1. Identification of meaning

A meaning to be conveyed is generated.

2. Selection of a syntactic structure

A syntactic outline of the sentence is constructed, with word slots specified.

3. Generation of intonation contour

The stress values of different word slots are assigned.

4. Insertion of content words

Appropriate nouns, verbs, and adjectives are retrieved from the lexicon and

placed into word slots.

 5. Formation of affixes and function words

Function words (articles, conjunctions, prepositions), prefixes, and suffixes are

added.

6. Specification of phonetic segments

The sentence is expressed in terms of phonetic segments, according to

phonological.

4. Slip of the Tongue

The scientific analysis of speech errors, commonly called ‘‘slips of the tongue,’’

reemerged in the early 1970s with the seminal publication of an article by Fromkin (1971:

194) that examined the way speech errors may be used in the construction of linguistic

arguments. Although speech errors cover a wide range of semantic content, there appear to be

only small number of basic types (Fromkin, 1971: Garrett, 1975: Shattuck Hufnagel, 1979).

Example of the eight types are given in Table 8.1 with the words that were apparently

intended in parentheses.

TABLE 8.1 Major types of slips of the tongue

Types Examples
Shift That’s so she’ll be ready in case she decide to hits it (decides to hit
it)
Exchange Fancy getting your model renosed (getting your nose remodeled).
Anticipation Bake my bike (take my bike)
Perseveration He pulled a pantrum (tantrum).
Addition I didn’t explain this clarefully enough (carefully enough).
Deletion I’ll just get up and mutter intelligibly (unintelligibly).
Substitution At low speeds it’s too light (heavy).
Blend That child is looking to be spaddled (spanked/paddled)
 1. Shift

According by Fromkin (1971:194) in shifts, one speech segment disappears from its

appropriate location and appears somewhere else. Exchanges are, in effect, double shifts, in

which two linguistics units exchange places.

Example: Unbelievable Misbelievable

2. Anticipations

Anticipations occur when a later segment takes the place of an earlier one. They

differ from shifts in that the segment that intrudes on another also remains in its correct

location and thus is used twice. (Carrol, 1986: 254)

Examples: Reading List Leading List

Tab Stops Tap Stobs

3. Perseverations

Perseverations occur when an earlier segment replaces a later item. (Carroll, 1986:

195)

Example: Get me the pen Get me the gen

4. Additions

Additions add linguistic material. For example: the mainly point the main

point. Carroll 1986: 195)

 5. Deletions

Whereas deletions leave something out. (Carroll, 1986:195) For example: I’ll just

get up and mutters inttelligibly (unintelligibly).

6. Substitutions

Substitutions occur when one segment is replaced by an intruder. These differ from

previously described slips in that the source of the intrusion may not be in the sentence.

Carroll, (1986 :195)

Example: Some swimmers sink some swimmers drown

7. Blends

Blends apparently occur when more than one word is being considered and the two

intended items ‘‘fuse’’ or ‘‘blend’’ into a single item. Carroll (1986: 195)

Example: Ladies and Gentlemen landlemen.

If you have closely examined these examples, you probably have noticed by now that

types of errors occur with a number of linguistic units. In some cases, a single phoneme is

added, deleted, or moved, but at other times it may be a sequence of phonemes, morphemic

affixes and roots, whole words, or even phrases. As a general rule, errors tend to occur at

only one linguistic level per utterance. That is, when a person clearly says the wrong word, as

in substitutions, the sentence is syntactically, prosodic ally, and phonologically intact.

 B. Related Previous Study

The researcher found a thesis which was related to the research. The thesis had

written by Rodiya Ulfa (2016) a student of English Language and Letter Department Faculty

of Humanities at Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University Malang. Her thesis

entitled: “Slip of the Tongue by George W Bush’s Interview at the Presidential Scholar

Graduation”

The formulations of this research are: 1. what types of the slips tongue are found in

the public figures in final debate? The similarities of this research are 1) this research

discussed the same topic with the researcher’ topic that is analyzing slip of the tongue. 2)

This research focused on types of slip of the tongue.

The differences of this research will take at the previous research are 1) in this

research, the researcher will use observation, interview and documentation. 2) Second, in this

research the researcher will watch a video for some times about final debate made by Joe

Biden and Donald Trump. However, the previous researcher used a recording and a

questionnaire model was adopted from Guttman model (YES-NO model).

 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Design

This research used the descriptive qualitative as the method to analyze the kinds

of slip tongue that was produced by the public figures Joe Biden and Donald Trump..

Moreover, it described the types on slips of tongue. According to Bogdan and Biklen

(1982:21) Descriptive qualitative is the data collected is in the form of words of pictures

rather than number.

There are some characteristics in qualitative research like stated by Stainback in

Sugiyono (2018: 22)

1. Intensive, long term participation in field setting

2. Careful recording of what happens in the setting by writing field notes and

interview notes by collecting other kinds of documentary evidence.

3. Analytic reflection on the documentary records obtained in the field.

4. Reporting the result by means of detailed descriptions, direct quotes from

interview, and interpretative commentary.

Generally, qualitative research need many times because the aim of the research is

obtain the intentional research. In addition, Stainback in Sugiyono (2006:37) stated that

there is no way to give easy to how long it takes to do a qualitative research study. The

typical study probably last about a year. But the actual length or duration depends on the
resources, interest, and purposes of the investigator. It also depends on the size of the

study and how much time the researcher puts into the study each day or week.

B. Research Subject

The important thing it must be exist in a research is the subject of the research. In

a determining the subject of the research, the researcher usually use a technique. In this

research the researcher uses purposive sampling technique to determine the subject of the

research. According to Sugiono (2018:124), purposive sampling is the technique to

determine sampling based on specific consideration. The researcher needs to take data

from the video Youtube which already exist download. As the result, public figures Joe

Biden and Donald Trump in final debate in presidential election are the subject of this

research.

C. Accountability of the Research

In this research, researcher must obtain the valid data. To get the valid data a

researcher use trustworthiness. In trustworthiness there are five parts. Firstly, credibility,

the second one is transferability, the third dependability, next Comfirmability and the last

reflexity. Based on Irene Korstjens & Albine Moser (2018: 121)

1. Credibility

The confidence that can be placed in the truth of the research findings.

Credibility establishes whether the research findings represent plausible information

drawn from the participants’ original data and is a correct interpretation of the

participants’ original views.

2. Transferability
 The degree to the results of qualitative research can be transferred to the other

contexts or settings with other respondents. The researcher facilitates the

transferability judgment by a potential user through thick description.

3. Dependability

The stability of findings over time. Dependability involves participants’

evaluation of the findings, interpretation and recommendations of the study such that

all are supported by the data as received from participants of the study.

4. Comfirmability

The degree to which the findings of the research study could be confirmed by

other researchers. Confirmability is concerned with establishing that data and

interpretations of the findings are not figments of the inquirer’s imagination, but

clearly derived from the data.

5. Reflexivity

The process of the critical self-reflection about oneself as researcher (own

biases, preferences, preconceptions), and the research relationship (relationship to the

respondent, and how the relationship affects the participant’s answers to questions).

D. Technique for Collecting the data

In this research this study is qualitative; the main instrument of this particular

research was the researcher herself. The researcher obtained the by using observation

from the video of Public Figures Joe Biden and Donald Trump in Final Debates in the

Presidential Election to get the description of slip of the tongue. The data will be
gotten by watching and listen the video. It means this research uses documentation

technique.

Document is a record of events that have already passed. Documents can be in

the form of writings, drawings or monumental works of a person. Written documents

are such as diaries, life history, stories, biographies, regulations, policies, the forms of

picture, documents such as photographs, vivid images, sketches and others.

Documents are in the form of works, for example, works of art, which can be in the

form of drawings, sculptures, films and others.

According to Bogdan at Sugiono book (2018: 329) in most tradition of

qualitative research, the phrase personal document is used broadly to refer to any first

person narrative produced by an individual who describes his or her own actions,

experience and belief.

1. Data Collections

There are some steps for collecting the data. The first steps are search and

downloading some videos teaching and learning process in the classroom from

YouTube or other source. The second step is in this step, the researcher watches and

listen the video to analyze the types of slips of the tongue by the public figures Joe

Biden and Donald Trump at the video. In this chance, a writer need to replay the

video for several times to get the trouble of the public figures Joe Biden and Donald

Trump in final debate of the presidential election when they are speech. Following

this, the researcher must make some notes when find the slips of the tongue by the

teacher. Furthermore, the researcher determines the kind slips of the tongue made by

the public figures Joe Biden and Donald Trump.

 Observation

In this step the researcher watches and listen the video public figures Joe

Biden and Donald Trump in final debate in the presidential election to get the

description of slip of the tongue.

Observation is watching something that wants to be researched. The aim of

this is to get information clearly by the subject, open the possibility to do discovery.

Marshall (1995: 310) stated that “through observation the researcher learns about

behavior and the meaning attached to those behaviors”. From this state can conclude

that observation is very important for researcher to know the meaning of something

which researched. In this chance the researcher observation selected, in this stage

hopefully to researcher has found deeper understanding.

2. Data Analyze

The researcher use descriptive technique in analyzing the data. After

collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the data by using following steps. Such as

bellow:

1. Identifying and classifying the data, based on the eights types of slip of the

tongue by Fromkin (1971: 193) theory for knowing the types of slip of the

tongue done by the Public Figures Joe Biden and Donald Trump in Final

Debate in the Presidential Election to answer the formulation of the

problem.
 2. After discussing the findings that related to the objective of the study was

the next technique.

3. Checking the data whether there something missing or not. Collect the data

the researcher recheck the data for several times to avoid missing data.

4. After the researcher found types slip of the tongue on the data, the

researcher making the general conclusion by relating the finding to the

theory.

Analysis data is the process to determine and arrange the data. The analysis of

the data is started after the data obtained. The data are identified and classified by

using some steps According to Steinback in Sugiono (2018: 334) data analysis is

critical to the qualitative research process. It is to recognition, study, and

understanding of interrelationship and concept in your data that hypotheses and

assertions can develop and evaluated.

 OBSERVATION SHEET
(Aimed to Analyze the Influential Factor of Slip of the Tongue Experienced by a
Teacher)