The Importance of Sidewalk and Walkways in South Caloocan City To Enhance Pedestrian Safety

DIVINE MERCY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC
Criminology Department
THE IMPORTANCE OF SIDEWALK AND WALKWAYS IN SOUTH
CALOOCAN CITY TO ENHANCE PEDESTRIAN SAFETY
A Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of the Criminology Department
Divine Mercy College Foundation Inc.
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
By:
TABONG, JERICO
MITO, MICHAEL JOHN
MADRIAGA, GEORGE
JERAO, JOHNEL GABRIE
2023
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CHAPTER 1:
The Problems and Its Background
Introduction
Walking is important as a form of physical activity and for improving
public health. Studies have indicated that sedentary people make up 18% of
the population in developing nations Given this situation, walking is the most
sustainable form of physical activity in our everyday lives Historically, walking
was the most common mode of travel due to the short distances required.
Cities of long-ago were small, circular and compact providing a five kilometer
or less distance to travel (Lawrence et al. 1995). A fast growth in the
metropolitan areas and the high growth of population in cities in the previous
century converted the trend and motorized transportation became the
dominant mode. This left the world with the vast challenge of congestion and
carbon emissions making pedestrian travel harder. In the US, street design
and development have included a standard with an introduction of
unrestrained use of automobiles. Even though these standards prove to
denounce the quality of pedestrian roads in the country, other administrations
have adopted them (Neary, 1998). This type of automobile first action has
been spreading in The World. Pedestrians have been seen as an obstacle to
the motor transportation mode and were forced to be evicted and the
sidewalk features were compromised to be dependent on the volume of car
traffic (Japan Bicycle Promotion Institute, 1999). The World Health

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Organization (WHO, 2009) estimates that the African region has the highest
Road transport accident (RTA) mortality rate in the world (24.1/100,000
populations vs. 10.3/100,000 in Europe) and 38% of the deaths occur to the
vulnerable road users (i.e. cyclists and pedestrians). Furthermore, estimations
in Ethiopia show fatality or seriously injured following RTAs are thirty times
greater than that of the United States of America.
South Caloocan, with a population estimated at One Million two
hundred nine thousand or above, is the largest urban area. Recently, road
traffic crashes, particularly pedestrian crashes have become a challenging
problem within South Caloocan and has a high proportion of pedestrian
casualties. This is due to a combination of very high pedestrian activity and
very low levels of pedestrian safety protection. According to the
Transportation Program Management Office (TPMO), walking is the dominant
mobility mode in South Caloocan City for an estimated 70% of the population.
Public transport is the dominant mode for 26% and private motorized
transport is the dominant mode for just 4% of the population (Transportation
Program Management Office, Annual road safety report 2017/2018).
Professionals in the urban planning field have tried to encourage
citizens to change their mode choice to non-motorized instead of highly used
motorized mode choices (Saelenset al.2003; Owen et al., 2004; Townsend
and Zacharias, 2009). In order to stimulate walking as a preferred mode of
travel, it is vital to provide safe and adequate pedestrian travel areas. Soltani
3
and Allan. (2006), in a study of travel forms among dwellers of urbanized
areas in areas in Adelaide, Australia, the suburban design character and
development patterns could possibly produce changes in modal split.
Discussed that, in order to attain walkable cities in the US, it was
suggested to: first evaluate conditions of walkability, secondly reread all the
regulations and standards, and then research the walking habits in various
settings and next step is to stimulate community awareness and obtain their
contribution to pedestrian planning finally, encourage collaboration of
interdisciplinary education within concerned fields and professions
(Southworth, 2005).
The sidewalk is a walkway located on the side of a road. In South
Caloocan City, sidewalks are important because they provide a safe space for
pedestrians to walk. Additionally, sidewalks can also help to improve mobility
and health by providing a dedicated space for walking.
There are many ways to enhance pedestrian safety on sidewalks. One
way is to ensure that sidewalks are well-lit at night. Another way is to make
sure that there are no obstacles (e.g., parked cars) blocking the sidewalk.
Finally, it is important to maintain the Sidewalk in good repair so that
pedestrians can safely use it. Improving pedestrian safety on sidewalks will
have many benefits for the community. First, it will make it easier and safer
for people to get around, which can improve mobility. Second, it can help to
encourage physical activity, which has numerous health benefits. Finally,

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enhancing pedestrian safety can create a more livable and walkable
community, which is enjoyable for everyone.
There are many ways to improve the safety of pedestrians on
sidewalks. However, it is important to consider the needs of the community
when making any changes. With input from the community, we can make
sure that the changes made will be effectivE and will improve the safety of
pedestrians in South Caloocan City.
Background of the study
The Philippines' South Caloocan City is a heavily populated urban area.
The 2015 Census determined South Caloocan's population. There are
1,209,419 people living in the city, or 80.4% of the total population.
Traffic congestion is a significant issue in South Caloocan City as a
result of the high population density. A lack of pedestrian infrastructure, such
as sidewalks and crosswalks, is another issue. As a result, pedestrians are
frequently compelled to cross busy roadsides, which is potentially hazardous.
To increase pedestrian safety in South Caloocan City, numerous
initiatives have been made. Little has changed since the local government
introduced the "Walkability Action Plan" in 2010, which sought to enhance
pedestrian Infrastructure and safety. Given the high number of pedestrians
killed or injured in traffic accidents each year, the lack of progress in
pedestrian safety is alarming. Enhancing pedestrian safety in South Caloocan
City is necessary given the high number of pedestrian fatalities and the lack
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of progress on pedestrian safety. In 2016, there were 842 pedestrian fatalities
in the Philippines.4 This number rose to 1,003 in 2017. To do this, one
strategy is to upgrade the sidewalk.
As a result, South Caloocan City's sidewalks need to be improved in
order to improve pedestrian safety. In order to make sure that the changes
made are successful and fulfill the requirements of the people, it is crucial to
consult with the community. We can make sure that the improvements made
will be successful and improve the safety of pedestrians in South Caloocan
City with community feedback.

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Figure 1. Map of Caloocan City

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Theoretical Framework
This research study was anchored on the importance of sidewalks and
walkways to enhance pedestrian safety Since pedestrians are the most
vulnerable road users according to (Ni Y, Wang M, Sun J, Li K. 2016)
research has recently turned a lot of attention to pedestrian safety. Conflict
analysis using surrogate safety measures has developed into a useful method
to study pedestrian safety in light of the quality and quantity issues with
collision data. However, using the same indicators or aggregating indicators
in the same way for all scenarios is insufficient given the disparity between
pedestrians and vehicles in encounters and the variety of interactions
between people and vehicles.

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Conceptual Framework
The researchers utilized the Input-Process-Output as the Conceptual
Framework of the study. The INPUT consists of variables measuring the
assessment of the three groups of respondents as to the Importance of
sidewalks and walkways in South Caloocan City Input to enhance pedestrian
safety. The assessment of the problems encountered by the South Caloocan
City Importance of sidewalks and walkways in dealing with based on the
premise that improved sidewalks and walkways can improve pedestrian
safety.
The second variable PROCESS consisted of conducting interviews,
developing survey questionnaires, distribution of survey questionnaires,
collection of data statistical treatment, presentation, analysis; interpretation
and graphical presentation. The independent variable OUTPUT from the
findings of the study, proposed recommendations to enhance the Importance
of sidewalk and walkways in South

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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

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Statement of the Problem
The main objective of the study is to assess the The importance of
sidewalks and walkways in south Caloocan city to enhance pedestrian safety.
Specifically, the study answers the following sub-problems:
1. How do the respondents asses the The importance of sidewalks and
walkways in south Caloocan city to enhance pedestrian safety in terms
of
a. Safety
b. Mobility
c. Health
2. Is there significant difference in the assessment of the respondents as
to the importance of sidewalks and walkways in south Caloocan city to
enhance pedestrian safety.
3. What are the problems encountered by the respondents in the
importance of sidewalks and walkways in South Caloocan city to
enhance pedestrian safety.
4. From the findings of the study, what recommendations may be
proposed to the importance of pedestrian and walkways in south
Caloocan city to enhance pedestrian safety

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Hypothesis of the Study
One potential hypothesis could be: improved enforcement of traffic
laws and regulations related to pedestrian safety, as well as improved
sidewalks and walkways, will lead to a decrease in accidents and injuries
among pedestrian in South Caloocan city.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
● The Setting
○ The study will be conducted at South Caloocan City.
● The Subject content
○ The study will be focused on the Importance of sidewalks and
walkways in South Caloocan city to enhance pedestrian safety.
● The Respondents
○ The study will be composed of Three (3) groups of respondents.
The first group is composed of Police Personnel of South
Caloocan City Police Station, the 2nd group is the barangay
officials, and the last group is Residents from selected
barangays at south Caloocan City
● The Time Frame
○ The study will be covered in the Academic Year 2022-2023.

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Significance of the Study
The result of the study may serve as significant to the following groups:
To the People as readers, this study would help them become well-
informed about the complexities police work relative to the community, hence
improving the program they are implementing with the end-goal of a
successful policing style in a peaceful community.
To the Criminology Students, the end – product of this research will
help the aspiring criminologist discover the capabilities of police officers on
how they are going to apply the policing style in the county.
To the Professors of Criminology, to analyze and understand the
end – product of this research and help them to get an idea on how the
policing style affects our country in enforcing law.
To the Community, the end – product of this research will make them
knowledgeable about the kind of policing style that the police officer
implemented on them and how it affected their community.
To the Future Researchers, they can use this thesis as their
reference and to help them get an idea on how to make a study about the
different policing style. Thus, this will serve as their future reference in making
another research with the same line of theme or subject.

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Definition of terms
For purpose of clarity, the researchers used some terms in the study in
which are deemed important in the analysis to be made as they are
conceptually and operationally defined as follows:
1. Community Cooperation - Shall refers to the collaborative atlas-
making context involving sharing knowledge and perspectives across
disciplines and between cultures.
2. Enhance - intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or
extent of.
3. Importance - the state or fact of being great of significance or value
4. Organizational Work - Thus refers to how work is planned, organized
and managed within companies and to choices on a range of aspects
such as work processes, job design, responsibilities, task allocation,
work scheduling, work pace, rules and procedures, and decision-
making processes.
5. Pedestrian - A person walking along a road or in a developed area
6. Pedestrian Lane - A pedestrian crossing is a place designated for
pedestrians to cross a road, street or avenue. The term "pedestrian
crossing" is also used in the Vienna and Geneva Conventions, both of
which pertain to road signs and road traffic

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7. Pedestrian Safety - Use sidewalk or walk closely on the side of the
road and walk facing traffic. Always use the designated pedestrian
crossing if there is one. Never assume that vehicles can see you or will
stop for you. Wait until there is a safe gap between traffic or vehicles
have stopped before crossing the roadway.
8. Safety - The condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause
danger, risk, or injury
9. Walking Lane - A pedestrian lane is a designated space on the
roadway for exclusive use of pedestrians. The lane may be on one or
both sides of the roadway and can fill gaps between important
destinations in a community.
10. Walkways - A passage or path for walking along, especially a raised
passageway connecting different sections of a building or a wide path
in a park or garden
ACRONYM
1. DPSTM – Depart of Public Safety and Management
2. PNP – Philippine National Police
3. DPWH – Department of Public Works and Highways
4. DOTR – Depart of Transportation.
5. MMDA – Depart of Metropolitan Development Authority.

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CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literatures and Studies
This Chapter focuses on the different articles and pieces of literature and
different studies which are directly related to the present study.
Foreign Literature
According to Wilcox, Castro, King, Houseman, & Brownson. (2000).
Transportation researchers have looked at the probability of choosing walking
over other travel modes. They refer to this by different terms such as
likelihood of taking walking trips and also discuss here According to (Cervero
& Radisch, 1996), percentage of walking for different trips (Frank & Pivo,
1994); but all of these studies use modal choice models to predict the
probability of walking for different purposes. A specific field in the civil
engineering dealt with the pedestrian Level of Service (LOS), the
standardized grade to evaluate the “flow rate” of a pedestrian facility, sidewalk
in most cases (Transportation Research Board, 2010).
Most studies that use objective measures of walking are cross-
sectional. They compare outcomes (such as frequency or distance) from two
settings that differ in physical features. Sidewalks, specifically paved
sidewalks, are an important piece of a walking route to school. Paved
sidewalks are “pedestrian lanes” that provide people with space to travel
within the public right-of-way separated from motor vehicles and on-road
bicycles and also discuss here According to FHWA (2012) Federal Highway
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Administration Sidewalks, specifically paved sidewalks, are an important
piece of a walking route to school. Paved sidewalks are “pedestrian lanes”
that provide people with space to travel within the public right-of-way
separated from motor vehicles and on-road bicycles. They should have a
level, hard surface and be separated from motor vehicle traffic by a curb,
buffer or curb with buffer. Sidewalks provide places for children to walk, run,
skate and play, and are often used by young bicyclists. Continuous and
accessible sidewalk networks improve mobility for all pedestrians and are
particularly important for pedestrians with disabilities. They provide access for
all types of pedestrian travel to schools as well as work, parks, shopping
areas, transit stops and other destinations.
According to Sigurlín Rós (2005) Walkways mobility is more than just
the ability to walk. The concept measures how friendly an area is to the
pedestrian and how it encourages and invites people to walk or use other
modes of transportation than the automobile to move around. “The General
Theory of Walkability explains how, to be favored, a walk has to satisfy four
main conditions: it must be useful, safe, comfortable,and interesting. The city
needs to provide mixed-use areas, where residential areas are not
segregated from places of business and work. Areas where most aspects of
daily life are located in a walkable distance from one another and people
could therefore walk with purpose. Developing cities report higher walk
shares in comparison to their developed city counterpart. Also, they present a

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strikingly different set of challenges and opportunities in their pedestrian
environments. The need to enhance our understanding of environmental
attributes, which encourage pedestrians to participate (or not) in walking and
walking-related activities, has prompted this pedestrian-scale face-to-face
questionnaire survey on one developing city.
According to D. Blackwell, J. Lucas, and T. Clarke. (2012)People
with limited mobility in the U.S. (defined as having difficulty or inability to walk
a quarter of a mile without help and without the use of special equipment)
face a growing informational gap: while pedestrian routing algorithms are
getting faster and more informative, planning a route with a wheeled device in
urban centers is very difficult due to lack of integrated pertinent information
regarding accessibility along the route. Moreover, reducing access to street-
spaces translates to reduced access to other public information and services
that are increasingly made available to the public along urban streets And
also discussed (Bivina, G. R., & Parida, M. (2019), the difference between
developed and developing countries is not only in terms of geography and
economy, but also in how pedestrians perceive and anticipate that sidewalks
will be used. Finding the impact of different built environment measures on
the perceived Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) in the setting of developing
countries is crucial.The primary built environment variables that have the
most impact on sidewalks' perceived PLOS in the Indian context are
examined in this study.

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Local Literature
According to A journal of philippine studies no.43 Sept. 9 (2004). Cebu
City serves as an example of how a municipal government in the Philippines
has addressed the issue of sidewalk and street vending. In terms of location,
time, space, fees, penalties, and other requirements like identification cards,
voter registration, sanitation, and self-policing, "maximum tolerance" specifies
the rules of engagement between the vendors and city authorities. By forming
vendor organizations and growing its membership, the Cebu City United
Vendors' Association has become stronger. The federation has developed
into a force to be reckoned with when it comes to vendor issues thanks to a
devoted leadership with networking and negotiation skills. It has
experimented with a range of tactics, including direct conflict and legal action
as well as lobbying, bargaining, and representation on governmental
organizations. Putting aside political considerations, inclusive city governance
has emerged as the majority of the Demands from vendors are fulfilled,
including those for political representation, due process during demolition,
and no demolition without a formal complaint. Application of unwritten, though
comprehensive, principles has, for all intents and purposes, produced actual
regulation. In less developed nations.
According to Su,J, Sze, N, N, (2022) Pedestrians are seen as one of
the most vulnerable road users (LDCs). However, the majority of LDCs
continue to provide little attention to pedestrian safety in their urban and rural
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transportation plans. This study fills a gap in the literature by focusing on a
highly urbanized region of an LDC that experiences a rapid rise in car
ownership and an increase in pedestrian-related traffic injuries. It also
documents specific pedestrian safety issues and offers recommendations for
injury prevention measures in such locations. This study combines binomial
logistic regression and street level analysis with data from the Metro Manila
Accident Reporting and Analysis System (MMARAS) from 2008 to 2011 to
further explore the statistical findings and look at additional contributing
factors to crashes and raise the risk of severe injury or death in Makati,
Manila, and Quezon, three cities in Metro Manila.
According to Sidel, J,(2020) This article offers a comprehensive
examination of Metro Manila's traffic congestion, portraying the city's
transportation system as an ecosystem that has lasted and developed in spite
of constant social, economic, and technological change. The goal of the
article is to identify and examine both the constituent elements and complex
operations of the ecosystem as well as its capacities for resistance, resilience,
and reconstitution in the face of reforms. The article focuses on the activities
and initiatives of a new "species" within Metro Manila's transport ecosystem—
the transport reform advocacy group. The proposed bus rapid transit (BRT)
system, the relaxation of the constraints on number coding for public utility
vehicles, the liberalization of point-to-point (P2P) bus services, the
legalization of motorcycle taxis, and other reform proposals are some of these
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initiatives. the creation of bicycle lanes, the development and enhancement of
pedestrian walkways, and the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program
(PUVMP) to enhance micro-mobility in the city. In light of the ongoing
worldwide pandemic, the government-imposed quarantine, and the economic
crisis in the Philippines in early to mid 2020, the article finishes by looking at
the efforts of transport reform advocacy groups to push these parts of their
reform agenda.
According to Fillone, A. M., & Mateo-Babiano, I. (2018) The Ermita
District in Manila is an example of a historic urban center (HUC) that exhibits
a compact, mixed, and human-scale urban form. Due of these characteristics,
residents in these neighborhoods still rely on walking or taking a pedicab
(also known as a bike rickshaw) to go where they need to go. The latter mode,
which is regarded as an informal non-motorized transport (NMT), is favored
by commuters as a first- and last-mile journey alternative to get around these
historic areas' congested street networks. Uncertainty exists regarding the
variables that influence a person's first- and last-mile decisions. In order to
identify the variables influencing people's decisions to walk or use a pedicab
within Ermita, respondents were asked about their relative preferences
between the two mode choices in a face-to-face intercept survey. The study
found both statistically significant mode-specific and qualitative factors that
affected people's decisions by using logit choice analysis. The likelihood
result revealed that cost over journey time, access and/or egress time, safety,
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and accessibility of the walking environment were the most important
variables. It's also crucial to note that women, especially those who were
carrying children, preferred to use pedicabs and that their average journey
distance was larger (by approximately a kilometer) than that of walkers. The
study's findings can assist district-level planning and policymaking in three
different ways: (1) by enhancing the physical environment by promoting NMT
like walking and riding in a pedicab as essential first- and/or last-mile options
for people in HUCs; (2) by coordinating routes and regulations for pedicab
services to be part of an overall transport service provision; and (3) by
implementing infrastructure improvements for safer walkway environments for
pedestrians.
According to I. Babiano, (2015) Comparing developing cities to their
developed city counterparts, developing cities record higher walk shares.
Additionally, they offer a really distinct mix of difficulties and chances in their
pedestrian surroundings. This pedestrian-scale face-to-face questionnaire
survey on a developing metropolis was motivated by the need to better
understand environmental factors that influence pedestrian participation in
walking and walking-related activities. This study aims to create a pleasant
walking environment by examining the pedestrian decision-making process,
applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to empirically define the
hierarchy of pedestrian needs (criteria), and examining the relative priorities
of environmental attributes (alternatives) that satisfy the pedestrian needs.

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Through a roll-out face-to-face questionnaire survey, a total of 70 responses
were gathered. the significance of a user-centered approach to needs
assessment to better comprehend pedestrian decision-making and behavior.
There are obvious efforts to maintain a balance between MT and NMT.
The term "walkability" is used to define and rate the quality of pathways,
sidewalks, and other pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, as well as their
connectivity. According to the Philippines' draft policy, creating and reclaiming
space for foot traffic is just as crucial as creating lanes for cars (Government
of the Philippines, 2009).
Foreign Studies
According to R. Bentley, D. Jolley, and AM. Kavanagh, (2010)
Neighborhoods that encourage walking will certainly benefit from structural
enhancements that a neighborhood can lead to sustained enhancements in
the populace's physical activity and health. In respect to objectively measured
characteristics of walking time,Melbourne's local settings for people, including
their functioning, safety, destinations, and aesthetics Australia. To investigate
changes in, we employed multilevel ordered logistic regression analysis.
walking time among 2334 people in 49 small communities.
According to Science, Direct, (2007) A important strategy to cut the
costs associated with using motorized transportation systems on the
environment and society is to promote soft mobility, particularly pedestrian
mobility in urban settings. As a result, taking such action is a strategy for

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sustainable mobility. Attractive pedestrian routes should be provided in order
to encourage people to travel on foot. From this vantage point, it is critical to
understand how people feel about the available pedestrian pathways. This
study examines experimental data gathered from a sample of pedestrians.
Two paths were chosen, although they had different qualities. While the
second path is marked by interactions between motorized modes and
pedestrians, the first one is a path where pedestrians have a dedicated space
to walk. Interview subjects were asked to describe how several parts and
elements of walking made them feel secure, uncomfortable, or protected.
Interesting results from the planned analysis were discovered. The findings
might help in developing practical guidelines for controlling pedestrian mobility.
According to Science, Direct, Vol, 21 (2007) The majority of
pedestrian mishaps in populated areas take place at junctions. The number of
accidents involving pedestrians frequently continues to be significant even
after signalization. This study demonstrates how the Traffic Conflicts
Techniques have been used to assess the risk to pedestrians at 120
intersections after analyzing the existing information. The main findings show
that signalizing a high-speed intersection—one with a mean speed greater
than 30 in at least one arm—cuts the risk to pedestrians by around half. As
long as the majority of vehicles are not turning, signalization also lowers the
risk to pedestrians if the mean speed in each arm is below 30. A crosswalk
should be placed fewer than two meters from the intersection to maximize
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pedestrian safety, according to another finding from these research. The
assessments of accidents as well as conflict studies accidents involving
pedestrians walking against a red light and "green-walking" pedestrians as
well as turning automobiles. Three sites were used to assess the effect of an
exclusive pedestrian signal phase (scramble), which was found to be very
safety-beneficial in a small town but ineffective in Stockholm due to the high
rate of red-walkers. At all three locations, both pedestrian and vehicle delays
grew. The size of the town and traffic volumes appear to be the primary
determinants when estimating the parameters of a multivariate model of the
frequency of "red-walking" using data gathered at 152 crosswalks. This
frequency is affected. Personal interviews with 450 people have provided
more information. These findings suggest that the most effective ways to
lessen the frequency of red-walking are shorter wait periods and police
enforcement.
According to Science, Direct vol, 34 (2007) Unfortunately, there has
been a sharp decline in school-aged children walking to school in recent
decades.4 In addition to individual and social factors, physical environmental
barriers like long travel distances,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, inadequate or lacking
pedestrian facilities,5, 6, 7, 12, 13 and dangers from traffic and construction
sites also play a role. Other physical environmental factors like density, the
mix of land uses, street connection, and physical amenities like street lighting
and trees seemed to promote walking to school in some studies9, 13, 15, and
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16, but had contradictory effects in others. Programs are currently being
established at the national, state, and municipal levels to increase the
environmental support for walking to school. This has led to conflicting
findings in certain studies, including 5, 6, 7, 14, and 15. However, there are
still gaps in assessment techniques and empirical data regarding the
particular walkability and safety issues connected to kids' walking to school
practices.
According to Scienece Direct,Vol, 3 (2007) Planning pedestrian
facilities must take comfort into account. Wherever they feel at peace,
pedestrians choose to walk; if not, they choose to go somewhere else. A
common illustration is the tendency of people to use carriageways as
sidewalks when they are dirty, damaged, or too small. Road safety is
endangered by this behavior, which is also quite unsafe for most users and
leaves them exposed. Unsuitable pavements can be caused by erratic
maintenance procedures to restore evenness after shock damage, weather
phenomena, the installation of equipment (such as posts, fences, and urban
furniture) with a reduction in walkable surface, or poor repair work on
pavements and patches as a result of emergency operations.
Local studies
According to Sage, Journals, (2021) This study proposes a
methodology for assessing the walkability of a set of crash-prone sidewalk
and crosswalk locations in an urban environment and identifying areas that

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require repair. First, a list of 15 characteristics unique to sidewalks and 10
characteristics unique to crosswalks that were relevant to India were found in
the literature. The analytical hierarchy technique was then employed to
determine the relative weights attached to the attributes from the viewpoint of
pertinent specialists. The quality of the existing pedestrian walkways and
crossing infrastructures was then assessed using a weighted sum approach
to create the Sidewalk Condition Index (SCI) and Crosswalk Condition Index
(CCI).
Since pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users, it is crucial for
road safety that we understand the main causes of pedestrian accidents. Only
a few studies, however, have examined the full characteristics of pedestrian
crashes, specifically on various road types, due to the limits of crash data in
developing nations. Based on the road crash data (2016–2018) involving
pedestrians in Metro Manila, the Philippines, this study tried to create
pedestrian crash frequency and severity models on national roadways by
using the road characteristics and built environment parameters. The
existence of footbridges, sections of roads with poor surface conditions, and
higher proportions of commercial, residential, and industrial roadways—all of
which showed a higher chance of pedestrian crashes—were notable findings.
According to J, Tan, (2012) More than 40,000 people attend the
University of the Philippines Diliman every day, including students, staff,
residents, and visitors. Walking is one of the main ways that people get from
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one building to another, especially students, to get to their many classes, jobs,
and other places of business. This indicates that pedestrian amenities are
essential on campus. This study evaluated these amenities using a
suggested methodology that was created by combining different approaches.
According to A journal Philippines studies 43, (2019) Cebu City
serves as an example of how a local government has addressed the issue of
sidewalk and street vending in the Philippines. The concept of "maximum
tolerance" outlines the ground rules for interactions between vendors and
local authorities, including the agreed-upon dates, times, locations, fees, and
punishments, as well as other requirements like voter registration,
identification cards, and sanitation and self-policing. The Cebu City United
Vendors' Association has consolidated its position by forming vendor
organizations and growing its membership. The federation has established
itself as a serious player in vendor concerns thanks to a dedicated leadership
team with strong networking and negotiating abilities. It has experimented
with a variety of tactics, including lobbying, negotiating, and representation on
governmental organizations, as well as direct conflict and legal action.
In recent years, pedestrianization has been espoused as a viable
alternative to spur more sustainable social and economic development in
local communities. In evaluating the potential benefits of these projects, the
most common practice is to use economic evaluation tools like benefit-cost

28
analysis (Ruffino and Jarre, 2021), while different simulation software are
used to evaluate traffic and environmental impacts (Giannakos, 2017).
According to S, Kimura, (2018) Along with Epifanio Delos Santos
Avenue, the project aims to enhance the pedestrian environment in
Balintawak, Cubao, Guadalupe, and Taft station areas (EDSA). The current
EDSA pedestrian amenities are sub partly built, creating an uneasy and
hazardous atmosphere for people. The project will create new walkways,
replace old ones, and widen existing footbridges to create a total of 5
kilometers of covered elevated walkways in the four locations. To
accommodate the needs of the elderly, women, individuals with disabilities,
and those traveling with young children, elevators will be installed to the
elevated pathways.
29
Synthesis of Reviewed Studies
The reviewed studies and literatures cited became the basis for the
researchers to know possible ways to enhance the maintenance of sidewalks
and walkways. It provides the researchers foundation on the nature and
scope of the problems of the study as well as the action for better
understanding of facts.
These supported the study through some examples of how the
sidewalks and walkways become more dangerous to people because of
sufficient focus in our government to improve this kind of sidewalk and
walkways. These studies give our attention to how sidewalks and walkways
are more convenient and friendly to our environment.
According to the studies of Mayo Clinic (2021) The faster, farther and
more frequently you walk, the greater the benefits. For example, you may
start out as an average walker, and then work your way up to walking faster
and walking a mile in a shorter amount of time than an average walker,
similar to power walkers. This can be a great way to get aerobic activity,
improve your heart health and increase your endurance while burning calories.
30
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DIVINE MERCY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC

THE IMPORTANCE OF SIDEWALK AND WALKWAYS IN SOUTH

CALOOCAN CITY TO ENHANCE PEDESTRIAN SAFETY

The Faculty of the Criminology Department

Divine Mercy College Foundation Inc.

of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

MITO, MICHAEL JOHN

JERAO, JOHNEL GABRIE

The Problems and Its Background

Walking is important as a form of physical activity and for improving

sustainable form of physical activity in our everyday lives Historically, walking

or less distance to travel (Lawrence et al. 1995). A fast growth in the

century converted the trend and motorized transportation became the

and development have included a standard with an introduction of

unrestrained use of automobiles. Even though these standards prove to

denounce the quality of pedestrian roads in the country, other administrations

been spreading in The World. Pedestrians have been seen as an obstacle to

sidewalk features were compromised to be dependent on the volume of car

traffic (Japan Bicycle Promotion Institute, 1999). The World Health

Road transport accident (RTA) mortality rate in the world (24.1/100,000

vulnerable road users (i.e. cyclists and pedestrians). Furthermore, estimations

greater than that of the United States of America.

South Caloocan, with a population estimated at One Million two

traffic crashes, particularly pedestrian crashes have become a challenging

problem within South Caloocan and has a high proportion of pedestrian

casualties. This is due to a combination of very high pedestrian activity and

very low levels of pedestrian safety protection. According to the

Transportation Program Management Office (TPMO), walking is the dominant

transport is the dominant mode for just 4% of the population (Transportation

Program Management Office, Annual road safety report 2017/2018).

Professionals in the urban planning field have tried to encourage

citizens to change their mode choice to non-motorized instead of highly used

motorized mode choices (Saelenset al.2003; Owen et al., 2004; Townsend

and Zacharias, 2009). In order to stimulate walking as a preferred mode of

and Allan. (2006), in a study of travel forms among dwellers of urbanized

areas in areas in Adelaide, Australia, the suburban design character and

development patterns could possibly produce changes in modal split.

Discussed that, in order to attain walkable cities in the US, it was

contribution to pedestrian planning finally, encourage collaboration of

interdisciplinary education within concerned fields and professions

The sidewalk is a walkway located on the side of a road. In South

pedestrians to walk. Additionally, sidewalks can also help to improve mobility

and health by providing a dedicated space for walking.

There are many ways to enhance pedestrian safety on sidewalks. One

Finally, it is important to maintain the Sidewalk in good repair so that

encourage physical activity, which has numerous health benefits. Finally,

enhancing pedestrian safety can create a more livable and walkable

community, which is enjoyable for everyone.

There are many ways to improve the safety of pedestrians on

sidewalks. However, it is important to consider the needs of the community

pedestrians in South Caloocan City.

Background of the study

The Philippines' South Caloocan City is a heavily populated urban area.

The 2015 Census determined South Caloocan's population. There are

1,209,419 people living in the city, or 80.4% of the total population.

Traffic congestion is a significant issue in South Caloocan City as a