j mee _ “Ie Troll wtiots and apptatons [Opa 10-5 bh. | I~ Spectroscopy Is on instrumentally aided study of the interactions between Mactter (Sample being analy ged) and, energy (any position of the Electromagnete spectrum ) . a i ‘ , M Tayachand’a OUP — ——_ 2 a emg | ~>|anatyte —I spectro photograph E-CE-2)U66 concentration sshould be Lower I i UV - vicihle todiations —— Excitation of electrons-uv-visible — Spectrum Po IR- Radintions — Mibvalion changes wy deckons— FR ‘specirune . > Radio Frequency __ spin rotational changes — NMR Spectrum Electromagnetic “Kod iations "The gadtations which are having beth — electric ~ field and. magnetic field which ave perpendicular 40 toch other and one coplanar aye called OS Electromagnetic Radiations" These are produced by “the oscillation of Secic fd and. Magnelte fidd. ‘sesiding on the akern.. ‘Scanned with CamSeanner2) These are charactertsed by their wavelengths oF Frequencits oy wove = umber » 2 The energy carried. by an electromagnetic vadiation 1s divectty proportional tts Frequency. The — emission and absorption of radiation. is quantised. on each quantum of radiation is called = & " photon . S AML types of Electromagnetic radiations rave with the Game velocity and no medium is tequired. for their propagation: A When visible — Light is passed, through a prism, it ts Split up into so colouts. “Thig phenomenot, is called —* dispersion - Electromagnetic speckum and Absorption of Radiations The arrangement oF all types of Electromagnetic Yodiations in order of theiy —increasin voavelengths or decreasing Freqyuencity is Known as Electromagnetic Spectrum . Electromagnetic rodiations are absorbed , emitted or propagald — in the Form. of energy packets | called quanta. or photons. Fach photon has an Energy CE) eojuivalent 40 WY : + by Eee vere oh is ghankls constant » is wovelength, im Noe meter of cm ‘Scanned with CamScannerro violet Jinn Blue , t Indigo Ble Onanye Red A00- 420 azo-tyg burda 55-69 620-190 nin a en nn E Jectromagn etic trum, * Rodiownves are Songer wavelength and Less energetic 5 Cosmic vays har chorter wavelength and. high energetic « Th an Electro magnetic spectrum , we ay note that 9 Ultra violet radiations coer the wavelength yrange -from 10-400 wm. 2% The absorption of radiation in thig Yegion tomes the etcitation of «9 eelecttm = in conjugated, or an Unconjugated system: D Visible radiations cover the wove Length, Yonge rom 40-00 AM ® Srfrared radiations cover the wavelength range Srorn, 661 - 4op0 cn! ) Rodiowaves cover the wavelength range from 60-300 MHz . ‘Scanned with CamScannerwhere Te, Ja, TZ, ond Ty ave obeorked Jight , transmitted tight aol voptctivdly. The process of absorption derends upon the (0) Molecutay ctructue of the abser bin 9 species ® concentration (c) of the olution wo dength of path (4) of the radiation passing through the absprlng medium “The = — absorption of Sight in the visible veglon , is governed by a Photophysical ambert- Beer daw, df is a and near UV Jaw, Known as Combination of two Laws Aambert's Law and Beer's Law + Lambert's Jaws “the dombert's low state, thot when o Monochromatic Light passes through a transport rnegium, the vate of decrease. «iN intensity with the “thickness of medium is. propor Htoral, #> the intensity of ight - Mathematically , the Jug is eupressed a4 -@l JI dk ‘Scanned with Camseanner ay be partly Scatteredwhere 8 L = intensty of vadiation after passing ‘through a thickness % of the medium. AX = sina decrease in the intensity of vadiation on pawsing through comall thickness, dX of the medium: “HL. vale of decrtaue of intensty of vadiation with the thickness «oF the alasorbing medium: propor tionality constant or absorption cveFicient , e's value depends upon the nature oF the absor bing medium a het Ty be the intensity of radiation before entering the absorbing medium (=o) Then 1, the wiensty of radiation after passing ‘through any thickness, say % of the medium can be coleutattd 8 : q rs ek gee. - Vk dk [oo ind kun ow Zee Ts Tes I: te The intensity of radiation sorbed, Ipyg is given as— Tug 2 Dor = mie") changing the natural. Jogarithm to base 40 t-n0™ (%* 53) 2303 where = ehtinction coefficient of the absorbing medium - wie a ‘Seamed with CamSeanner¥ Bear's dow: \ o This law states that whe a bam of monochrome. & Yodlation ‘8 passed through @ olution of an dosorbing \ Gubstone, the rake of decrease of intensity of \ Yadiation with thickness of the absorbing solution ig proportional to the tensity of incident radiation, o> wel as the Concentration of the solution - Mathematically , this Low is Stated as -dL. Kk Ie , au t where c= concentration of the solution in moles | atte = molar absorption coefficient ond its value depends Upon the = Nature oF the absorbing substance - pT inctensity of the vadiation before entering the. s absorbing solution « 4 , T= intensity of the radiodion after passing “through the thickness -y 4 1 ~fteds - Inde-wexr oy 40 Ty aL. a. gon rete** chonging ‘he natural Aogavithm, to the base 49 ! Te Tag 1 of = _K' + molar ettinction coefficient of che me absorbing sohution ‘Scanned with Cacannerore Beer's Sow con also be stated ay- when a mono chromatic Sight is passed, through u solution of an absorbing substance, t's absorption Yemains —cotistant when the -— concentration (c) and. the Ahickness of the —ohsorption Sayer (4) axe changed Im the inverse yatio « A talorimeber is a ight sensitive device used for menauring the transtnittance and absorbance of Mah Passing hough a Siquid sample. “The device measures the intensity ox concenttation of the — colovy that develops upon, introducing ao Specific veagert into a Solution, Principle : This ln States that the Light absorption when passes through vwedium axe directly proportional +o the «concentration. of the = medium, whee” calorimeter, there is o vay of Light with certain wavelength, ts directed towards a solution. » de involves the quantitative estimation of colours. ) The concentration oF the coloured complet ts directly proportion to the — concentration of the component ty dD The difference in colour intensity veswlts in the in the absorption of sight difference il sac Selector, wae ¥ : om = yy —|- fagttal display > [| 7 1 a ett: light ‘ sample Soule sobution ‘Seamed with CameannerSusbrumentation r ™ Calorimeters are used 40 deck colour ant determine the colutions concerctiation it whe a waydength Is assed through a ample, Some of the fight is absorbed and Some — passes “through « dé 16 the wortlength of ght Aha pass through thot are detected The calovimeter uses the Beek~ Lambert: law to detect the absorbane of the Ber- Lambert tow Commonly written — 0} - Aw th 4 As ECL mhoe A is athe absorbance , € is ‘the molar absorptivity 5 C is ‘the concentration of the Solution ond 2 is the Jeng that the ight Passes through To meosure the concentrations, absorbed is dependent upon the amourt of solute in the Goluation. fh Nigher Concentration of dissolved Solute means thot nore Night will be absorbed and vice versa. Apphicakiong: wavels ; he amount of ight Sb hos wide vange of applications in chemical and. biohogical, fidds Sralysis & blood » foal ys of water 3) Nutrients in. soik 4) Food stugy 5) Beteumiaing the cont: of solutions t) Bakrmining the Hate of veaction. 2) Selevenining ‘the qrouth of bacterial, culture ‘Scanned with CamScannerRone. Resorption Spectroscopy Crs) "AAS Ys one of the censitive onal tical Aechotques, ovailable for the determination, oF elements. (‘Most of -the meeatlic, elements and on metal dike phosphorous — and, Sulphur) i Nanagtan, and. picogram Levels Principle: dn ARS, the element sin the cample is converted, 4 gfound. skate alores by Means of lame (04) graphite furnace: A cnonochromatic Light beam oF shecifie wave Jengths from external source (HCL) is passed, through the flame of furnace containing ground. state’ atom. These atoms absorb vadiation and excite . The amount of += absorption is measured by decreay, tn | intensity of Jight beam The amount of absorption. depends on the number of ground tate atoms £ present and it = intun depends on the concerttration of clement «= im the Wample- Aoee Ae kyed where A= absorbance c= cone of element d= width of flame Ky? absorption coepqicient - Kt | pf! : x Rend. out Monochwomnikot Recto Systems . Monochromaler lamp Sonematic, diagram. of ARS: ‘Scanned with CamScannerdy the Might of night Soud, fF ground or qophitt, atomivr, thee ground ems absorb Uykt ang, we ercited hate Unabsorbed -vadirtion PASSES through ‘ & monochrematas which isolate athe deste spectal tine, The isobats apectral, dine is registered by a proto detector. “The output oF photo detector is amplified and meanured on a rnektr oo recorder The amount of —abserption bands depends on the number of ground, stake atoms present inthe tight path. 3 By measuring the omourt of Sight absoybed., « cyuantitative determination of the analyte can te made the use of Special Night source and careful selection of vwoovelength, altow the —Specifie yuanrtitative determination of individual Cements in th —picsence OF others. Absorption, is measured. by che difference trons enitted, signal in the presence and absence of -the 4est solution. Applications - 4) de has many used in different areas of chemistry such as —inical analysis of metals . in biological fluids and -esues such whole etood, plasma, urine, galiva , brain Hssue , Liver, hair, muscle Hssue , comm , tn comme Phrarmaceutical —enanuFacturing process , minute quantities of catalyst ‘Scanned with CamScannerlame emission, spectroscopy ox fromic, emission specernscopy. “AES ls an alternative to atomic absorption dt is not as sensitive ab ARS , but dow haw ‘the advantage of ting able to analyze multiple elements simultaneousty. The analyte, Solution is introduceh into a fame discharge. or plasma to vaporige it. the high temperature afornigation of the analyte drives the atoms to high energy Jevels. As Athey neturn to growl state , ‘they emit Photons of characteristic wavelengths A high wesohution spectrometer is wed to determine the — emission wave Lengths and thus “the elements RES ig used when the material 'oeing onaleged. has a Jorge number of + aements that are beng analyzed. Applications + 2) dn the oxen OF material wetence “The electronics industry ‘equire, — madriols of wigh purity and hence, ‘there sO need. 49 monitoy hace — impurity Jevels im — macterials wed for dectronic Components D dn clinical Jabovatkories oy menuring “the major cations Sodiuin and. — potassium . 2 don selective dectrodes- 4) Urine analysis. 5) Determination of arsenic and. selenium in, drinking tinea water present . 8* Sastrumentatio. tens exc fA oe (cD. detector eictadion Source dh AES, the ample tusk be converted 40 tee atoms , sual y m ‘high. Aemperature — eicitation Source: Principle The theory or working Principle oF atomic emission. Spectroscopy involves the = Elamination of the wavelengths of photons discharged by atoms and molecules as they transmit trom a TRigh tergy state to Low energy Stade: Atomic Wosor ption \s where certain wavelengths from the dectro magnetic radiation ate absorbed by the atoms: Emission is where certain wavelengths are — emitted by the atoms « By absorbing 5 the electrons in an atom are edtited «tg high, energy devel ® UV ~ spectroscopy. finother alternate ttle for thi technique is Electronic spectroscopy» since tt involves the promotion of electrons (7,31, 1 n™ electrons) from the. grow state to the higher energy tote, ‘Seamed with CaScannerincite + The absox ption of vielble Light or ubbra violet Might boy chemical. compound, will produce a distinct gpectrum. When UY vadiations are absorbed , “this results In the excitation of the dectrons from the ground stadt towards a higher energy state: The ‘theory Tevolving around thig Concept States that the orergy rom the Absorloed. ultra violet vadiahon is actually equal +0 the energy difference between the ‘higher energy eta and the ground state. Basic princple of Ov spectroscopy: oh Follows the Beer Lambert Low This Low states . thal , whenever a “beam of monochromatic Light ia passed. Ahrough ao Solution with an absorbing substance, the decreasing rode of the vadigtion intensity along with the thickness of the aosor bing golution, is actualy proportional 40 the concentration of the olution and the — incident vadi ation. The Jaw etpressed. 04 Ae Seq (22) > ECL A stands tox absorbant Ty vefers 40 the itensity of Light upon a sample call I: intensity of Sight departing Ahe Sample cell. C+ concentration — oF the — sob.utt- k= Sength of the sample cell. E+ endav absorptivity. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerFrom athe Beer dambart Law, tt thay been etablished that the greakty the nunther of the molecu that are capal of absorbing Night ot a certain wavelength , the greater \ the etent of the absorption of — Light - (woe nee s get neai™) - order of type of transition. Replication This is used to detect the Functional group: % d con be weed 49 detect the absence or presence of Chromoghore in a Compler compound « DThis can be used to detect the Con ugacion, in po Jymers . 4) dt ink Used to ident unknown compounds. 5) dt can alto help’? determine the configuiatiws of a. ronettica). omer: Cais adkenes are absorbed +0 a different — wave Lengthy compared to trans alkenes) , ®) dt can ce Wed +40 determing the purity of aw substance. 3) dnalyse food. Colourings quality of wine. % Kinetics , woke constant of reaction: extent — of %) Sn cement industries 40 determing the metal toms Nike fe Ma ete Monochromator ‘Scanned with CaScannerks wd fr ond oporkkttne (dentidticates) Wold enical comporerds of complet AML dwomnshogroghic Meperaions uke a and trade fra The stationary pha. a phos that iy Hated ih place in udu oor on hid Su The mobile pha is paming through the stati ten” cata ath i a bug / e stationary 7 ing . tre sample mitture Classi fication de ib of two basic 4) column chrom alogtaphy a) dr column. chromatopsaphy in a narrow — tube “through which the is foveed through a pressure 2) Sn planay —chvomalograghy , the Stationary phase is ssuppot ted. on a Flat surface ot inthe = ports of O paper and the — mobile phase passes ‘through the stationary phase by capillary action ox under the inluence Sof gravity | Gas chromelogghy de ig wed for the analysis oF thermally tabby, volatile organic and inorganic compounds via, @ Separation ay phase 2) planar chromatogra phy. the stationary phase. 18 supported snobile phaae, procedure - Lution injected. into tht instrument Principle: The sample 0 enters O gab eam which — transports athe sample into cepgraction. ‘ube Rrown ab the column ( Helium, oF Nitrogen ® wa $0 cabled. — carrier qos): “The = various Components axe seperaded, inside the column. ‘Seamed with CamScannershnstrumentation Moin components of Gas chromatography axe. ~ ® Gos systems — (6) Snjector © Column @)_Aekectors - (a) Gas systems + me snosk common, enobile. phases it Gas cheomatagraghy axe. Helium, Nitrogen and Hydrogen. which are. chemically inett » The = chote Of qos dependd upon the choice «oot detector « Ee: The gas ig ‘onigation dekeckr axe Aydvogen and air. &) Snjector . : : The moet commonly wased injector is split | split lew injector The injection takes pla into a headed. glass 3 ox quartz diner «rather «= than. directly on to the column. ch the split mode, “the Sample is divided, into two unequal portions | the smaller one goes on to the column «dn oplit Lows mode , the — entire sample 16 introduced on to the column. (© Cohumm Capihany columns are made From fused silica coated with — poly fenide “The Wall of “the — column ane —Siquuid. —stadionory phase generally Polymers. The — column 1S phaced in The temperature of Ve column depends — Upon the beilin point of the cample and — degree OF Seperation: The column is programmed to produce ether constant temp erosture or gradual —incease in “Lermperacture is coated with, Organ — silicone. thermostat oven: ‘Scanned with CamSeanner/Baeclors. Generally selective detectors axe used: AS Solurtes Comes from column, interact with the detector that — intexaction @ which — tonverls into dechonic signal which i§ sent td deka cystem. “the magnitude of the ginal « Is plotted. verus time: Kg oF selechive detectars 7 toni €10), Nt osphov ous Lie cutie te, oa ee detector, Same photomebty dekector “The Siguuid (gaseous sample is injected with we we of rier syringe in too lash vapourisot post we is iq the copillary column (. chornatographit: column) : Seperated —analytts which How through deecbr ani wesponse is displayed on ht tampulet as a chromatogram The sample components. are ceperceted, on the stakonary phase and. ‘they will peach the detector mm the reverse ordex of thet interaction strength Th chyomato ann ig o graph showing te detector “eAPON - & has two parameters. : () vekension Hee (we) peak area (0) etension time is uae for the ojualitodive analysis of components ; wy peak oe 1S used do ojuantitative analy of idual methanol i oiodiesel Ea. tnalysib of veal ator’ 5 7 eae 4 a | ‘Scanned with CamScanner| es sesh ONE ahs Ba aacl TOPE ol with Chromatngram shows a Standard olution oF methan &- propanol the antennal «standard Aplications, | ay Ved in envitonmental science, food industries, per | Stavour analysis, petro chemical industry , rnicrobiolegical analyses , pharmaceutical industry and clinical biochemistry. | Risodvantags : | 4 Limital to thermally stale and voladile compounds 2) Most of the Gc detectors axe destructive yt. ftery 5 sample injection air Flow ’ ‘| Aili 7 hiomadagiaghic. apie >Atigh pressure column * Sph- performane — Liyuid Unrometopraphy (Heke) & is used for trace devel analysis of a variety of analysis to short time - Rinvipte “The principe of seperation in normal phat mode and veverse phase mode TS adgorption - ‘Seamed with CaScannersink of tom itn tolums, they ‘tov — accordin Apswards He statenary phait The component which has more afi gz towark the phase trovels leur ard whith has mete aelabier — abbinities z Stabionary affinity trove F No two tinponerts hove the same atfinity towards o skahionary phase, these Components are seperated - Suatrumentation. os FY aaa auto injector eet \ Yea} fo H at. =a y = 1 [eea} BI suet Copteraly econ Soe a " ale my a — F post cl J ieee | Beker : outfaf nee recy clin 8) A gobvent stedervoir to store the mobile —phave - 5) Sigh pressure pump 4 pwh the mobile phase through the column: 3) A device +0 injeck te sample imo the mobile phase - Hw column iq which the seperation will take place 5) a dektetor using 4o defect the — concenttatn, of the sample componarts as they come cut of the column.( Selvert_yeseivoiy., ‘ ® $t must contain vedume oye for vepetetive analysis SSE must ge inet solvent Generally glow and. steel contains of 05-204 capacity axe suitable a8 a solvent reservoir & Lumps. SF one pump 1 used, te Composition of mobile phase is constant Auring the Glperiment, He ts called isocratic dlution. gf two of more pumps are wed. using a time Progtan, the composition of Mobile phase is variable. ‘When “the fl mobile phoe —Compsitin, is changing during tthe analysis, the technique 18 Called gradient elution © Snjoctors. The most useful and widely used sampling device ts Ake sti port Rheodyne ‘valve. “The somple is * introduced. into Ane — Sample top using special syringe. thock-wise Aokation of “the valve otor places the Sample Hed Soop to the Mobile phae stream 8) buns: His the heart of the AP instr ument- Staines steel is chosen = ov the «= matteial = oof the cohumn housing Reperding on “the chromatographic procedure , dhe column Sength and diometey can change dn ceodenn, — Motruments column thermostat is ured to maintain, constant temperature ‘Scanned with CacannerSeeker Nase ote high oer P P st oie high Sse tg alleaty the degestae of pottgrons of materials fe Veloce der debecir uv vis Gedectss Camosence dite Unda Moy spectomebic S880 selective and detectov. St is Online BOLE detector ak ‘the Some me, the tnost et fe vane, | Retesion time Pf compounds) ‘ or 8 35 wo SS Quontitative estimation of ssomple by peak height ond. pea arta: Agplications - 3) dn clinical stience, phornacettical devdopment - D> Aesetion of Wile ( within tre days) drugs in urine. 3) Purity of products +) Nutrition, owaly sts 5) Seperation of proteins, nutleic acids, plont pigments . omind adds, pesticides , hormones, seroids ke ‘Scanned with CamSeannerseperebers f Gases ard leryid haat . ane pont Of OE ntentale or cur Searreundings Miativer af tue cf rises Carpenents a © ye gece me Otek \ Mialiser ane ciltey hemegencter O¢ helvaogen j a tomo gencous minlives are Conif com en Ceompori Gan, tout heteconensous winlare ane net Conse cw . &: Ain. Hamegencour mia bate Ol fn water — Heberegenceut nrralate The chone of Aeperatten techniques % om tba Ioasis of Itc tyre, nalire af minlate gud Aoffereuce a UWS chemical Propentees Seperation of Gaseous byhere: t Mresphore atv fe US Ya material spot Produce | mest of tir qos and US Aefesalisn process of ary | ‘ied mixtare ints 4G indevidurcd ComponenG ie termed a ie’ 4epatalzen . Different: fechniquer pf a bapereleem come Used ane ‘Scanned with Cascanneree ME i wi A) Qunthebic membrane § tf Goa nae aw naling “These membranes ane (te poxece ’ Pass Ihe alloss only Corban Specie qa molecules te Pass euge (ts: Synthete membsane then apprapecle pressure fe applecd Ihestigh uz Ca melecele A of qe ben. Preto, ee Seperated ren Ug mine “G2 Iter metal theat of Pa —— alltecs hydrogen TE to P55 Hrcuch, — li @® O Adkecolan : Te een Phycrcal proceses tm whred, _ et roles ae adhered t fe ad contrat . The 2d tonal wshvet, bis qe A onl adtonbs Oy Cte kushace ang Meese foxes Sepecahin accury SGt Nrelol meted te Specepre fox hy chosen qe acloveplenn.. ‘Seamed with Caeanner“Arscetlin . Te fe an Ply creat felem*eat process 9 ushaeh atoms, melecabes ox tems enher dome butt phase legtecd OK folkd meee. £42 Legucds that be absonhed bya soled | 4088 raat absoahed by « lqucd atten a male of qo Ge, €, 0, 50, ez) having CO, passer Ihtough a Solulin of Nact, a lates abcorbs Wns gas ak hence lasers US Co, Comfent. Ther chemfecd Procexe helps im Ike Seperation of Coy gran ts minkie . w) cagegente dechltalien + Sb ea process af Se pesalisn On Ihe fost Of lie Vascaben in its toiling pero ie, voletrlebar. <4 liz dechllabee process Iapperedl at cryesente Lewpl: tt Pe celles As ChyedenTe Arcdtitlalion . “Gas inlet aN ek 42 Commesetel produclin of Unetecer qeses les },; q ar Noy By, Ne tr and see ts Bene ky capegewte des tllalien od Gisedel Ae ‘Scanned with CamSeannerbee? do ahuves $ oof Legeedd pd ou A Obs A Neos, Lgued mmdares Gan he seperated osiag beclntquecy Of techweguet , Sompoatant Woqued epecotion ane O Chseretepnenty te fe Sepecabon Cecbwique Se | Sepecake tte dclfexet Componenti in a tegucd miatare , | CMemnbogienty sawelves let Baupte betn et ie EMed metorle Phrase less ee ge), “TRE mobt le Phase ts they Passed terest, Anslt Mase cated ap Statens 4 Phase Ceoted 9x Place of Chiemsee Pete), TTRE Vas coxes CompenenG im Ugg moinbte traced contig Into te Seperate 1 CWomahes candy TSimme af te Penpertas Chiome tesco ba beech Tes, hs Beahronacy Pate pase . ee eee peeels Tapes Selvenb as ae | mobile Gestwpte ce Pee ontua Bh _ 4 par Case fully E 3 . 5 ty a Advent contcining iy Tike doluente Herve ass Placed nt von Us form of Peper ak Mes py typed tn, Me The Chambes ‘Scanned with CamScannerRSA op the paper dus fe t gos ‘% ee . a tev oe Components pt ie mialares wee tate 3 wottan . EY te Ge Me ti ane mepercled 4x08 tw A a s + ne teas te can travel wncleudes ureith of US Cewprank te SM, 1 Se ba fr paper fet mete dothene + he mrebilaly 4 ve rdontepoe ad te dupes (te fom of Spot Ten im paper Cheeme fngeapty Aepleeebbna leed Jo Gepecati. daugs prem \leeed) Go Be Pesala paren wr §© Seperate cole fr a aye CP depercting urnet ¢ Se & Used fer Us epetalzen of Corpo nant, of a malsre bebSean tos immisehe Laucd plone One plac fe ms acqueu Pha and Ur other Plate f an Stgauic Klvent - “The Aepernlics fe bated on Ua cleftercrces én ts density ot Us Kudy mTns Legutd having mows denaily pete US Lewes Geyer and WS begu'd Waving Leas dencli fess US Upper Leyes . 4; evowene — Low denaly bate, - High dent ‘Scanned with CamscannerPepe aber ¢ eS A Ge Seperate Cepante and acqueoud Componenti from wf We mixture Fe fepesatir a mistdre of sil and uatey = So Seperate a mialure Ff ewwsens off and water. wey) Centathupaliion 2 Contsthugaton fe Us process of hepetabon of Fraclable watercals chrom a Loquid ules nermak cfelteralion aloe not usocte te Yedals . 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